LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Shelf _-_ut)-i2 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



CHICAGO 

AND ITS ENVIRONS. 



A 
HANDBOOK FOR THE TRAVELERc 



BY:- 



0^- 
L. SCHICK. 



y(o%^ VI > 






^^i^>e^-^ 



CHICAGO, 

L. SCHICK, 
1891. 



Entered according to act of Congress, on the 28th day of February. 
1 891, by Louis Schick, in the office of t he librarian at Washington, 
All rights reserved. 



57^ 



This ^ide book does not claim to be more than an attempt in the 
direction ; in fact a great deal of the material prepared for it, among 
which, the important chapters on '"The Architectural Development of 
the City;" "The Population and its Individualities," "Trade and Com- 
merce;" "History of Railroads;" "Biographical Notes on early Chica- 
goans;" "History of the City to date," etc., have found no place, as 
the material has proven far beyond the limits of a book of this kind. 
It is the intention of the undersigned, prompted by his experience 
in editing this book, to re-arrange a future edition completely. 
Condensing to this effect the typographical arrangement of the whole, 
as well as the tenor of numerous articles, and adding the new material, 
which he is constantly collecting- 
Aside of its shortcomings, however, the book may claim to be 
almost entirely original and at least entitled to the credit of an 
honest endeavor. 

L. SCHICK, 



INDEX. 7 

Introduction, g 

American Railroads. 14 

How to reach Chicago. 24 

Routes entering Chicago; their time of travel; scenery: ac- 
comodations, etc. 

Railway Depots, 42 

How to live in Chicago — 4q 

Public Conveyances — 4y 
Cabs, Hansoms, Hacks, Carettes, Omnibuses, Street Railroads, 
Hotels, Restaurants, Coffee Houses, 15eer Halls, Wine 

Rooms, Summer Gardens, Confectioners, Tobacco 

and Cigars, 62 

Mail Service, Telegraph, Banks, Safety Vaults, Bathing 

Houses, 66 

The City— 70 
(ieographical, topographical, geological and meteorological 

Conditions of the City, 70 

The Highways of commerce and travel, 72 

The lake, the river, the canal, the bridges, the tunnels, the viaducts, 
the streets, the street car system. 

Population, 88 

How to see Chicago.— 9° 

Cursory glance at the city. The Streets, go 

Alphabetical list of objects of interest in the city, g5 

Street Scenes, 98 

Walks and Drives, 126 

Parks and Boulevards, 144 

City Institutions— 164 

The City Government, 164 

The Water Works, 171 

The Police Department, 177 

The House of Correction, 1S2 

Municipal Buildings, 184 

Criminal (.'ourt and County Jail, 1S5 

The Fire Department, 186 

The Health Department, igo 

Federal Institutions— ig2 

L'. S. Custom House and Postoffice, rg2 

The U. S. Sub-Treasury, igS 

Business Blocks and Buildings. igS 

Educational Institutions.— 223 

Licncral Schools, 227 

Theological Seminaries. 239 



INDEX, 



Medical and Pharmaceutical Colleges. 


246 


Schools of Philosophy, Law and Technology. 


253 


Libraries, 


255 


Art and Scientific Institutions — Panoramas, Museums, 


260 


The Press- 


266 


Churches- Religious Institutions. 


276 


Cemeteries- 


331 


Commercial Exchanges- 


367 


Concert Halls- 


382 


Musical Lifei 


388 


Clubs and Societies, 


392 


Suburbs of Chicago. 


4O9 


Summer Resorts- Excursions. 


422 


History of Chicago. 


437 


Tables-— Supplement. 


1-48 


Suburban Stations, 


I-I4 


Postage Rates, 


15 


" Foreign, 


17 


" Outside Postal Union, 


18 


Express Rates, 


19 


Cable Rates, 


20 


Express Lines, Suburban, 


21 


L»ke Ports, 


23 


Ocean Steam Ships 


25 


Population of Chicago, 


28 


Trades and Occupations, 


29 


Growth of Chicago, 


32 


STREET RAILWAYS— 




1. South Side, 


33 


2. West Side, 


38 


3. North Side, 


42 


4. Northwest Side, 


47 



Introduction. 



Money and Drafts. 



The money of the United States consists of silver and 
gold tender coin, bank-notes of the United States and the 
national banks; the latter being secured by bonds deposited 
with the U. S. Treasury. The coin embracing all amounts of 
less than one dollar, consists of ^ and 1 dollar pieces in silver, 
five and three cent pieces in nickel, and one and two cent 
.pieces in copper. With regard to the value of American in 
comjuirison with foreign money, we refer to the tabula on the 
inside of the backcover. 

Larger sums of money should be carried by the traveller 
in drafts, letters of credit^ or jxist money orders. The Drafts 
which are issued in duplicate form, protect the owner from 
loss, as the person alone on whom they are made out can draw 
the money on them. If the draft is lost, the duplicate that 
is usually kept in a safe place, is e(iually serviceable for draw- 
ing the money. Most recommeudable, however, are Letters of 
Credit, which contain the addresses of banks in places that 
the traveller intends to visit and enable him to draw on them 
as circumstances demand. He may also have his mail address- 
ed to any of those banks. — Or the money may be forwarded to 
any place in the United States through a post office monej'^ 
order. These orders are, however, limited to one per day and 
payee in the sum of $50; larger amounts must accordingly be 
divided up. In order to draw money from a bank or post 
office the aj^plicant must be prejiared to identify himself. If 
he be without a(iuaintances, a passi)()rt is the best means of 
identification. It may also be serviceable for many an un- 
foreseen emergency; though passports are not required in the 
United States. 

Those who prefer, however, not to part with their money^ 
carry it best In American bank notes, or in gold. Foreign 
l)ai)er nionev is here often difficult to exchange, and metals, 

9 



10 INTRODUCTION. 

especially silver, can be exchanged only with some loss. The 
traveller be especially cautioned not to pack his money in 
handbags or trunks, as experience has shown that most losses 
of money are incurred in this way. Experienced travellers 
recommend to carry the money in belts on the body over the 
shirt. The purse is best kept in an inside pocket of the coat 
over the breast. The pocket in the pantaloons is the unsafest 
place of the whole toilet, as the pickpockets are very fond of 
examining it. Of course, no money should be carried in over- 
coats and in underclothing. The traveller should always seize 
the opportunity of pi'oviding himself with a sufficient amount 
of small money, unless he wishes to run the risk of being 
fleeced by hackmen, porters, etc., who frequently jn'otend- 
being out of change. 

Climate and Clothing. 



With regard to climate and clothing it may be said in 
general that in contrast to Europe the summers are warmer, 
the winters colder, and the changes of temperature very great 
and sudden. The climate varies of course in the different 
parts of so vast a country. When in Maine and Wisconsin 
the ground is covered with deep snow, oranges are harvested 
in Florida, and the rainy season prevails in California. Ex- 
perience has, however, taught that for all the different climes 
in the country warm clothing, adapted to the seasons, is the 
proper thing; especially recommendable is the wearing of 
woolen underclothing in summer as well as in winter. Ex- 
posure to very great heat or cold should be avoided, especially 
the former, as sunstroke is in almost every state of quite fre- 
quent occurrence. The foreigner is also cautioned to be mo- 
derate in the use of spirituous liquors, the nerve-exciting 
climate of North America not admitting as libei'al an in- 
dulgence in them, as that of P]urope. 

Thp: Landing. 



The first representative of the new world that appears to 
the traveller is the health officer who boards the ship before 



INTRODUCTION. 1 I 

it reaches the harbor. He is soon followed by the custom- 
officers who i)rei>are for the exaiuinution of the baggage. 

It is customari' to the eastern harbors to affix, before 
landing, tags to the baggage announcing the contents thereof 
as vouched for by passengers. The latter receives a number- 
ed duplicate which, after his landing, he hands over to the 
chief custom officer. If the number of parcels and their con- 
tent.s are found to agree with the statement made by the 
owner, the baggage is mai-ked with chalk and passed through. 

Of dutiable articles that are under an especially sharp 
control, the following are to be mentioned: New clothes in 
unusual quantities, watches, goldwares, jewels, cigars, laces, 
silk and linen wares. 

Worn clothes are free of duty; if they ap]iear, however, 
new, the passenger must be prepared to affirm by oath that 
he has at least once worn them. It is to be recommended 
that all new clothes should be declared. Ladies must re- 
member that a dress that has only been tried on does not pass 
forworn. Gloves may be imported free (if duty up to a dozen 
pairs and frequently even more. It must, however, be re- 
marked that the custom officers exercise a great deal of dis- 
cretion w'ith regard to the levying of duty on articles, in using 
which they are determined by the social positions of the pas- 
sengers and a corresponding wardrobe etc. Those who think 
themselves uMJu.stly taxed may, after paying the duty "under 
protest. ' forward their objections to the treasury department 
at Washington. 

Before leaving the ship, the cabin passenger is held to 
make declarations about his age, occupation and nationality, 
for the government statistics of emigration. The .same is re- 
quired of the steerage passengers who land at Castle Garden, 
where they find assistance in every way in their own language. 

The best way to learn of a suitable hotel at the landing 
idace is to address one's self to the officers of the ship. For 
the rest we refer the passenger to the special article "Hotels." 



12 Baggage and Voyage. 



It is advisable to carry as little haggage as possible, it 
being a very expensive article on a long journey. Fine linen 
is ruined in the steam laundries; the traveller should there- 
fore, provide himself with a solid quality, which can every- 
where in the United States be bought at a reasonable price. 
Purchase of new articles will be found more advantageous 
than expensive mending. Although the price of clothing is 
higher than in Europe, travellers who intend to make a 
longer sojourn, prefer to buy it here, in order not to attract 
attention by the different cut of their garments. 

After having secured a ticket, attended to baggage and 
changed money, the traveller should go on boai'd ship in good 
season, and take possession of his cabin. Having then 
assured himself that everything is in good order, he may 
quietly observe the spectacle so fascinating to the novice, of 
a steamer ready for departure; the moving passengers, men of 
all stations of life who are to share with us for a few days the 
life on board ship, the amusing, at times touching scenes of 
leave-taking, the landing on board the steamer of freight, 
baggage and mail, and finally the preparations of the crew 
for sailing. 

Good humor, confidence in the universally acknowledged 
safety of the trans-atlantic steamers, a. sufficient amount of 
entertaining reading matter and plenty of courage when a 
contrary wind begins to blow, are indispensable for an en- 
joyable sea voyage. There is no danger as long as the work- 
ing of the engines is heard; and if there should be anj^ 
presence of mind is invaluable. Hardly one voyage in a 
thousand is accompanied bj* an accident. A large passenger 
steamer with its air-tight compartments is not likel.v to sink; 
and even for this extremity it is well provided with life-sav- 
ing apparatuses. 

There are three meals daily for steerage iiassengers and 
four (on English steamers usually five) meals for intermedi- 
ate and cabin passengers. The first breakfast for the latter 
usually takes place at 8j o'clock, luncheon at noon; dinner at 
4 p. m. and supper at 8 p. m. The food is plentiful, but 
alcoholic drinks are charged extra. 



INTRODUCTION. K^ 

Much interest is taken by the passengers in the compu- 
tion of the disfuncc run by the ship within the last twenty- 
four hours, made from the sun, at noon every day. The day 
on board shi]) is divided into five watches, each of four hours 
(the time from 4 p. m. to 8 p. m. not being counted). The 
time is announced by a stroke of the bell for each half hour 
within a watch; one for the first half houi', two for the 
second, three for the third, etc. Thus, seven strokes of the 
bell in the third watch (from midnight until 4 a. m.) signify 
3:30 a. m. 

There are about as many theories about the origin of 
sea-sickness as there are so-called remedies. Experience 
has shown that the best preventive is great moderation in 
eating and drinking, practiced for some time before going on 
board ship, and continued there with even greater vigor 
during the first days of the voyage. It is best to keep as 
quiet as possible and to stay on deck most of the time. 
Passengers should not repair to their cabins at the first signs 
of uneasiness. Descending the stairs and inhaling the un- 
avoidable odors pervading the interior of the ship, tend to 
develop the disease. Those who think of fortifying their 
stomach by drinking alcoholic liquors, fall an easy prey to 
the evil. Beverages, however, containing carbonic acid, 
especially champagne, have a salutarj' elfect. Recommend- 
able is besides a mild tonic which should be taken during 
the whole journey, the use of bromide of sodium or potassium 
to be taken in doses of from 20 to 30 grainSs dissolved in 
cold water, two or three times a day, for the two or three first 
days of the journey. Some American physicians recommend 
taking this preventive for sea-sickness, which at the same 
time 'quiets the nerves, two or three days before sailing. 
Determination not to be sick, and diversion of the mind from 
the sickness, are, fore the rest, as powerful preventives as 

any. 

A veritable boon is often during the voyage, good sour- 
ish fruit, especially oranges. 

It is customary to give the steward upon arrival at the 
port of destination, a fee of from one to two dollars, 
which it may be profitable to hold out soon after coming on 
board. The other employees receive less in proportion to their 
services. 



American Railroads. 

In no other country in the world has raih'oading been as 
highly developed as in the United States. Although in 
many respects superior to the European railroads, the Ameri- 
can lines have certainlj^ also their shortcomings. But the 
wide spread belief that the number of railway accidents is 
greater in America than in Europe is wholly without foun- 
dation; for it does not exceed the general average in Europe, 
considering, of course, the great amount of traveling in this 
country. The facilities are constantly being improved, the 
iron rails are supplanted by steel rails, the number of tracks 
is augmented and the temporary stations, which have been 
subject to much criticism, are replaced by new buildings 
which, in many cases, as in that for instance, of the new 
Grand Central Station in Chicago, may be regarded as 
models.- So vast is the railroad system in the United States, 
that at this day alone, it exceeds in extent that of all the 
European railroads combined. It is estimated that the sum 
of $110.00 for each head of the population, is invested in 
railroads in the United States. 

The American cars, from 60 to 70 feet long, much longer 
than the European, and built like houses on wheels, with 
their elaborate decoration, impress the new comer very 
strangely. More so does the locomotive with its large bell in 
place of the European whistle, the odd looking cowcatcher in 
front, and towering above it the huge lantern, which sheds its 
mighty light far in the distance. He will soon, however, 
appreciate the many new comforts, especially the smooth 
running on the American lines, in which they far exceed the 
European roads. 

The American cars, without compartments inside, seat, 
on the average, about 70 persons. A passage leads through 
the middle of the car, and the seats are placed along the 
sides. At each end of the car is a door leading to a platform 
on which the passenger may enjoy the fresh air during the 
journey. The whole train can thus be inspected by going 



ifi 



AMERICAN RAILROADS. 



from one car to the other. Every car contains a closet for 
ladies and gentlemen, fresh water and a stove to heat the car 
in cold weather. There is a fire burning even during the 
warm season in some emigrant cars to enable the passengers 
to prepare coffee etc. 




American Locomoti've. 

A lack of comfort may be claimed in the ordinary cars 
in the narrowness of the seats and the insufficient height of 
the backs upon which the head cannot be rested; and besides 
this in the constant commotion which characterizes the 
American railway carriage. Almost continuallj'' either some 
passenger, the conductor, or the news-carrier and fruit-vender 




Pullman Palace Sleeping Car. 

is moving up and down the aisle, the latter pressing and 
praising his wares in a loud voice — added to which the 
frequent opening and shutting of doors, the rattling of the 
train, the ringing of the locomotive bell, and the loud noise 
of the gongs at the station approached — frustrate all efforts 
at repose. 

Most lines have 3 classes of cars of which, however, 
only the first and second are run regularly. The third class 
serves almost exclusively for the transportation of emigrants. 




The Buffet Library Car of the North Shore Limited.— Michigan Cer^tral. 



18 



AM ER 1 r A N nA I L Ko A I )S. 




and such a train is run onl^' wlieu there is a large number of 
them who intend to go to one place. The agent of the road 
makes upon their arrival arrangements with them as well as 
he can, unless thej'^ have, as is frequently the case, prepaid 

tlieir journey to 
their point of des- 
tination. These 
trains, composed 
of old cars with 
wooden seats, usu- 
ally take one and 
a half the time of 
the regular trains 
and are often, if 
traffic demands it. 
left Avaiting on a 
side track for a few 
hours. The fares 
a r e accordingly 
from 35 to 40 i)er 
cent, lower than those in first class trains. Tickets for emi- 
grant-trains are sold to emigrants alone and only at the land- 
ing places. 

The second class cars are of a better quality and have 
upholstered seats. They are run with almost every train. In 
some trains the second class passengers are allowed in the 
smoking car only, in others they are restrained only from using 
the palace cars. The difference in price between a first and 
second class ticket is about 15 per cent. The companies ai'e 
rather reserved with regard to prices and privileges in the 
different classes of cars, because they have fixed stipulations 
among themselves as to these points, but often find it ad- 
visable to disregard them. The railwaj'' guides do not afford 
anj^ infoi-mation about fares; nor do the express companies 
iniblish price lists for the transportation of packages. Every 
one must go and inquire at the offices. 

The first class carriages are the so-called palace cars and 
drawing room cars, fitted up very luxuriously and affording 



Interior i>( a car of the Michigan Central R. R. 
From New York to Chicago. 



AMEUlf'AN RAILROADS. 



19 



every imajrinable conveniciieo. They are vastly superior to 
the correspoudiiis class of cars in Europe. The pahice cars 
are eitlier open, that is, they form one lar^t; room or they are 
ilividetl into small compartments alonj? the two sides of the 
car, every one contaiiiina two seats facing each other, for 

tAvo persons each. 
These are entirely 
private. There is a 
passage in the 
middle of the car 
loading from one 
end to the other. 
The open cars as 
well as those di- 
vided in compart- 
ments are at night 
changed into dor- 
mitories by the 
stewards. Although 
the palace cars offer 
during the day very 
comfortable uphols- 
tered seats, the 
drawing room cars 
are preferable 
to them during the 
day. They contain 
very convenient re- 
Interior of Sleeping Car of Michigan Central R. R. cliniu"" chairS, and 

the whole interior is tastefullj' fitted up. 

Every car contains a fine toilet room for ladies and 
gentlemen. The servant, mostly a negro, usually receives a 
fee of 25 cents or more lor blacking boots and other 
services. 

The so-called vestibulated trains are covered the entire 
length, that is, the platforms of the cars are completely 
covered to shut oflf all wind and smoke and to allow the 
passengers to walk from one eiid of the train to the other 




20 



AMERICAN RAILROADS. 



with a bare head. The so-called vestibule Hiuited train 
usually is the fastest train on the more important lines. 

First class trains running long distances are composed of 
sleeping cars^ (Iraiciug room airs, very light, so-called ohscrva- 
tion cars and dining an'.?, and have, besides, a small library, 
writing desk, bath room, barber-shop and sometimes even a 
writing-machine, which is, with operator, at the disposition of 
passengers; and quotations of the stock exchanges received 
b y telegraph e n 
route. If it weie 
possible to reduce 
the shaking of rail- 
road cars, thoie 
would doubtless 
soon be added a 
billiard room and 
a bowling alley. 

First class tickets 
are issued limited 
or unlimited. The 
owner of a limited (^ 
ticket cannot make 
any stops at intei 
mediate stations 
but a journey with 
an unlimited ticket 
may be interrupted 
as often as one 
choses 



Prices for Wagner Palace Sleeping Car, Michigan Central R. R. 

the latter tickets are about 30 per cent higher. 

The seats or beds in the trains are mostly engaged be- 
fore the departure of the train. It is advisable to engage a 
seat in good season. This may be done by telegraph. The 
ticket should likewise be iirocured from the ticket stands in 
the large hotels or, in larger places, from the branch offices 
of the roads, or at the station before the train leaves. On 
many lines a ticket may be procured on the train from the 
conductor; but it is not practicable on other lines and some- 





UXIOX DEPOT. 



Cor. Canal and Madison streets. 



2Z AMERICAN RAILROADS. 

times there are extra charges made for such tickets. The 
traveller is especially cautioned against the "runners" 
who often sell bogus tickets. 

When riding on a second-class ticket, where the seat is 
not reserved beforehand, the seat chosen may be reserved by 
putting an overcoat or a bag in it, which is universally 
respected. The ticket is best put under the hat band where 
it is always at hand for the conductors who on longer dis- 
tances often punch it. 

It is not the custom here as in Euro])e to strike a bell 
several times before the departure of a train. The engine 
gives a short whistle and the train begins to move slowly. 
The stations are called in the cars, but the traveller is for 
most part unable to understand the names. It is therefore 
to be recommended tliat the traveller provide himself with a 
time table when buying his ticket. This will enable him to 
determine whether he is approaching his destination or an 
expected lunching station. For an opportunity for getting 
luncheon, a glass of beer, etc., is not in this country offered 
as often as in Europe. It is therefore necessary to huudi 
when there is a chance to do so, even if the traveller should 
like to wait a little longer. For from 6 to 8 hours maj' elapse 
before another station offering I'efreshments is reached. The 
meals in the American railroad stations are, as a rule, good 
and plentiful. Charges from 50 cents to a dollar. Time from 
15 to 80 minutes. The conductor always announces how 
long the train stops. Those who do not wish a meal, may 
avail themselves of cold meats, coffee, tea, etc., offered at the 
the buffets. Beer, wine, etc., is usually not procurable. 
Many travellers carry with them lunch baskets, wine, etc. 

Th lUiihig c((rs, which are run on most of tlie great 
lines, are much to be recommended. They offer excellent 
meals for from 75c to $1.00. Coffee, tea, beer and wine of 
good quality maj' be procured. But wlien the train i)asses 
through temperance states, liquors cannot be ordered. Con- 
sumers must therefore provide themselves betimes. 



A.MKIUCAN KAll.lidADS. 23 

All sorts of adventurers are fouiid (in railway trains. The 
traveller is especially eaiitioneil nut tn [ilay cards with 
strangers. 

Every "full ticket" entitles the Indder thereof to carry 
according to the rules of the various roads from a hundred to 
two hundred and fifty pounds of free bagjrage. In the East 
this weight-limit is much more a dead letter than in the 
West, where, however, a tip to the baggage master will often 
help to smooth out all difficulties. A check, a small piece of 
brass, bearing a number, is delivered for every piece of 
baggage, and a check with the corresponding number is at- 
tached to the article. 

With regard to transfer of baggage we refer to Parmelee's 
Omnibus and Baggage Line, mentioned elsewhere in this 
book. It must however, be remarked, that baggage is usually 
not delivered for from six to ten hours, or even longer. The 
traveller, therefore, who is in haste, would do bett(!r to hire 
one of the hansoms, cabs, hacks or expressmen, and have his 
baggage transferred in this way for a price proportionate to 
distance, usually amounting to 50 cents. 



How TO Reach Chicago. 



1. New York - Philadelphia - Pittsburgh - Chicago. 

Pelt II si/h-(( Ilia R. R. — Pittshiiryh, Fort Waynt-d- Chicaf/o R. R. 

New York to Chicago 912 mile?*. 

Main line between the Atlantic coast and the West. Admirably 
managed; all conveniences; no change of cars; very interesting 
scenery; average time 34 to 36 hours; limited $20.00, unlim- 
ited $26.50, Popular express train (Chicago Limited 
Express) in 24 hours, only 8 stations. Ticket 
— and berth $28.00. — 



Starting point i.s Jersey City, to be reached from New 
York by Ferry. First station Newark, (9 miles) 182,000 inhab., 
important mannfacturino- centre; then Elixaheth (15 miles), 
favorite place of residence of rich Ncav York merchants; 
New Brunswick (31 miles), 18.000 inhab., extensive rubber 
factories; Princeton, seat of the famous Princeton College, 
founded in 1746; Trenton (57 miles), 58,000 inhab., remark- 
able public buildings, important battle in the revolutionary 
war 1777. Here the train crosses the Delaware and then 
reaches Philadelphia, (90 miles), 1,046,252 inhab., on the 
west shore of the Delaware river and 90 miles from the Atlan- 
tic coast. One of the oldest cities in the United States, occu- 
pies the third place, with regard to population, and the first 
with regard to its area, of all the cities in the country. It is 
22 miles long, avei'age width 6> miles, covers about 1300 square 
miles, founded in 1682 by William Penn, metropolis of the 
land during the colonial period, the revolution and many 
years afterwards. It was here that the proclamation of inde- 
pendence was issued on July 4th 1776; Avas, up to 1800, seat of 
the United States govei'nment. Extensive traffic; highly de- 
veloped manufactories, especially ship building, wool and 
cotton industries, manufacture of steam engines, iron in- 
dustries, etc. Besides many historical spots, among which 
Independence Hall replete with curiosities from the time of 

24 



NKW ■^OKK TO ClClCAOO. 25 

tin- ii'voliitioii. many rciuarkaljlL' jtublic buildings, especially 
the U. 8. Custom House, V. S. Mint, Academy of Natural 
Sciences, Masonic Temple. (Jiiard College, Academy of Fine 
Arts, U. 8. Naval xVsylum, etc. Very interesting is the 
spacious Fairmount Park. coveringSlKtO acres, with Zoological 
garden, line monuments, memorial Hall, etc. Laurel Hill 
Cemetery is also a much frequented spot. 

Leaving Philadeli)hia the train i)asses by the famous 
Fainndiiiif Purlc and then crosses for several hours one of 
the richest agricultural tracts in America; I'aoli (109 miles), 
battle Seittember 20th 1777; victory of the English over the 
Americans. Then comes the magnificent Chester valley. 
Near CodtcxrIUc the train crosses the Brandywine. Later 
Z^/»a?.s7fr.32,0(IOinhab., thriving manufacturing town. Hor- 
ilshurfi (195 miles), 40,000 inhab., capital of Pennsylvania on 
the 8u.squelianna river; beautiful state buildings, important 
railroad centre; some miles farther magnificent bridge over the 
Susquehanna from which beautiful* vi<ir. Ten miles farther 
begins new scenery, always impressive and at some points 
even grand. With Duucannnn (210 miles), the train reaches 
the entrance of the famous t7M»m/a valley, view of very pictur- 
esque mountain ranges, for several hours while the train is 
moving along the Alleghenies. Next point of interest * Long 
Narr(i\a<. (245 ]Miles). Passing by Mount Union, we come 
upon the famous Sidling Hill and the Broad Top Mountain; 
then JLinfingdon. a well known manufacturing town. After 
stations Pvtershnrg and Ti/ront' L-xnwe?, Altonna, (327 miles), at 
the foot of the Alleghenies, 30,2()9 inhab., large machine 
shops: ]u-incipal ])lace for refreshments. 

From there the train ascends the Allegheny Mountains, 
affording the most interesting views in the whole excursion. 
!Many tourists pass the night at Altoona to enjoy the view of 
this region by daylight. Passengers should be careful to 
take seats on the left side of the car. Steep ascent for a 
long distance; double propelling power until the train reaches 
with the tunnel the highest point. At one i>oint of the as- 
cent, at the so-called Ilnrsr Shoi- B< nd, the track makes such 
a considerable curve, that in long trains the jiassengers in the 



26 ^'E^v york to cuicago. 

rear cars tiiid tlieuiselves almost opposite the engine at the 
head of the train.- The train makes its descent by appli- 
cation of the brakes alone. About two miles below the tunnel 
are situated the famous Cre-sson Sjiriiu/s. After having 
again reached low land, the train passes through well culti- 
vated farms and then reaches Johnsfoim (3(15 miles) 23,653 
inhab.. which obtained sad renown May 31. 1889 by the dis- 
aster following the break in a dam holding the waters of a 
lake 6 miles distant, and situated 275 feet above the Johns- 
town level. The lake was owned bv a fishing and hunting 
club and was 2? miles long, 1 mile wide and nearly 100 feet 
deep. 3500 or more lives were lost and over $10,000,000 worth 
of property destroyed. A terrible phase of the disaster was 
the breaking out of fire among the buildings caught in the 
floating debris at the railroad bridge, in which hundreds of 
living beings were imprisoned. About 50 of these were res- 
cued, but the remainder perished. 

Then PiffsJ)ur(/h (444 miles) is reached, the great centre 
of the line, situated at the confluence of Monongahela and 
Allegheny rivers, 238.473 inhab; so-called " iron town," most 
important ])lace in the United States for manufacturing steel, 
iron and glass. The absence of smoke is explained by the 
use of natural gas. A favorite place of residence of wealthy 
Pittsburghers is AIIr)//iriij/ Cifi/. 104.1)67 inhab.. on the oppo- 
site side of the Allegheny river; very picturesque; sumptuous 
residences. After short stop at Pittsburgh the train crosses 
the Allegheny river, passes Allegheny City, Rochester at the 
confluence of Ohio and Beaver rivers, SaJem (514 miles) and 
AlJliince C528 miles). Then the benutifully situated C<inton 
(545 miles), 26,327 inhab.; MassiU<n, (554 miles), 10,068 inhab., 
an important coal market, l^^tev Mausjield (619 miles), 13,542 
inhab.; CrestJhie (603 miles); Lima (705 miles), 15.970 inhab. 
and Fort TFri'^iy/^e (764 miles), 35 349 inhab., one of the most 
considerable towns in Indiana, and a very imi>ortant railroad 
centre. After Wornaic (804 miles) and Pljimouth (828 miles) 
Valparaiso (868 miles) follnws the terminus (Jliicario. 



NEW VOKK TO (•IIirA<i(). 

2. New York - Baltimore - Washington - Chicago. 

New York to Chicago 1039 miles. 

Baltimore &, Ohio Rail Road. 



Although this line is four hours longer than the others (38 hours), it 

is much frequented by travelers who wish to see Washington, 

and those who appreciate the beautiful landscapes which 

the line traverses. Palace and sleeping cars. 

Fare: limited $17.00; unlimited $27.80. 

The terminus is situated in Jer.sfi/ City, 163,987 inhab., 
exten.sive commerce and manufactories, and is reached from 
New York by the ferry at the foot of Liberty street. 

After i\^(ic((rk (see route 1) the first station of importance 
is Elizaht'th (see route 1). Then follows Fla infield (24 miles). 
2\ miles west of Plainfield lies Wasliington Kock on the right 
side. Then Bound Brook. (31 miles); defeat of Americans in 
1777. TrtntoH (55 miles) 58,488 inhab., capital of New Jersey; 
beatitifully situated and very attractive city. Important 
centre for the shi])ping on the Delaware; large potteries; re- 
markable public buildings; large state prison. Famous victory 
of Washington over the Hessians, Dec. 26. 1776. Later 
Pliilddelpliia (see route 1). 

Leaving Philadelphia, we first reach Chestir, 20,167 
inhab.. (104 miles), the oldest town of Pennsylvania, founded 
in 1643, large ship building yards. Then Wi/minijfo)!, D>1.^ 
(116 miles) 61,437 inhab.. very important manufacturing town 
with some fine buildings. Time for refreshments 5-10 min- 
utes. The Susquehanna River is crossed near Havre de Grace 
(150 miles) and then the train, passing the Patapsco River 
and FiU't ^Ic Henry on the left, soon reaches Baltimore. 

Bdltininn ( 1S(5 miles) 433,547 inliab., is the most impor- 
tant city in Maryland. It is situated on the north arm of 
the Patapsco River and possesses a very spacious harbor 
from which are shipped large quantities of grain, cotton, 
tobacco, petroleum, preserves, coal, etc. The inland trade is 
just as considerable. Great industries; especially cultivated 
is the packing of canned oysters, vegetables, and fruits. 
Among the many remarkable public buildings we mention 



28 NEW YORK TO CHICAGO. 

the City HdUj the Peahody Institute, the Exchange, the 
Cathedral, the Johns Hopkins University, various beautiful 
churches, and the fine Druid Hill Park. There are besides 
numerous other monuments, a Washinriton Monument and a 
Battle Monument. 

After having left Baltimore, the first curiositj' reached 
is the Carrol/ton Viaduct across the (xwinn Falls. About a 
mile after this the train passes through an excavation about 80 
feet deep and nearl\' 2 mile long. Near Relay Station (197 
miles) the famous Washinf/ton Vi<uluct is crossed. The scen- 
ery here is verj- attractive. At Washinoton, the capital of the 
country, most travelers make a short stoj) to inspect the city 
which is the most remarkable in the United States for its archi- 
tectural beauty. 

Washington City (226 miles), 229,796 inhab., on the north 
bank of the Potomac River, owes its importance alone to the 
fact that it is the seat of the United States Government. 
Trade and industry are insignificant. Among the great 
number of interesting buildings we first mention the * Capi- 
tol, one of the most remarkable buildings in the world, with 
many curious points in its architecture, bronze doors, painted 
ceilings, paintings, and a library of 600,000 volumes. The 
entire amount spent for the building is $13,000,000. The 
U. S. Treasury, the White House, the State, Wa?* and Nacy 
Departments, the Patent Office, the Post Office, the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, the Pension Building, the U. S. Naval 
Observatory, the Smithsonian Institute, the Botanical Gar- 
dens, the Soldiers' Home, the Navy Yard, the Army Medical 
Museum, the Corcoran Art Gallery, and the Washington 
Monument (555 feet high) are all worth 3^ of inspection, besides 
the many monuments of prominent men and the places of 
special historical interest in the vicinity. A visit to the city 
is most recommendable during the session of congress, at 
which time it naturally gains in attractiveness. 

After crossing charming scenery, we reach the Point of 
Rocks (257 miles), an advance guard of of the Catoctin Moun- 
tains, on the Maryland side of which is the Potomac River, 
and then cross a tunnel cut through a rock. The next point 



NEW YORK Tn ruiCACO. 2\) 

of interest is South Moitntniii Pass, near by the battle field 
of South Mountain, Sept 14. 1862, whence the road l^ads for 
several miles along steep rocks. Later is reached the Poto- 
mac bridge, a little above the Shenandoah River that empties 
into the Potomac. On the west shore the road branches off 
in two arms, the right one of which leads to Harper's Ferry 
(280 miles), the well known spot in the junction of the Poto- 
mac and Shenandoah rivers. The village, at the foot of an 
eminence, is very picturesquely situated. The whole scenery 
here is one of the most famous in the United States. 

Many tourists make here a short stop for the inspection 
of the interesting landscapes and on account of the historic 
associations coupled with the name of the place. It was 
during the war of secession, alternately in the hands of the 
two fighting parties. The road passes from here the moun- 
tain rift of Elk Branch which, gradually widening, leads into 
the valley of Virginia. Then fnWowii Ma rf in shurfj (299 miles); 
large railioad works; frequently mentioned during the civil 
war, and especially known through the destruction of immense 
stocks of railroad material by the confederate troops, in June 
18(31. Passing through the X<irth Mounfdlu, the Potomac 
with Fort Frederick in sight, is again reached. Thence the 
Dix GuJIey Tiinnrl is crossed and later the Paw Paw Tunnel. 
Now the road leads through a wildly romantic section and 
then crosses the Potomac lliver entering the State of Mary- 
land. The first station in the mountainous region of western 
Maryland is Cumberland (377 miles), 10.030 inhab., very 
prettily situated. Thence to Piedmont (405 miles), again 
very ]ucturesque scenery. Here begins the ascent of the 
Allegheny mountains, whose highest point, 2720 feet, is 
reached at Altamont. A few miles below Altamont lies the 
very romantically situated Deer Park Hotel (425 miles). 
Passing Oakland, the train, running through a succession of 
ravines and tunnels, reaches the Cheat River Valley. Follow- 
ing along the mountain slope the Kingwoud Tunnel, over 
JOOO feet long, is reached amid splendid scenery. Then 
Grafton (479 miles), whence the road turns north and soon 
reaches Fairmont (500 miles), with its suspension bridge, 



30 NEW YORK TO CHICAGO. 

(1000 feet long) over the Mononsahela. Later comes the 
picturesque Buffalo Creek and another tunnel cut through 
the mountains. The road then, gradually descending, and 
passing through numerous tunnels, winds its way through 
a very charming section to the Oli'io Ricn-. After having left 
Grave Creek and reached level ground again, the passenger 
sees, in a wide plain, an Indian e/ntve Jiill, 80- feet high, a 
monument of the prehistoric population of America. Tra- 
versing for a fcAV miles alternately steep and level ground, we 
reach Benicood (574 miles), cross the Ohio river, pass BeUaire 
(576 miles), arrive at iTrn/p-sf/V/e (656 miles), 21,117 inhab., and 
then cross the Muskingum river. Later follow Neicark (681 
miles), Mansfield (742 miles), and Chlcaijo Junction (768 
miles). Passing through northern Ohio and Indiana the 
scenery offers nothing of interest. After leaving Defiance 
(856 miles), the train stops at Garrett (895 miles), where re- 
freshments are served. From here we must travel 144 miles 
before we arrive at Cliicarin (1039 miles). 

3. New York - Niagara Falls - Detroit - Chicago. 

Via NewYork Centred, Hudson liiter and Mich. Centred R.R. 

(New York to Chicago 978 miles.) 

34 hours average time. Vestibule limited train, all jialace cars;, 24 
hours. No change of cars between the two termini. 



From the Grand Central Depot in New York the train 
runs along the east shore of the Hudson to Albany, 94,640 
inhab., Capited of New York. Large commerce from Erie 
and Champlain Canals and the Hudson River; important 
railroad point; fine public buildings; noteworthy the * iVe?/? 
Capitol, * City HaU, * State Library, * Cathedral of the Im- 
maculate Conception and some handsome churches. Beauti- 
ful view on the left. After having crossed the upper part of 
New York through long tunnels, the Harlem river is traversed 
and then the train runs north parallel with the Hudson, as 
far as Albany. Imposing rocks on the west shore of the 
river attract the attention of the passengers for manj' mileS' 







<l ^^' 








32 NEW YORK TO CHICAGO. 

The east shore oflFers a beautiful landscape. The first station 
is the elegant suburb YonJcers (ITmiles^; foWows Piermout 
(22 miles). After this station we reach the Tiq^pan lake, a 
picturesque bay of the river, on the east shore of which lies 
Tarnjtoirn that has been made famous by Washington Irving. 
Then follows Siiui Si no the well known site of the state prison. 
Croton Point, which is reached next, separates Tappan lake 
from Haverstraw Bay. At the upper end of this lies Peeks- 
kill (43 miles), at the foot of the Highlands, through which 
the Hudson here makes its way. The Dnnderherfi Mountain 
appears first across the river; opposite this is Antlionifs Nose 
which is cut through by a railroad tunnel. Below the Dun- 
derberg Mountain lies lona Island, famous for its wine culture. 
Then we enjoy a fine view of the West Point Mditary 
Academy. In the west appear then the high peaks of Crd 
Nest and Storm King. At the end of the pass lies JSfewhurgh, 
on the bay of the same name, 23,263 inhab. Then follows 
Pougltkeejisie (76 miles), with its famous educational insti- 
tutions. Passing the well known Catskill Mountains on the 
West we reach Hudson (115 miles), and after this the capital of 
New York, Albany, (143 miles), on the elevated west shore of 
the Hudson, with 94,640 inhab. Considerable trade with the 
West through the Erie Canal; important railroad junction. Of 
the many remarkable public buildings we mention especially 
the New Cajntol, the City Hall, and the Cathedral of the 
Immaculate Conception . 

After a short stop at Albany we cross the Mohawk Valley 
along the Erie Canal thatconnects Lake Erie with the Hudson. 
Below Schenectady (160 miles), large locomotive works; the 
train crosses on a long bridge the Mohawk River and the Erie 
Canal. Then Utica (238 miles), is reached, with 44,001 inhab., 
on the south shore of Mohawk River. After this Rome (250 
miles), 14,980 inhab.; Syracuse (291 miles), famous for its salt 
springs, and a much frequented place for political convent- 
ions. Then Rochester (373 miles), 138,327 inhab., situated on 
the famous Genesee Falls. Later Lockport (428 miles), with the 
great dam system of the Erie Canal; then Suspension Bridge 
and the Niagara Falls, of world wide fame; very remarkable 



NKW VORK TO f'llICACiO, 



33 



})ri(l^'c. From there to Windsor, oppus. Detroit, the landscape 
offers little interest. At Windsor the train is despatched to 
the opposite shore of the river by a uiirantic steam ferry, and 
we land at Drtrait (()!>3 mil.), an imiiortant manufacturini^ place, 
2()r).(i0!( inhah., ■with extensive shipiiiiig, situated on the north 
shore of the Detroit lliver which communicates lakes Erie 




The Falls from Below. American side. 

and St. Clair. Beautiful churches and inip'isiiiir jiublic build- 
iuLTs. Important railroad centre. From there by Michi,ij;an 
Central llailroad, throui;h a scenery of fine farm land and old 
forests, crossed by numerous rivers, toYpsHniiti, 6,128 inhab., 
and then to Ann Arlxir, 9.509 inhab., w-ell known as the seat 
of the larsre university of the State of ^licliiuan; spacious 



34, NEW YORK TO CHICAGO. 

university buildings and observatory; large library, museums 
of all kinds, art gallery. Then follows Jackson, 20.779 inhab., 
a manufacturing town and notable railroad centre. After 
passing Mnrslmll and Battle Creek, two small places, we 
reach Kalamazoo (836 miles), 17,857 inhab. Nlhs, on the 
St. Joseph Kiver is the last important station before Chicago. 
Then the road soon reaches the south shore of Lake Michigan 
and after passing it in a curve, Chicago. 

4. New York - Buffalo - Cleveland - Chicago. 

New York-Central and Hudson River R. R. Lake Shore and 
Michigan Southern R. R. —980 miles. 

Prices and accommodations about the same as on the 
preceding route; the route to Rochester is, likewise, the 
same. A northern branch leads thence to Niagara Falls, and 
from there West, by way of IMichigan Central R. R. through 
Canada to Chicago. Our present route branches off at Ro- 
chester, running South-west to Buffalo^ whence Chicago is 
reached via Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R., along 
the entire South shore of Lake Erie and through Northern 
Indiana. 

A short stop is made at Buffalo (439 miles), with 254,457 
inhab., on the East shore of Lake Erie. Considerable rail- 
road centre; large grain market; extensive navigation. Then 
follows Erie{52S miles), with 39,699 inhab. Well known port; 
considerable commerce and manufacture. The next station 
of importance is Cleveland -with. 261,546 inhab. Second larg- 
est city in Ohio; crossed by the Cuyahoga River; on the 
South shore of Lake Erie. Commerce very active with the 
mining districts around Lake Superior; largest traffic in pe- 
troleum in the world; famous iron works. Several interesting 
stone viaducts connecting the different parts of the city. Con- 
siderable municipal and railroad structures; large waterworks 
fed from the lake; numerous churches and charitable institu- 
tions; beautiful parks and cemeteries. Oherlin is reached next; 
well known school. Then follows Toledo on the Maumee River 
(746 miles), with 82,652 inhab. Considerable traific and railroad 



CINCINNATI -ST. LOUIS -: TOCHICA(JO. 35 

WDrks; very important railroad centre; large natural gas wells. 
After this comes Adrian (780 miles), with 9.230 in'^ab.. and 
then after crossing a monotonous region about 125 miles in 
length, we reach South Bend; after this La Porte (920 miles), 
with 7,122 inhab.; a well known summer resort; and finally 
C/iicaf/o. 

5. Cincinnati to Chicago. 



C/u'cdyo, Indiaiidpolis, «SV. Louis (t- Cincinnati Rail Road. 



Distance: 310 miles. 



From Cincinnati to Lawrencehurr/ (21 miles); to Grccns- 
Intrij (.")') miles); to SheJhi/viffc (78 miles); to ludianapoJts 
(115 miles), 107,445 inhab , first point of importance, capital 
of Indiana, considerable business and industrial railroad 
centre, imimrtaiit railroad junction, beautiful public build 
ings, especially the large State House. Then follows LeJtanon, 
Thorntown, Colfa.T, and Lafayette, 16,283 inhab., situated 
picturesquely on a bluff, important educational institutions. 
Kankakee (254 miles), on river of same name, 7,300 inhab.; 
Kensington with the neighboring nn'\(\\\(i Pidhnan (296 miles), 
large factories of palace cars; finally Chicago. 

6. St. Louis to Chicago. 

Chicago tt' Alton R. R.—2S3 miles. 



After having reached East St. Lonis over the magni- 
ficent St. Ijouis bridge, we next arrive at Alton, 10,184 inhab., 
situated at considcraido height. Then comes S/iringJield, 
with 24,852 inhab., the capital of lUinuis, beautifully situated 
and with very remarkable public buildings; of especial inter- 
est are the State Capitol and the Lincoln Monument. After 
th'\s Hloominr/fon, with 22.242 inhal)., an iniiwrtant railroad 
centre with brisk comnieree and nianj- factories; then Normal 
(160 miles); further on Jolirt, with 27 407 inhab., on the DeS 
Plaines River and the Illinois and Michigan Canal, large 



36 LOUISVILLE— NEW ORLEANS — : TO CHICAGO. 

State Prison, extonwive quarries; then Lockpoii (250 miles), 
and finally, after passing a number of pleasant suburbs, 
Chicago. 



7. Louisville to Chicago. 

Louisville, New Alhaiiy & Chicago R. R. - 307 miles. 

The train runs to New Albany, situated opposite west, 
21,000 inhab., very jjleasant town; from there over the large 
Kentucky-Indiana bridge (2458 feet long, cost 2 million dol- 
lars) to JSalcni {oQ miles), in which county is the Lost River 
that runs under ground for eleven miles; Mitchell (72 miles); 
Bloomington, with state university; Gosport (110 miles); 
GrcencastJe (130 miles), and Lafayette (188 miles), 16,283 in- 
habitants, handsomely built uj), manufacturing place, edu- 
cational institutions. The rest of the route offers nothing of 
interest. 

8. New Orleans to Chicago. 

Illinois Central Rail Road. 

No change of cars; 50 hours ride; 855 miles; stations of little importance; 
no remarkable scenery. 

First station worth mentioning is Jackson, 6,041 inhab., 
capital of Mississippi, remarkable public buildings, battle in 
war of secession, May 14th 1863; (Irant's victory over John- 
ston; further noith comes a second Jackson in Tennessee 
(441 miles), 10,056 inhab. Then passing J/tZayt (464 miles), 
the road touches Cairo (550 miles), live town at the con- 
fluence of Ohio and Mississippi; where it crosses the Ohio, later 
Carbondale, large tobacco plantations and Dti Quoin, exten- 
sive coal mines. Then comes Centralia (662 miles), Effing- 
ham, Mattoon, and, after several small places in a very large 
fertile region, Champaign is reached, State ilnioersity. Next 
station of importance Kankah-ce, on river of same name; then 
Kensington (840 miles), with the neighboring Pullman, large 
factories of palace cars; and finally Chicago. 



38 MILWAUKEE -ST. PAUL — : TO CHICAGO. 

9. Milwaukee to Chicago. 



Cliicago ^ic r^orth Western Rail Road. 



Eighty-five miles along the shore of Lake Michigan. 

The first station of importance is Racine with 21,022 
inhab.; well known commercial and manufacturing centre; 
extensive educational institutions, man}' churches. Then 
follows, on highland, Kenosha, with 6,529 inhab.; then Wau- 
kegan (50 miles), likewise on highland, a popular summer 
resort; after this follow several suburbs of Chicago, among 
which Evanston may be especially mentioned, and finally 
Chicago. 

10. Milwaukee to Chicago. 

Milwaukee tf' St. Paul Rail Road. —83 miles. 



This line has about the same direction as the North 
Western Rail Road with which it runs West and nearly paral- 
lel to it, touching a large number of small and unimportant 
stations. 

11. St. Paul to Chicago. 

Chicago and North Western Rail Road. 

No change of cars; i6 hours ride: 410 miles. 

First station Hudson on the St. Croix Lake; then Meno- 
monee (6-4 miles), on the river of the same name, considerable 
logging; then Eaii Claire (89 miles), with 17438 inhab., on the 
Chippewa River, also with important wood traffic; further 
Augusta (111 miles); Black River Falls (145 miles), also 
chiefly wood traffic. After traversing miles of forest, Elroy 
(198 miles), is reached, and then Madison (272 miles), with 
13,392 inhab., the capital of the State of Wisconsin, important 
business place, and a favorite summer resort, situated in the 
midst of charming lakes, remarkable public buildings, edu- 
cational institutions, etc. Then follow Evansville (294 miles), 
and Beloit (320 miles), beautifully situated and handsomely 
built; then Crystal Lake (367 miles), and finally Chicago. 



SAN FRANCISCO TO OMAHA. 39 

12. San Erancisco to Omaha. 
Union. Piicljic & Ccntrnl Pacific R. R. 



1867 miles; — 74'/^ hours; — S60.00. 

First station tlie charming OahJatnl dii the East shore 
of San Franc-isco Bay. Then Sdcrnmeiito, 20,272 inhab., on 
the Fast shore of Sacramento River, capital of California, 
beautiful city, handsome SUtti- Ctipitol. After this Colfax 
043 miles), and Cape Horn. From here the track, steadily 
ascending, winds along abysses several thousand feet in 
depth, being in many places shelved out from the mountain 
side. The scene rt/ uj) to Snryiniif (7040 feet high), highest 
point of the (V'litral Pacific Iv. K), is exceedingly impressive. 
The whole distance fnnn (\)lfa.\: to Summit is, as regards land- 
scape and flora, of enchanting beauty. 

Then follows Ri no (240 miles), on the Truckee River, 
considerabli! trade with the mining regions. Thence the road 
continually descending, leads to Wadsirort/i, passing through 
a picturesque mountain region with roaring streams, until 
the foot of the Sierra Nevada is reached. From here to Hnm- 
hnltft (372 miles), the country is desolate and waste, without 
vegetation. Then A7/iV>, place for refreshments; HnmhohJt 
Wells, thirty springs, in some of which the line does not 
reach the bottom even at a depth of ISOO feet. It is, there- 
fore, supposed thej' all come from a lake underground. After 
this comes on high plateau, 62 miles long, the great American 
Desert. Then passing along the North shore of the great 
Salt Lake, through the Promontory Mountains, Corinne is 
reached, and later 0<,de„ (8H2 miles), in Utah, 18,269 inhab., 
situated on a high plateau, with a Mormon tal)ernacle and 
running water in almost every street. After this traversing 
an impressive mountain region, we come upon Weher and 
hJcho Cannon, the most interesting points of the whole route. 
There tlie road jiasses through five tunnels cut in the solid 
rock and reaches in the now downward course, near Fort 
Steele (1170 miles), the foot of the North Platte Mountains. 
Rock Creek (1241 miles), is the regular dining st;ition. Pass- 



40 OMAHA TO CHICAGO. 

ing thence tlirougli a loiiji; line uf cragged hills and, later, 
through wide plains, we reach La ramie City (1300 miles), 
6,3il5 inhab., on the river bearing the same name. From there 
to Sherman StattoH, one of the highest in the world (being 
situated at an altitude of 8240 feet), the train passes for 100 
miles through the Laramie Plaines that abound in cattle and 
game, gradually ascending the Rocky Mountains. Redescend- 
ing, we reach Cheyenne, 11,693 inhab., beautiful view of 
Rocky Mountains and Black Hills, and later JVarth Platte 
(1575 miles), almost exclusively devoted to railroad interests. 
Passing through rich farm lands we arrive without touching 
any further place of considerable interest, at Omaha. 

13. Omaha to Chicago. 

ChiciKjo (t' North Western Rail Road. 



4S8 miles; — 17 hours; — $12.75. 

After crossing one of the large and interesting Missouri 
bridges the train arrives at Council Blvffs, on the opposite 
shore, 21,388 iuhab. Considerable railroad junction and 
principal connection between the Eastern roads and the Union 
Pacific R. R. Then, passing along picturesque slopes, Mis- 
souri Valley Janction (21 miles), is reached. The Boyer 
Valley follows, and after crossing a tract graduallj^ changing 
into a prairie the train reaches Arcadia (83 miles), 850 feet 
above Lake jMichigan. Then follows again an extensive and 
beautiful prairie; after this the Des Moines Valley is entered. 
The train then crosses the river of the same name and, pass- 
ing through very picturesque and wildly romantic scenery, 
reaches, after a very steep ascent, Boone (148 miles). Then 
comes, after a long tract of farm lands, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 
(268 miles), 17,977 inhab., important business centre, much 
agricultural industry. Crossing swelling prairieland, Clinton 
is reached, 14.000 inhab., large railroad shops, sawmills etc. 
Before entering Fulton (353 miles), the magnificent Mississipjji 
bridjje is crossed, 4,100 feet long, and aifording a beautiful 
view. TiiL'n follows Stirling, i)icturesquely situated, on the 



OMAHA TO CHICAGO. 41 

l\(>(k River. Thence to Chicago the journej' continues 
tliroiii;!! Tuonotonous ])r;iiri(' hind. 

14. Omaha to Chicago. 
Chicago^ Roch hhuul & Pacijic Ruilroad. 

500 miles;— 15 hours: — S12.75. 



This road leads, like the preceding one, over Council 
Jifuff.s and touches as first point of importance Des Moines 
(142 miles), 500G7 inhab.. situated (»m river of same name, 
riipital (if Iowa, interesting Capitol, churches, educational 
institutions, important raih'oad centre. Passing Gn'uiicll 
(II'T miles), Joicn Citi/ (1^68 miles), situated on high ground, 
is reached; 5,028 inhab., state university. Then follows 
Ihirniport. 25.1()1 inhab., likewise situated at considerable 
altitude, and connected with Rock Island, situated opi>osite, 
by a handsome railroad bridge. Rock Island. IS,')!!^ inhab., 
on confluence of Rock River and Mississippi, famous theo- 
logical institutiiuis, lanjcst United States Arsenal on the 
island, several miles long and situated in the river. After 
crossing a verj- rich agricultural region. Geneseo is reached 
(:^1 miles); later La Salle (4(10 miles). 11,610 inhab., on the 
Illinois River, terminus of Illinois and Michigan Canal, con- 
siderable manufacturing interests; after this Ottawa (415 
miles), 0,971 inhab., on the Illinois River, Suiireme Coui't of 
Northern Illinois, extensive manufactures operated bj^ water 
I'ower; then Morris ami Joint (4r)9 miles), 27,407 inhab.. 
large State l*ri,*nii. considerable quarries. The remainder of 
the journey to jD'airic land to (^/tlcaf/o. 



RAILROAD DEPOTS. 



Grand Central Passenger Station. 

Site: Corner 5th avenue and Harrison street. 



Chicago & Northern Pacific R. R. — Wisconsin Central R. R ■ 
Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City R. R. 



The largest and finest railroad station in Chicago, perhaps 
even in the whole country, and one of the most remarkable 
new structures in the city. As soon as the connection al- 
ready planned with the Baltimore and Ohio R. K is effected, 
an uninterrupted journej' from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
Ocean can be made through this station. It is on the outside 
an unpretentious building but of imposing dimensions. The 
convenience and beauty of its appointments, as well as its 
very favorable situation directly by the river, make it a worthy 
terminus of one of the greatest commercial channels of the 
Northwest. 

The station is the property of the Chicago and Northern Pacific 
R. R., the only road having a track of its own from Chicago to the 
Pacific coast. It also owns besides other lines, the Wisconsin Central. 
The ground plan of the structure is a right angle whose short leg 
(226 feet on Harrison st. ) contains the large carriage hall (a hall, I20x 
160 feet large, covered with glass and decorated with enamelled tiles 
and accessible through three very large arches). The long wing of 
the liuilding (670 feet on 5th ave.) contains in the North end the sump- 
tuous waiting room (207 x 75 feet and 25 feet high) with its sixteen iron 
columns set in polished scagliola and adorned with rich stucco capi- 
tals. The walls including the elegant mantle piece are covered with 
fine grayish-brown Tenessee marble. Similarly decorated are the 
Dining Room, Ladies'' Room, Smoking Room, Toilet Room, Barber 
Shop and Reading Room which are all situated South of the general 
waiting room. A lunch room for families with tables for spreading 



44 RAILROADDEPOTS. 

out provisions; several rooms destined for emigrants and appointed 
with special reference to their wants, offering gratuitous bath, soap, 
combs, towels, etc. and the large baggage room take up the rest of 
this wing. 

The towL'r is visible from a great distance. It has seven stories and 
is 236 feet high, (dial of clock 13^ feet; bell of clock ten thousand 
pounds) and connects at the corner of the street the two wings, each 
of which have five stories. The basement of the tower which is 
accessible from both streets through massive round arches, serves as 
vestibule for the waiting room. . 

The buildings are in early Italian Renaissance and cost with the 
large train house, in the rear, about a million dollars. The material 
is brown brick, terra co'tta and brown sand stone, the latter Ijeing 
used chiefly for the tower. 

The train shed which is 560 feet long, is likewise worthy of in- 
spection. Being vaulted by one wide arch of a span of 150 feet, and 
mainly covered with glass, it is well lighted and exceedingly pleasant. 
This train shed is next to that of the Grand Central Depot in New 
York, the largest in the country. 

Worthy of mention is the electric plant under the platform which 
furnishes electricity for i-egulating the switches and closing the bars 
at a great distance. From here are watched the rriovements of all the 
trains. 

The company owns \},{ miles of wharf on the river and a steam 
bridge. 

Polk Street Depot. 

Site: Polk Street, Foot of Dearhnrn Street. 

Polk St. Depot (official name, Dearborn Station), is the' 
common terminus for the following lines: 

Chicago & Eastern Illinois R. R. — Chicago & Grand Trunk R. R. 
— Chicago & Atlantic R. R.— Chicago, Santa Fe & California R. R. 
— Chicago & Western Indiana R. R. — Louisville, New Albany & 
Chicago (Monon) R. R. — Wabash R. R . — Belt Railway Company 

The station is a pretty brick building with trimmings in gray 
stone and terra cotta, extending along Polk str., between 3rd and 4th 
aves., opposite Dearboi-n st. which here terminates. The centre 
section with its fine semi-circular arched windows is flanked on each 
side by a wing, the one on the right containing a restaurant, that 



RAILUOAD OKI'OTS. 45 

on tin- lift, till- tickL-l idlko. 'I'lic most inlcresling part uf the build- 
iiii; is liic l)caiilifiil quailranyular lower rising in the centre of tin: 
front and suggesting in its main part an Italian campanile, and with 
its many dormer windows in the slightly jjrojecting gable roof, the 
architecture of the North German renaissance. 

The iiiU-rior o{ xhti depot is comfortably and practically arranged. 
'I'he entrance in the basement of the tower leads to the vestibule and 
the staircase. Directly in front of the entering traveller is the large 
Odin hall ; on the right and left are waiting rooms which are adjoined 
by the restaurant and the ticket offices above mentioned. South of 
the ticket office is the comfortable Ladies' Waitiui^ Room ; still further 
down the Bogi^age Room, accessible also from 3rd ave. 

The lelegrafili office is in the waiting room on the riglu. There 
are besitlps, the usual accessories of a railway station: newsstands, 
fruit stands, barber-shop and bath (in the cellar of the vestibule). 
The jiublic rooms are simply, but comfortably appointed. The ticket 
office, serving at the same time as entrance room, is very pretty with 
its walls of glazed cream colored tiles and terra cottas, its ceiling ol 
dark wood and its floor of inlaid colored stones. 

The light and vast train hall is of glass and iron. 

Rock Island Depot. 

Chicago, Rock Islands PacificK.R.— Lake Shore & Mich. South. R.K- 

SitiKititDt: Till h/nrk between Van Burcii , ILirrison, Sherman 
Sts. and Pacific Ave. 

The front with tlic entrance on Van Buren st. opposite 
tlie Kialto huildiim. is flanked by two seven-story towers. 
The material is yellow stone with a rotiiih surface. 

In the main building are the numerous offices of the two roads- 
those of the Lake Shore R. R. being in the wing /'.'(?j7 of the corritlor, 
those of the Rock Island R. R., together with telegraph office, steam 
ship agencies, etc., in the Western wing. 

Directly adjoining the main structure is the /n?/« //</// which is, 
on the Sherman st. side, flanked by a long wing containing the bag- 
gage, availing, eating and smoking rooms. The ticket office is on the 
West side of the hall. There are, besides, news stands, etc. 



4(3 RAILROADDEPOTS. 

Union Depot. 

Site: Canal and Adams Streets. 



Union Depot, the conunon terminus of six railroads, is' 
situated on Canal st. and extends, with its accessories, 
through two blocks, from Madison st. to Adams st. It is 
used by the following roads: 

Chicago & Alton R. R. — Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. — 
Chicago, Evanston & Lake Superior R. R. — Chicago, Milwaukee & 
St. Paul R. R,— Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburgh R. R.— Pittsburgh, 
Ft. Wayne & Chicago R. R. 

The station is one of the largest and best appointed in Chicago. 
It is a stately brick l)uilding with a long front. The main entrance 
in the middle leads to a high studded vestibule and stair.case, the 
walls of which are covered with marble of various colors, and de- 
corated effectively. The two stairs on the sides lead up to the first 
story; that in the middle, marked by tvv<j chandeliers, runs down to 
the basement. 

The first story is almost entirely taken up by the large waiting 
room which is fitted up with exceptional elegance and comfort. At 
the right (South) end is the ticket office, and at the North end a 
news stand and a public telephone station. On this side are the en- 
trances to the large restaurant which is run on the European plan. 

In the second story are the business and private oftices of the 
R. R. corporations. 

Descending the middle stair-case, leading to the vestil>ule, we 
reach on the right (South): the office of the Passenger Agent ; then 
the Parcel Room; after this Bureau of iuformation; Barber Shop; 
Jl'ashing and Toilet Rooms. Behind the barber-shop, fronting the 
street, is the Water Closet. 

A flight of stairs leads thence up to Canal st. On the Soutli are 
the baggage rooms of the following lines: Pennsylvania Co., Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy R. R., and Chicago and Alton R. R. 

The other part of the basement, on the /^y/ (North) of the middle 
stairs, contains these rooms: Office of Depot Master, Telegraph 
Office, Smoking Room, Lunch and Dining Room. 

Here again a flight of stairs leads up to the street. 

The baggage room mi tliis side are for the following roads: 
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R., and Chicago, St. Louis & Pitts- 
burgh R. R. 



RAILROADDEPOTS. 47 

Access to trains through trellised gate on the side rtn which is 
located the baggage room of the road which the traveller intends to 
take. 

Chicago & Northwestern Depot. 

*S'/V» ; Wells /St., S. W. corner Kiiizie St. 

A solid brick building, flanked by low towers at the 
corners and a (juadraiigular clock tower in the middle. 

The main entrance on Wells st. leads to the waiting room on the 
first floor, a large, well lighted room taking up almost the whole 
story. The ticket office is on the West wall. The doors to the right 
(North) lead to the restaurant, toilet room and the stairs to the upper 
stories; opposite, on the left the news stand, parcel room and toilet 
rooms. South of it the stair-case leading to the offices in the upper 
story. Three stairs run down to the basement and the train house. 
On the left are lunch rooms and fruit stands, and on the right the 
ticket office, telegraph office, smoking and reading rooms, and bag- 
gage ronni. 

Lake Shore & Michigan Southern RR. and Chicago, Rock 
Island & Pacific RR. Depot. 

Site: The block between V^an Buren, Harrison, Sherman sts. 
and Pacific ave. The front with the entrance on Van 
Buren st, opposite the Rialto buildinc, is flanked by two 
seven story towers. The material is yellow stone with a 
rough surface. 



In the main building are the numerous offices of the two roads; 
those of the Lake Shore RR. being in the wing Easi of the corridor, 
those of the Rock Island RR., together with telegraph office, steam 
ship agencies, etc., in the H\'stern wing. 

Directly adjoining the main sturcture is the train hall which is, 
on the Sherman st. side, flanked by a long wing containing the bag- 
gage, waiting, eating and smoking rmims. The ticket office is on the 
west side of the hall. There are, besides, news stands, etc. 

Illinois Central Hei^ot.— SITE: Foot of Lake street. 

Baltimore & Ohio Be^ot.— SITE: Lake Front, foot of 
Monroe street. 



II. 

How TO Live in Chicago. 

3j Cabs; Hansoms; Hacks; Railroad Omnibusses; Carettes; 
Street Cars; Suburban Railroad Routes. 



Till- systi'iii (if public cMUvcyaiict's is very coiuiilete in 
C'liicairo. It cDiiiprisos: 

l. Street ctirs. dranii hii cnh/c niid homes. {Sec end of 

this honk.) 

-. Caret ((S. (See iie.vt Pa(/e.) 

.V. Siilitirlxni Jitii.lrood luiiitdi. {See list of Stations at 
end of hoo/,:) 

■^. Rail ro<(<t OiiDilhitsses tollofdsdiid iJejiofs. (See later.) 

5. Vehicles for J''idjlic Hire: 

1. Hacks willi two hurscs carrying up to four persons. 

2. Cabs with one horse (driver in front) carrying one 
or two persons. 

3. Hansoms with one horse (driver in rear) carrying 
one or two persons. 

All vehicles for public hire are licensed, under police supervision 
and required to display conspicuously: 

1. Name of owner, and license number, on coach antl lantern. 

2. License number on metal badge on driver's coat. 

3. Card with legal rates of fare, in coach. 

It is Vkkv AnvisAin.E to Agree on 1'rui-: Hki'oke Starting. 
In case of any dispute tlie matter may be submitted to the nearest 
policeman, or the Superintendent of Police. 

LEGAL RATES FOR HACKS. 



1. One or two persons from Uepot to I )epot $1.00. 

2. " " 1st mile ijSi.oo: each additional mile or 
pari thereof 50 cents. 

3. Each additional passenger 50 cents. 

4. One or two passengers for any distance inside of the city 
$2.00; each additional passenger 50 cents. 

49 



50 PUBLICCONVEYANCES. 

5. Childien 5 to 14 years half fare. 

6. Children under 5 years no charge. 

7. One or more persons by the hour, first hour $2.00; after first 
hour f i.oo per hour or fraction thereof. 

8. One or more persons by the day $8.00. 

LEGAL RATES FOR CABS AND HANSOMS. 

(One Horse Vehicles) 

1. For first mile, 25 cents for each person; after first mile 25 
cents per mile for one or more persons. 

2. Any distance inside city, 75 cents per hour; after the first 
hour, 20 cents for each additional quarter hour. 

3. In parks and outside city limits $1.00 per hour; 25 cents for 
each additional quarter hour. 

All vehicles shall be under the direction of the passenger until 
discharged and will be paid for accordingly. 

When hired by the hour and discharged at a distance from stand, 
the driver shall charge for time necessary to return to stand. 

BAGGAGE. 

One trunk and 25 lbs. of other baggage free. 

When the whole weight exceeds lOO pounds, 15 cents for each 
additional package. 

Any package left in coach by a passenger shall immediately be 
taken by the driver to the Central Police Station. 

DISTANCES FROM DEPOT TO DEPOT. 

P'rom Ills. Central (Foot of Lake) to Polk and Dearborn 1.24 miles. 
From " " to Harrison & 5th ave. 1.47 

From " " to Canal & Adams sts. 1.22 

From " " to Wells & Kinzie sts. .80 

From Union Dpt.(Canal& Adams) to Polk and Dearborn 1.24 
From C.&N.W.(Wells& Kinzie) to " " 1.35 

From " " " to Harrison & 5th ave. 1. 1 2 

From " " " to B. & O. Depot . . . i. — 

STREET CARETTES. 



The Street Carettes drawn by two horses, are verj' similar 
to the rei;ular street cars, onlj' that they are shorter, on higher 
wheels, and run on on any pavement. This system is as yet 
in its infancy. 



PUBLIC CONVEYANCES. 51 

Tho\' run: i-vrry (5 uiiiiutes all day until 7.00 p. lu.; every 
8 luinuU'S from 7.00 until 10.00 p. ni.; and every 12 minutes 
from 10.00 until 11.51 p. m. 

The FARE is 5 cents. 

State and Adams Street Line. 

From State and Washington sts. to Adams st. & Western ave. 
From coiner State and Washington sts. (Marshall Field's) to 
Adams and Canal sts. 9 min., to Monroe and Halsted sts. i6min., 
to Adams and Throop sts. 23 min., to Adams st. and Ashland ave. 27 
min., to Adams st. and Western ave. 37 min. Return same route. 

Last Carette leaves State and Washington sts. 11. 51 p. m. 



Ashland Ave. and Lincoln Park Line. 

I Vi.i Rush street.) 

From Lincoln Park to Madi.son street and Ashland avenue. 
From Lincoln I'ark, Clark st. and North ave., to Division st. 7 
mill., to N. State st. and Chicago ave. 13 min., to Rush st. bridge 19 
min., to Madison and Halsted st. 39 min., to Ashland ave. 50 min. 

Last Carette leaves Lincoln Park, Clark st. and North ave., 10.48 p. m. 

RKTUKN ROU TE: Runs from liarn 609 West Madison street to State street, 
tn Lake street, to River street, over Rush street bridge, Rush street, to N. State 
street, to Schiller street, to Dearborn ave., to Burton Place, to Clark street, to 
North ave. (Lincoln Park). Time 50 minutes. 

PARMELEE'S OMNIBUS AND BAGGAGE LINE 

is cspi-cially reconiniendcd to strangers arriving in the city and wish- 
ing to reach a hotel or another railway station. An agent of the com- 
pany who boards the train before it reaches Chicago, receives hand 
bags and gives his own checks in exchange for the baggage checks of 
the road, after the name of the hotel or the depot has been given to 
which the traveller wishes to have his baggage sent. An omnibus 
stands ready, upon the arrival of the train, to transfer passenger, (two 
trunks and hand bags free) for fifty cents.— Baggage sent to a private 
address in the city, is charged at the rate of fifty cents for the first 
piece, and 25 cents for every additional one. This includes a free 
riilc to any hotel or depot, provided a check has been secured on the 
train, from the agent of the company. 



H C) T E L S. 



Althouiih Now York has, for the time being;, a greater 
nuniljcr of hotels than Cliieago, it is to be exi)ected that, 
after tlie completion of the hotels already planned, and those 
that will be erected before the Columbian P]shibition, 
Chicajro will lead all other cities in the United States in 

the number of 
her hotels, at the 
time of the 
W orld's Fair. 

lb has been cal- 
( ul ited that the 
( \i ;tiiig hotels 
c Ul accomodate 
rilMinO guests; a 
( ipiicity which 
will be consider- 
bly increased 




^ ,. i^-^^ir^ 'J'here must be- 

i.;ii-.-JfeG-r-3i6i^^^i^i>?4^^*.,.- — -i<lcs,be takcu in- 

Mx > H t 1. l^, consideration, 

the great number of private residences and lodging houses 

whose precise capacity for accommodation of strangers it is, 

of course, impossible to state. 

The stranger may be accommodated in Chicago, as fol- 
lows: 

53 



54 



HOTEiig, 



1) In Hoiets after the Anuivican plan. Fixed charges 
per day for room and full board. 

2) In Hotels on the European plan, offering rooms by 
the day or week at fixed prices, and leaving it at the option 
of the guest to take his meals in the restaurant usually 
attached to the hotel, or elsewhere. 

3) In Hotels with both American or European system. 

4) In Boardhui-Houses, located in almost all parts of 
the city, and offering board and lodgings, according to locality 
and qual i ty, 
for from four( 
to twenty dol- 
lars per week. 

The better 
boarding 
houses and 
private dwel- 
ling houses are 
principally lo- 
cated on Michi- 
gan, Wabash 
and Indiana 
aves., on the 
South side oJ 
the city. 

Manyrecom- 
m e n d a b 1 e 
houses are also 
on the North 
side, between 
Indiana st. and 
Chicago ave., 
North Clark st. 
and the lake. 

On the West ^ide must be especially mentioned: Adams, 
Monroe and Washington sts., west of Halsted. 

Strangers with limited means will find cheap and 
respectable quarters in the neighborhood of the great medical 
and other educational institutions 




Gore's Hotel. 



HOTELS. 55 

The daily papers, and especially the Sunday editions of 
the "Tribune" and "Herald ", puhlisli a great number of 
boarding house addresses. 

5) Furnished Rooms, to be hired for from two to ten 
dolhirs j»er week. Addresses to be obtained like those of 
"Boarding Houses." 

Parties intending to make a longer sojourn and wishing 
to live in a boarding or lodging house, will often be best 
accomodated in the more remote parts of the city. The 
vicinity of the parks, the better air, houses with all modern 
improvements, quiet neighborhood and easy and raitid com- 
munication with the city, by cable or railroad, have already 
attracted thither a large part of the jiopulation. 

The following is a list of the most popular hotels of the 
city: 

1) Centrally located. 

FIRST CLASS: 

Palmer House. — Largest hotel. 746 rooms. Corner State and 
Monnie .sts. American and European plans. Rooms $1.00 to $4.50; 
American plan $3.00 to $9.00. A ])aniphlet containing a diagram of 
the various floors and prices, with and without hoard, is sent post- 
paid, on request. Requisition of rooms by mail or telegraph promptly 
attended to. Specially favorable rates for children. 

Grand Pacific Hotel. — Corner Clark and Jackson sts. 600 rooms. 
Amcrii-an plan. $3.00 to $6.00 per day. Special rates by the week 
and niimth, and for families. 

Tremont House. — Corner Oearbom and Lake sts. 230 rooms. 
American plan. $3.00 to $5.00 per day. Sj)ecial rates by the week 
and month, and for families. 

Auditorium Hotel. — Corner Michigan ave. and Congress street. 
500 rooms (200 with bath). American and European plan. $4.00 
4.50, and 5.00 per day. Rooms $2.(XD, 2.50 3.00 and 4.00 per day. 

Sherman House. — Corner Clark and Randolph sts. (Court House 
Square..) .\merican jilan. $3.00 to 5.00 ]ier day. 300 rooms. 

Hotel Richelieu. — Michigan avenue between J.ackson and Van 
Huren sts. European plan. 150 rooms. $2.50 and upwards. 

Leland Hotel. — Cor. Michigan ave. and Jackson sts. American 
and European plans. View of the lake. 300 rooms, $1.50 and up- 
wards. American plan S3. 00 to 5.00 per day. 



56 HOTELS. 

Wellington Hotel. — Wabash ave. and Jackson st. 200 rooms. 
European )3lan. $1.50 and upwards. 

Hotels more remotely located. 

FIRST CLASS. 

Southern Hotel.— N. W. corner Wabash ave. and 22nd st. 150 
rooms. American plan. $2.50 to 4.00. Special rates. 

Virginia Hotel.— 78 Rush street. 480 rooms. American plan. 
$3.00 ti) 5.00 per day. 

SECOND CLASS. 

Clifton House. — Corner Wabash ave. and Monroe St. 200 rooms. 
American plan. $2.50 to 3.50. 

Hotel Henrici. — 72 Randolph street, near State st. 100 rooms. 
European plan, $1.00 and upwards. Frequented chiefly by Germans. 
Special rates. 

Atlantic Hotel. — Corner Van Buren and Sherman sts., opposite 
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Depot. 250 rooms. American 
plan. $2.00 per day. vSpecial rates. 

Hotel Grace. — Clark and Jackson sts. European plan. 180 
rooms with steam heat, hot and cold water. $1.00 and upwards. 

Hotel Brevoort. — 143 and 145 Madison St., between Clark and 
La Salle sts. European plan. 250 rooms with steam heat. $1.00 and 
upwards. 

Burke's European Hotel. — 140 & 142 Madison st., between 
Clark and La Salle sts. 60 rooms. $1.00 and upwards. 

McCoy's European Hotel. — Corner Clark and Van Buren sts. 
250 rooms. $1.00 and upwards. 

Gore's Fire Proof Hotel. — 266 to 274 S. Clark St., between 
Jackson and Van liuren sts. European plan. 250 rooms. $1.00 and 
upwards. 

Kuhns Hotel. — 165 Clark st. no rooms. European plan. $0.75 
to 2.00. By the week $5.00 to 12.00. 

Commercial Hotel. — Corner Lake and Dearborn sts. 350 rooms. 
American plan. $2.00 to 2.50 per day. Special rates by week or 
month. 

Briggs House. — Corner Randolph st. and 5th ave. 133 rooms. 
American plan. §2. 00 to 2.50 per day. Special rates. 

Windsor Hotel. — 145 Dearborn St., between Madison and Monroe 
St. 162 rooms. European plan. $0.75 to 3. 00. 

The Saratoga. — 155 to 161 Dearborn st. , between Madison and 
Monroe sts. European plan. 200 rooms with steam heat, hot and 
cold water. $0.75 to 3.00. 



HOTELS. 57 

Palmer House— »S'(Ve; S. E. corner State and Monroe sts. 

The Palmer House, the leading hotel in Chicago, and one 
of the largest hotels in the world, is a massive eight story 
structure in French renaissance stylo. 

The building, in its facades especially, is constructed after a Pari- 
sian model. The corner in which both facades meet, is a sort of ro- 
tunda with a cupola. Twelve columns placed above one another in 
groups of four and crowned by four caryatides supporting the roof, 
form the vertical divisions of the facade, and balconies, low balu- 
strades, mouldings and cornices the horizontal ones. The middle 
part of the main facade (looking toward State st.) shows a similarly 
rich ornamentation, having alone 28 of the 42 Corinthian columns, 
placed in pairs along the front. The large renaissance door, reaching 
up to the thirtl story, projects somewhat from the front and has three 
allegorical figures: Art, Science, and Industry. The Greek pediment 
crowning the central part of the facade, contains a fine group. 

The facade is further enlivened by twelve fluted pilasters on the 
third, fourth, fifth and sixth stories and the arched windows of the 
curb roof. 

The Monroe St.- facade is similar, but simpler, being without 
columns. On this side are the carriage door and ladies^ entrance. 

In the passage leading to the hall are the telegraph and ticket 
offlces. The vestibule (rotunda) is a quadratic space with columns 
supporting the ceiling. Here are, among others, the office of the 
hotel, and the telephone. Wide passages connect the rotunda with 
the adjacent rooms. The vestibule is decorated in a warm, yellowish 
brown tone with much gold; the ceilings show festoons on gold 
ground, interrupted by portraits and emblems. The floor is here as 
all over the house, many-colored marble. 

Behind, East of the rotunda is, in a one story additional building 
outside the walls of the house, the ofiice of the manager and the beau- 
tiful writing room, well lighted and decorated in Indo-Moorish style. 
Corridors lead thence to the barber-shop, bath-rooms, etc. On the 
north side of the rotunda are the elevators and the stair-case. The 
walls of the rotunda are decorated with interesting fresco paintings: 
The landing of Columbus, Chicago in 1833, Views of buildings de- 
stroyed in the great fire. 

The 7uain stair case of Carrara marble is built upon the principle 
of the keystone and winds from the basement to the upper story with- 
out any apparent moans of support. E.ich landing is a block of 



58 HOTELS. 

marble weighing 5200 pounds, which will give an idea of the enorm- 
ous weight of the entire stair case, thus suspended in midair. It 
leads first to an open entresol from which a glimpse may be gained of 
the life in the rotunda. Thence are reached the very spacious corridors 
which, provided with carpets, mirrors and furniture, are a favorite 
place for rendez-vous. In the corridor of the first story, just opposite 
the stair case, a painting of Guignard: 'In the Landes.' 

In the upper stories of the hotel are several remarkable rooms, 
among which may be mentioned the Egyptian Parlor, Grand Recept- 
ion Room, Ball Room, Club Room, Bride's Room, etc. ; all very sump- 
tuously and tastefully decorated and appointed. 

* Grand Pacific Hotel.— *S'/7f.- Clark st., facing Jackson 
St. (opposite Phenix building) and running through to La 
Salle and Quincy sts., opposite the Post Office and in the 
centre of the bankers' and brokers' quarters. 

The Grand Pacific Hotel is one of the great American 
caravan series, which are famous all over the world and serve 
not only for the accommodation of strangers, but play also 
an imjtortant role as rendez-vous for ix)litical, business, sport- 
ting and social circles. 

Standing on the site of the old Pacific Hotel which was burnt in 
the great fire, it presents itself as a vast, six-story building, free on all 
sides. The main facade is on Clark street. The architecture ap- 
proaches the renaissance style, but shows, besides, various other forms. 
There are 500 rooms in the house. The rooms in the first story are 
grouped about two halls which are accessible through the four prin- 
cipal entrances. Those facing C'lark street are almost exclusively 
given up to business purposes: Railway ticket office, book and news 
stand, drug store, barber-shop, baths, etc., which all connect with the 
interior courts, thus exhibiting the whole plan very symmetrically. 

A wide corridor leads from the Clark st. entrance to the first hall 
(70 X 70 feet) officially termed the '■rotunda\ On the left, at the corner, 
the Postal Telegraph Co. and a little further on, on the same side, 
comfortably furnished writing and reading rooms. In front of them 
ticket office. In the back ground of the rotunda, between the two 
stair cases, are the hotel offices and behind them the l>aggage room. 

Farther to the left, a second corridor from Jackson st. A few 
Steps lead ihence to tlie second hall ( 100 x 60 feet) which is situated a 
little higher. The two halls are separated by the stair case 



HOTELS. 59 

In tlie centre of this second liall is the bar-room with cabinets. 
On 'he right of the l)ar-room, toilet rooms and water closets, south of 
those office of the Western Union Telegraph Co. A corridor on the 
right leads behind the bar room, to the cafe and the billiard room, 
one on the left to the third entrance; and directly in front, a fourth 
luoad corridor leads out to La Salle st. 

Both corridors are, at their southern extremities, connected by a 
passage leading along the barber-shop and the bath rooms. 

On the second story are the /(/;•/(/;-.?, diniii!^ rooms, kitchen and 
accessory rooms. The grand parlor (on Jackson st.) measures loox 24 
feet, the dining room 130x60 feet. h. large promenade cowwecXxwg 
the parlors with the dining rooms, is 30 x 130 feet long. The corridors 
are 12 feet wide. 

Muilding and equipment cost $1,660,000. 

The cuisine of this hotel enjoys an enviable reputation. The an- 
nual game dinner there, offering almost every game of the country, has 
for years attracted large numbeis of the epicures in the city. 

* Tremont House.— *S'/^'.- Dearborn street, S. E. corner 
Lake street. 

The Tremont House is one of the oldest and most pro- 
minent hotels of Chicago, dating back to 1S33. At that time 
the guests were in the habit of shooting, from the entrance 
of the hotel, the wild ducks in the i)Ools near by. 

The present building was erected at a cost of $700,000, and 
presents in its exterior one of the finest buildings in the city. It rises 
in six stories over the basement and is crowned by five towers with 
cupolas. The style is French renaissance with uncommonly numerous 
plastic ornaments, suggesting to some extent the Hotel de \'ille and 
the Louvre in Paris. The material is Amherst (Ohio) sand stone. 

The main entrance which rises to the second story, is on the 
Dearborn st. facade. The central section of tlie building, with its 
columns and the large cupola, together with tin- l)ahistrades and the 
fine crowns of the windows, is very effective. 

The two entrances on Dearborn st. and Lake st. lead directly to 
the rotunda which is lighted by three circular sky-lights. On the 
east wall the office, to the left of it is the corridor to the toilet rooms, 
etc. On the right of the office, the apartments of the manager, and 
behind them, the billiard, writing nnd reading rooms. A flight of 
stairs between these rooms and the Dearborn st. vestibule leads to the 
upper stories. 



60 HOTELS. 

On the opposite side of the rotunda: the telegraph office and a 
news stand. In the corridor to the Lake st. entrance are the elevators 
and an other flight of stairs. 

The first story contains a number of luxuriously appointed rooms: 
parlor, club rooms, and three large dining rooms. A hundred of the 
250 rooms in the house are furnished with porcelain bath tubs. 

The interior decoration, cornices, corridors and stair cases har- 
monize well with the facade. 

The Sherman House. The Sherman House, on Clark 
St., N. W. cor. of Randolph, opposite the City Hall, is one of 
the oldest hotels in the city. 

It was first liuilt in 1836 by Francis C. Sherman, who was onc6 
mayor of Chicago; and has experienced a great many changes. It was 
opened in 1837 as the City Hotel, rebuilt in 1844 and then opened as 
the Sherman House ; and it frequently changed owners, until in i86d 
an entirely new building was erected, with the first steam elevator in 
Chicago. After the great fire (1871) it was again rebuilt and opened 
for business in the Sping of 1873. 

The building has six stories, a basement and a mansard roof. 
The two facades, especially in the central part, are of thp renaissance 
style, have iron balconies, and are capped above with five low 
pyramids. 

The two entrances lead into the glass-covered rotunda, which 
contains the hotel offices. This is adjoined on the north by the writing 
room; and on the opposite Randolph street side, by ticket and tele- 
graph offices, the ladies' parlor, barber shop, etc. 



Restaurants, Coffee Houses, 

BEER HOUSES, WINE ROOMS, SUMMER GARDENS, 
CONFECTIONERS, TOBACCO AND CIGARS. 
The EATING HOUSES of the city may be divided into: 
(i) Hotels, which, however, are almost exclusively patronized 
by those who also lodge there; though a few of them have '■'■Day 
Boardcis. " 

(2) Restaurants and Cafes. The latter really are regular restau- 
rants, only that they have in most cases bakeries connected with 
them. 

The Cafe, pure and simple, after the European model (luxuriously 
furnished with divans, newspapers in all languages, games etc.) 
those comfortable metropolitan retreats, each with its pecular charac- 
ter, determined by the rank or calling of its regular patrons, will be 
seriouly missed by the visiting foreigner. It is strange that an estab- 
lishment of this kind has not even been introduced as an experiment, 
as much as there is a need for it. 

The more important Restaurants (see also beer halls) are: 

Fine: AiiJiioi-iiiin Resiauraii/, Michigan Ave. and Congress St; 
Ric/u/icii, Michigan Ave., near Jackson St., 

Moderate Priced: The Boston Oyster House, (oysters and fish) 
Cor. Clark and Madison Sts; Kinsley, 105 Adams St; Lansing &^ 
McGarigle, 124 Clark St; Lassagne, (restaurant francais) 77 Clark St: 
Thomson, 145 Dearborn St. 

The Coffee Houses on the American Plan, furnished with long 
counters and lined with high stools on the outside, on which their 
customers take their hasty meals, are certainly practical, but the very 
opposite of the European idea of a coffee house. The reasonable 
prices however and the fair quality of coffee, edibles etc., as well as 
the prompt service readily account for the very large patronage they 
find. The best known are: — Coyne^ s, 164 Madison St; Kohlsaafs 
196 Clark St. 

Cafe restaurants: — Hotel Hem-id, 70 Randolph St; Philip 
Henriei, 175 Madison St; Philip Winter, 279 State St. North Side: 
W, Remy, 90 North Clark St. 

(3) Beer Halls. These are the larger beer-houses connected 
with restaurants; they have increased in number and grown in favor 
during recent years. Besides beer and wines, all the other usual 
liquors are kept in stock. The more prominent among them are : 

A'er?i, (also imjiorted beer) loS La Salle St. ; Leiitz, (also imported 
beer) 21 North Clark St. ; Meyer, (also imported beer) cor. Madison 
and Dearborn Streets (Ralhs-Keller); Prager, (also imported beer) 
N. E. Cor. Madison and Clark Sts.; The Union, 115 Randolph St. — 
Near Lincoln Park: Stein, (also imported beer) Germania Hall, 649 
North Clark St, ; Kretschmar, 'also imported beer) 625 North Clark St. 

63 



RESTAURANTS, BEER HALLS, ETC. (33 

(4) Boarding Houses, (sec article on hotels.) These furnish the 
cheapest board, and many of them take "day boarders." Most of 
them can receive but a small number of persons, and even if 
they do not deserve the abundant sarcasm that falls to their lot, it is 
certain on the other hand, that the good ones are in the minority. 

Beer. The stranger finds here m>t ou\y ihc .hnerioin Bc-i-r but 
nearly all the well known European kinds. Of the latter, especially 
Pilsener, Hersbrucker, Erlangcr, Culmbacher, Afnenchener eic., a.re 
drunk. The principal consumption however consists of Chicago and 
Mihvauki-e iu-er, many kinds of which, of excellent quality, find a 
market far beyond tlie borders of the United States. We note below 
the favorite American kinds in alphabetical order. Nearly all beer- 
halls have signs williout indicating the kinds of beer on sale within. 

Blatz, Muenchener /igfil Bavarian, Dewes, Muenchener light 
Bavariati, Northwestern Brewing Co., Zacherl light Bavarian, 
Pabst, Hofbraeu light Bavarian; Schlitz, Extra Pale light Pilsener; 
Schoenhofen, Edelweiss light Pilsener; Seipp, Columbia dark Ba- 
varian ; Wacker & Birk, Ulmer (similar to Pilsener); West Side 
Brewing Co., Hofbraeu light Bavarian. 

The number of taverns is extraordinarily great, there being 
nearly 6,000 of them. They may be distinguished as belonging 
to the American type and the European type. The former, most of 
them luxuriously furnished, engage principally in the sale of ivhiskey 
and ale, although nearly all of them also carry <^£'t'/' and w/;?^. The 
furniture mostly consists of three principal pieces; the sideboard 
which is fastened to the wall, with large mirrors, buffets, etc., on 
which the glasses, goblets, bottled wines and liquors are carefully and 
tastefully arranged. A few feet from this, and parallel with it, is the 
bar, which is concealed from public view by the third piece, a large 
mirror placed near the door. And at this bar the guests stand some- 
times through long hours, shift themselves from time to time from 
one posture to another, and thus take their drinks. In most of these 
establishments there are no chairs. The number of so-called "mixed 
drinks^'' prepared by a mixture of whiskey, brandy, wines etc., with 
fruit, eggs, syrup, sugar etc., is very great. 

The Beer Houses run on the European model, are conducted as 
they are in Europe; and sell all the other drinks as well as beer. 
These are naturally furnished with chairs. But the number of the 
larger and more elegant ones is comparatively small. 

The better known among them are: South Side: Kern, 108 
Washington St., (also imported beer); the Union, 115 Randolph 



64 WINE ROOMS PUBLIC GARDENS, ETC: 

St; Lansing 6^ McGarigle, 124 Clark St; yIA;iv;-, (also imported beer) 
cor. Madison and Dearborn Sts (Raths-Keller)'; Pragcr, N. E. Corner 
Madison and Clark; M'agner 6-= House hihi, 150 Dearborn St. 
North Side: (mostly German patronage) Leutz, (also imported beer) 
21 North Clark St; Fehn, 123 North Clark St; Laabs, 162 North 
Clark St; Georg, 257 North Clark St. (Turners' headquarters). Near 
Lincoln Park: Stein, Germania Hall, (also imported beer) 649 North 
Clark St; Kretschmm-, (also imported beer) 625 North Clark St. 

WINE ROOMS. These are of two kinds, according as they 
carry imported or native wines. The traveler will find, at the places 
mentioned below, ititp'orted wines of good quality; the ordinary, the 
better, as well as the finest wines. The owners are all direct impor- 
ter, each one of whom makes to some extent, a specialty of Rhine, 
Mosel, Pfalzer or French wines. 

The more prominent places are: — Faulhaber, 78 5th Ave; Jan- 
sen, 163 Washington St; Leutz, 21 North Clark St; Schogl, log 5th 
Ave; and near Lincoln Park: Old German Wine House, (Faulhaber) 
526 North Clark St. 

The native zvines have constantly improved in quality during re- 
cent years ; the traveler however will have to become accustomed to 
the peculiar taste of the different wines — California, Missouri or Ca- 
tawba. The California wines especially have much body, and are 
exported to Europe in large quantities and used there to improve 
wines of lighter quality. The principal house in this line is IVilken, 
49 La Salle St. 

The Public Gardens have up to this time been but lightly repre- 
sented here. There is however, scattered over the city, a certain 
number of small summer gardens that pretend by means of a few 
trees and shrubs, a few dozen flower-pots etc., to imitate the real 
article. But there are only two that can be easily reached and are 
worthy of mention: — Kretscliinar'' s Suinnier Garden, 625 North Clark 
St., near Lincoln Park; Thiclinanii' s Pavilion on the lake shore, near 
the north end of Lincoln Park. Concerts are given at the latter place 
on week-day evenings. 

Perhaps here anight be mentioned the South Side Scliuetzen 
Park, near the suburb Pullman, which is described elsewhere; and 
the N'orth Side Schuetzen Park which can be easily reached by the 
Clybourn Avenue cal)le cars. 

The lake shore to the north, along Graceland Avenue offers sev- 
eral fine picnic grounds; among them, Thiloruhe, on the lake shore 
foot of Graceland Avenue, south of the Marine Hospital. 



CONKKrTKtNKUS, CKiAIl STORES ETC. 65 

The Confectionery Establishments :ue represented in jxirt by the 
cafes, mentioned before, which also carry ice cream etc. The candy 
stores however are the real confectioners' establishments. Candy is 
manufactured here in a great many varieties and finds an enormous 
consumption as compared with its use in Europe. The finest estab- 
lishment in the city is Giintlier'' s 212 State St. 

TOBACCO AND CIGARS are more costly than in Europe, 
but at the same lime of belter (|Uality. The smoking tobaccos ■s.x^ here 
mostly \'irginian, a mild tobacco, which can be had in all grades from 
medium to fine. In the matter of Cigars, the most fastidious smoker 
can satisfy his desires. But in a marked contrast with European 
taste, a fresh cigar here is decidedly preferred to a well seasoned one. 
Here the cigars are mostly sold during the first three months after 
manufacture, and if they must be kept longer, artificial means are 
employed to keep them moist. 

The cheapest cigar costs five cents ; then there are ten and fifteen 
cent cigars, and some of much higher priceS. The five centers are 
made of native tobacco, raised in Wisconsin, Connecticut, Ohio, etc. 
The ten cent cigars have mostly Havana filling and Sumatra covering 
though some are entirely Havana; this is, as a rule, a good cigar. 
The Ji/tc-en cent cigars are partly imported Havana cigars; and partly 
Key West cigars, made in Key West, Florida, from imported-Havana 
tobacco. Since the new tariff of the McKinley Bill has gone into 
effect, Havana cigars have risen so much in ])rice however that their 
importation has grown markedly less. 

Cigarettes are manufactured mostly from Virginia tobacco of good 
quality, and are of many kinds. They are sold in small boxes at from 
five cents to fifteen cents. The better known brands are: Caporal, 
Cameo, High Grade, etc. 

Good firms in the line are: Tliorwart &^ Roehling. 188 Ran- 
dolph St; E. IL^ffiiuDi, 185 Madison Si; A'. Sc/imeiiitg, 5 Clark St. 



66 MAIL SERVICE. 

For Rates of Postage, etc., see Tables at end of this book. 



Businesg^ Hours, Regulations, etc., of the Chicago Postoffice, 

main floor of the Custom House. 

The General Delivery and Department for Advertised Letters 
for Ladies and Gentlemen are open from 7:30 a. ni, to 9 p. m. and 
on Sundays from 11:30 a. m. to 12:30 p. m. Windows 24 to 30 main 
floor on Clark street. 

Letter Clnitcs for Rcccpiio)! of Mail Matter, and the Retail 
Stamp Department both on Clark street front, are open day and 
night . 

The Registry Department {Dearhoru street front) is open from 
8 a. m. to 6 p. m, except Sunday. 

T\\e Post Money Order Department (Dearljorn street front) is 
open from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m, except Sunday. * 

Inquiries regarding arrival atid departure of mails at Room I, 
(Clark street front) open from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. Sundays from 1 1 a. 
m. to 12 m. 

Information regarding Letter Carriers or Mail Matter in care 
pf Postoffice at Room 5, Adams street front. 

Missing Letters, Packages, Papers: Information at Room 2, 
(Dearborn street front) open 9 a. m. to 5 p, m. (except Sunda)'). 
A Peiti Rules to insure Prompt Delivery of Mail Matter : 
Be sure that your tnail matter i& fully prepaid. 
Place your name and address on every letter or package, so that 
in case of non-delivery it can be returned. 

Mail matter should be addressed to street and nwnher. There 
are many persons, firms, etc., of same or similar names and titles, 
and the omission of street and number is one of the main causes of 
delay in delivering mail matter. 

Wrong delivery, detention or loss ol mail /natter should at once 
be reported to the postmaster in person or writing. 

A^ames of States should be written in full or very distinctly abbre- 
viated. 

Mail i'oxes are located in all parts of the city, and the mail is col- 
lected from them in the business district, on weekdays, at 5 :30, 8:00 
9:00, 10:00, 11:20 a. m. and 12:35, ^ =35? 2:35, 3:35, 4:35, 5:25, 
6 :2o and 7 :3o p. m. , and on Sundays at i :oo p. m. Mail is delivered 
by carriers as follows, in the business district: 7:00, 8:35, 10:00, 
II :45, a. m. and i :is and 4:00 p. m. 



TKLKORAPHS, BANKING HOUSES, ETC. 



67 



Tlic Telegraphs are here in llie hands of two companies, the 
M'c-sirni i'nion Telegraph and Postal Telegraph Companies. There 
is no system of uniform rates, and indeed they do no't continue the 
same for any great length of time. Despatches can be delivered as 
tlay or night despatches; the former are sent at once, and the latter 
sometime during the night at two-thirds to one-half of the regular 
]5rice. A table of rates for cable despatches will be found at the end 
of this book. 

Banking and especially the check system here, etc., vary widely 
from Kuropean methods. 

The banks are here distinguished as national and private banks. 
The former derive their name simply from the fact that they issue 
l)ank notes secured by United States bonds deposited at Washington. 
They stand in no other relations with the government, except that 
the latter exercises a certain control over them by making an occa- 
sional examination of their financial condition through the agency ol 
so-called bank examiners. 

The Bank Exchanges of Chicago are very considerable. Al- 
though Xe-M York is naturally the leading money market, and Boston 
which controls the great deposits of many railroads, usually takes the 
second rank, yet of late the latter has frequently been left behisd in 
the weekly l^ank clearances as is shown by the list below: 

Clearing House Exchanges of the principal cities of the country 
fi>r the week ending June 20, 1891. 



New York §586,405,746 

Boston 82,711,689 

Chicago 86,355,000 

Philadelphia.. 60,800,859 

St. Louis 20,523,558 

San Francisco 16,327,865 

Baltimore 13,384,300 

New Orleans... 6,844,197 

Pittsburg 13,267,201 

Cincinnati 12,835,950 

Kansas t;ity 7,068,431 

Louisville 8,086,535 

Buffalo 7,303,649 

Galveston 3,301,340 

Milwaukee 4,624,000 

Minneapolis 4,958,760 

Providence 5,094,200 

Cleveland 5,108,336 

Detroit 5.805,945 

Omaha 3,936,282 

Denver 4.754,409 



Portland, Ore 1,684,367 

Salt Lake 1,354,624 

Washington 1,918,592 

Peoria 1,442,652 

St. Joseph 1,452,868 

New Haven 1,348,901 

Springfield 1,213,888 

Portland, Me 1,027,294 

Rochester 1,317,132 

Worcester 1,444,886 

Fort Worth 1,314,932 

Sioux City 869,596 

Seattle 985,255 

Norfolk . 912,925 

Tacoma 976,414 

Grand Rapids 843.134 

Wilmington 813,319 

Syracuse 921,422 

Los Angeles 646,100 

Wichita 494,632 

Lowell 735.580 



68 SAFETY VAULTS, BATH HOUSES, ETC. 

St. Paul 4.576,577 Birmingham 539,853 

Indianapolis.. 3,080,276 Des Moines 929,207 

Columbus 3,225,000 Chattanooga 571,000 

Memphis 1,475,844 New Bedford 427,909 

Dallas 1,473,437 Lexington 448,018 

Duluth 1,977,272 Topeka 395>35i 

Hartford 1,701,328 Lincoln 508,020 

Richmond 1,969,987 Nashville 2,246,790 

Montreal 10,601,323 Halifax 1,278,982 



Total $1,020,913,582 

Outside New York. .. . 434,507,836 

The cash balances of the fifteen national banks of Chicago, ac- 
cording to the statement of December 19, 1890, amounted to $38,- 
512,832; loans, over $55,000,000; and deposits $70,227,913. 

The largest bank is the First National Bank, with deposits 
amounting to .$17,000,000, and a capital of $6,000,000. The next 
largest is the National Bank of Illinois, with $7,000,000 of deposits. 
These two banks carry on an extensive foreign exchange business; the 
former also exchanges foreign coin. The Atlas National Bank and 
the Merchants'' National Bank are good banks of deposit. The fol- 
lowing may also be recommended for the exchange of foreign coin : 

Anton Boenert, 92 La Salle St; H. Claussenius & Co., 78 Fifth 
Avenue. 

The following are Safety Vaults in which one can rent for five 
dollars a year, small safety deposit boxes for the safe keeping of 
money or papers: Central Safety Deposit Vaults, "The Rookery" 
Adams and La Salle Sts; Commercial Safety Deposit Co., 88 Monroe 
St; Fidelity Safe Deposit Co., 143 Randolph -St. 

A good place of safety for larger objects of value, such as val- 
uable trunks, pictures, fine and also ordinary furniture; etc., is the 
magnificent and perfectly managed Hiram Sibley Warehouse, 2 to 18 
North-Clark St., which contains a large number of fire-proof vaults. 

The Bathing Houses are here all in private hands. The pres- 
sure of private interests has until quite recently diverted public atten- 
tion from many public improvements whose convenience and neces- 
sity has long ago made them practical realities in other cities. But 
as in the matter oi art galleries, so in that oi public baths, there has 
in recent times grown up a lively and active interest among the pop- 
ulation; and it is now only a question of time when they shall be 
erected. The report of the Commissioners of the Board of Public 
Works for the year 1889, gives a brief statement concerning the free 
public baths of other cities, as well as plans and and estimates for 
similar institutions in Chicago. The existing private baths, on the 



69 

other hand, liave in leceiit years grown steady in importance. We 
mention below a few of those most worthy of recommendation : 

Large Swimming Baths, (Natatoriums) Nortli-Side, Clark and 
Elm Sts; West Side, 504 West Madison St. — Turkish and Russian 
Paths: Lynch, 50 to 54 Clark St., (Sherman House Baths); Palmer 
liovise Baths, State and Monroe Sts; Plain Baths: Hcttich, Sherman 
House, opposite Court House, 237 Randolph St. 



III. 
The City. 



1) Geographical, Topographical, Geological, and Meteor- 
ological Conditions of the City. 



Chicago, the largest and most important city west of the 
Alleghanies, and the second city of the United States in 
population, is situated at the lower end of the western shore 
of Lake Michigan, and is divided into three parts called the 
West, North and South Sides, by the small Chicago river and 
its two branches, which fork like the letter T. All to the 
west or top of the T, is the \Yest Side; all to the north or 
right of the T, is the North Side; while that part of the city 
to the south or left hand, is called the South Side, which 
comprises the business portion, extending about a mile south 
of the river, and residences south of this to the city limits 
and beyond. 

The precise latitude of Chicago (City Hall) is 41 deg., 
53 min., 6,2 sec. north, and longitude 87 deg., 36 min., 1.2 
sec. west, being 961 miles west of New York, and 2,417 miles 
east of San Francisco. Its mean elevation is 591 ft. above 
the sea. When the city was first laid out, it was, as is de- 
scribed more fully elsewhere, low and muddy; but the grade 
has been raised, and it is now as dry and clean as the average 
northern city. The total territory now covered is 174 square 
miles, or 111,360 acres. 

The geographical center of the present city of Chicago 
is located at the intersection of Ashland avenue and Thirty- 
ninth street. The distance between North Seventy-first street, 
being the northern city limits, and Hundred and thirty-ninth, 
being the southern city limits, is twenty-four miles. State 
street has the greatest extension north and south, running 
from North avenue to the southern city limits, a distance of 
eighteen miles. Running east and west Eighty-seventh street 
represents the greatest extension of the city limits, with 10,5 
miles. 



BOUNDARIES, GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS. KTO. 7| 

The topoiivdphical diangt a that Chicago has uiiderirone 
since its first settlement can not now be determined, because 
official surveys were not made previous to 1821. 

South of the fornjer Fort Dearborn, at the approach to 
the Rush street bridge, the natural surface lies at a height of 
ten feet above. the lake level; and the condition is exactly 
the same along the extension of Rush st. beyond the river, 
.toward the north. These slight elevations sink, eastward and 
westward, and were formerly traversed by a series of deep 
water-courses, through which the surface water flowed west- 
ward into the river, and eastward into the lake. 

The West Side lies higher, and the highest part of the 
city is the North-West Side, in the region of Humboldt Park. 

The xharc-line of the lake, however, has for centuries 
been undergoing changes. The shore deposits of the lake, 
which has long been steadily retiring (this fact is farther de- 
scribed in another place— the Highways of Commerce of the 
City), continually modify this line. Thus, the deposit on 
the lake shore, to the north, from Chicago avenue to the north 
bank of the Chicago river, from 1821 to 1880, alone amounted 
to ninety-eight acres. 

In its f/coJogical structKrc, the surface of the area on 
which Chicago stands consists of black earth or lake sand. 
In the Qnateniary Period, a dense forest and swamp covered 
the area of the present city of Chicago, to a distance of 
about twenty miles to the north. At that time the Mastodon 
dwelt here; and a skeleton of this animal was once found at 
a depth of abmit fifteen feet from the surface, in an excava- 
tion in tlu' northwestern part of the city. Then there came 
a time in which the lake rose thirty feet and covered both 
fori'sts ami mastodons. When the water afterwards again 
retired, it left l)ehind, in a frozen condition, a deposit, in 
some places seventy feet thick, of rock, clay, etc., which in- 
cludes numerous layers of gravel. 

The boring of. a well in the stock yards brought to light 
the following deposits. In the first .secenty fett^ there were, 
.successively, surface soil, lake deposits. Quaternary forest 
and snil, and clay; the next '2.'>0' /(^tt was limestone, of which 



72 BOUNDARIES, GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS, ETC. 

the upper laj'ers contained small cavities filled with petro- 
leum. Indeed, the whole rock layer contained more or less 
petroleum, and its stone is easily recognized in some churches 
of the city by its peculiar but pretty spotted appearance. The 
next 250 feet included alternating layers of shale and lime- 
stone; and th.e following 330 feet was again limestone, a part 
of which, however, was highly ferruginous; then followed a 
layer of 155 feet of sandstone; and the last seventy feet con- 
sisted of exceedingly hard limestone. 

The meteoroloqical features of the year 1890 were the 
following: 

The mean temperature was 48.8 deg., 0.7 deg. higher than 
that of 1889. The highest temperature, 96.0 deg., occurred 
August 2d; loicesfj 5.0 deg. below zero, on January 22d, being 
a range of 101.0 deg. Rahi or snow fell upon 136 days to the 
amount of 32.66 inches. During the preceding year 34.95 
inches fell. The greatest atmospheric pressure, 30.74 inches, 
occurred on January 3d; the least, 29.29 inches, on January 
12th, being a range of 1.45 inches. The mean was 30.048. 
The mean relative humidity was 74.8 per cent. 

2) THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. 

TIte Lake; the River; tlie Canal; the Bridges; the Tun- 
nels; the Viaducts; the Streets; the Street Car System; the 
Drainage System,. 

The above subjects are here brought together in an article 
in connection with each other, as they played their parts in 
the development of the city. 

Lake Michigan, the southwestern of the five Great Lakes 
of America, was the efficient cause of the rise of Chicago, 
and is in great part still the efficient cause of the city's im- 
jiortance. Fifty years ago, when the whole Northwest was 
little more than a wilderness, the lake was the onl^y means of 
communication with the East. Since then, mighty states, 
the mightiest in the whole union, have arisen along the great 
shores of this incomparable water-way, and with their growth 
and the development of the far West Chicago has attained 
the rank of one of the greatest harbors in the world. 



THK lIKillWAVS oy roMMEKC^K AND TUAVKL. 7;' 

The f^reat Caiiailian province of Ontdrln borders the 
nortliern sliores of the whoh^ group of Great Lakes. On the 
south, grouited in the most favorable way imaginable, the 
states of Minuesofd. Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, 
Ohio, Pennsi/Jvaniti and N*ni^ York form a gentle curve about 
the lakes— a common bond of union to which all of them 
largely owe their irrowth and prosperity. Connected with 
the chain of lakes is the natural highway, the Chicago river; 
the artificial highway, the Illinois and Michigan Canal; and 
the mightiest of all, the gigantic network of railroads. 

The area on which Chicago now stands originally formed 
a part of an extensive marshj^ plain, overgrown with tall 
grass, luxurious swanij) vegetation and occasional clun)ps of 
trees, through which the river, formed by a union of two 
branches, sluggishly crept along. Its banks connected with 
numerous sloughs, in the neighborhood of which there lived 
multitudes of wild birds. 

Only in the Spring and Fall the sluggish water became 
somewhat active in its movement. Then the water flowed 
down from the low elevations of the region to the lower level 
of the river, which easily overflowed its banks, and with the 
swollen waters of the Des Plaines river, flooded the whole 
region. During these times a water-way was opened for ca- 
noes from Chicago to the Des Plaines river, ten miles away, 
and by way of the Illinois river it was possible to reach the 
Mississippi. 

Tiie watershed between the Des Plaines river and Lake 
Michigan is only eight feet high. The place where Chicago 
now stands was once a natural water-waj', through which, 
many millenniums ago, the waters of Lake Michigan found 
their natural discharge. It is an observed fact that for sev- 
eral centuries the lake has been steadily retiring from its 
shores, and must once have been at least 30 feet higher than 
at i)resent. The rapids in the Illinois river at Marseilles 
must thousands of years ago have stood in the same relation 
to the Great Lakes of the West as that now held by the bed 
of the Detroit river and the rock masses of Niagara Falls — 
that is, as natural barriers checking the outflow of the waters. 



74 THE TIKJHWAYS OP COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. 

Creological speculation will have it, that in the thousands of 
years to come these barriers, too, will gradually crumble away 
and be washed out; that the surface of the lake will sink 
ever deeper; and that in the end Chicago will be reduced to 
the condition of an inland city. In the meantime, to speak 
in the figure of a German novel, " We need not fret about 
that time at present." 

In those primeval times the Des Plaines river must have 
emptied into the lake. By the recession of the lattei', a bar 
of sand was probably thrown across its mouth: the same pro- 
cess as observed in the history of Chicago river; thus deprived 
of its natural discharge and compelled to reverse its course, 
it found a new channel in the valley of the Illinois. This 
theory is supported by the great flood of 1849. In this year 
the swollen waters of the Des Plaines passed down the Chi- 
cago river and caused the great destruction of bridges and 
ships, which is described in detail in the History of the City. 

The first houses of Chicago were built on piles driven 
into the earth, and high enough to protect the lower story 
against being flooded during heavy rainfalls, etc.; on account 
of this condition of the ground, cellars and basements Avere 
out of the question. The streets were in many places quag- 
mires, and posts with the inscription " no bottom" marked 
the worst spots. Later, the principal streets were laid with 
planks, and under the burden of passing teams the mud 
spurted up through the cracks. Standing water filled the 
ditches by the road-sides, and its greenish surface revealed 
its stagnant condition. It is easy to see that these conditions 
favored the development of diseases. Malaria was common, 
and the so-called " Canal cholera" claimed many victims, the 
corpses of which, through fear of contagion, were not buried 
at all, but simply unloaded by the Bridgeport road and left 
there to their fate in the scorching sun. 

The sand bar closing up the mouth of the Chicago rivei 
has already been mentioned. Drifting with the lake currents, 
the sand accumulated directly across the mouth of the river. 
This bank, shutting off' the river entirely on the north, 
changed its dii-ection from its present njouth toward the 



TlIK HKillWAYS OF CO>rMERCE AND TRAVEL. 75 

south, liiially oponinsi' into the hike, oiiposite the present 
Madison St. This mouth was in turn barred up, and at low 
water there was no outflow whatever. x\t tlie same time the 
river itself had a considerable depth, reachinpc 15 feet in 
some places. These obstructions made it necessary for shijis 
to anchor outside the sand-bar and unload as quickly as pos- 
sible, to avoid being overtaken by a storm. As early as 1805 
the local Indian agent urged upon the government the neces 
sity of removing this obstacle. In the course of years, nu- 
merous other remonstrances were made, but without avail in 
inducing the government to act. The absence of any harbor 
on the long southern coast of Lake Michigan south of the 
Manitou Islands, made the construction of one an imperative 
necessity, as well for commerce as for a refuge for ships in 
stormy weather. At last, on the 2d of March. 1833, Congress 
appropriated $25,000 for this iiurposo, and in Juno of the 
same year the work was begun. 

It was determined to abandon entirely the rivor-nioutli 
at Madison st., and to make a new opening directly eastward, 
bj' cutting through the sand-bar. First of all, piers were 
built north and south of the present mouth, to prevent its 
being choked up again by the drift-sands of the lake. Then 
the sand-bar was dredged away, and in the spring of 1834, 
the work was furthered by the high water of the river, which 
tore away the rest of the bank. It was soon seen, however, 
that the lake could not be easily resisted. New bars were 
continually formed farther out, that had to be opposed again 
by new dikes. Thus the struggle between man and the ever 
active element went on, until, in 1844, $247,000 had been 
expended without securing a definite result. A proposition in 
Congress, in 1840, for a new appropriation, was vetoed by 
President Polk in si)ite of the strong supi)ort of the famous 
Daniel Webster. The whole Northwest was aroused; the 
nation became interested in the undertaking; and the (jrraf 
River (1)1(1 Ilarhor Convctitiou in Chicago, on the 5th of July. 
1847, was the result. This gathering, consisting of delegates 
sent from all parts of the land, called attention to the na- 
tional imiKUtance of harbors. It emphatically condemned 



76 THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. 

the partisan intrigues that opposed these improvements; 
called attention to the liberality of Con,2;ress toward the older 
states; and demanded similar treatment for the younger states 
of the West. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, whose fate 
is fully described in the historical part of this book, was well 
under way, and its inseparable connection with the Chicago 
Harbor was evident enough. What would the canal be if it 
had no outlet into the lakes? 

The convention, in which 20,(100 peo])le took part, was 
wholly free from political influences, and lasted three days. 
Its resolutions were forwarded to Congress, but remained 
without eflPect until 1852. Then a small appropriation was 
made. But it was only from 1866 on that Congress agreed to 
larger and repeated appropriations for the improvement of 
the harbor. 

After 1854, the city itself began tu take a part in the 
completion of the harbor. Besides, the river was dredged 
out to a depth of foui'teen feet. In 1869, the Chicago Canal 
and Dock Conipanj' began to build the docks on the north 
pier. In 1871, the government took in hand the proposed 
outer harbor between River and 12th sts., which was to cost 
$2,000,000, and which now furnishes ships an easily accessible 
refuge in stormy weather. 

The harbor has at i)resent about seven miles of p/Vr.v and 
seven lighf-Jiouscs maintained by the government. 

Hand in hand with these improvements go the dredgings 
of the river, continued through many j'ears; the widening of 
the river in various places and the straightening of its course; 
as well as the building of wharves, which to-day have a length 
of fifteen miles. 

In closest connection with the river stands the IJlinois 
and Michif/an Canal, which played a large role in the child- 
hood of Chicago, although the remarkable development of 
railroads and lake navigation later crowded it into the back- 
ground. The canal, which, after many delays, was completed 
in 1848, ran from Bridgeport (where it divided, one branch. 
o])ening into the south arm of the river and the other into 
the river itself) over a distance of 96 miles, and there opened 



78 THE HIGHAVAY8 C)F f'OMMERCE AND TRAVEl.. 

into the Illinois river. It was originallj' 36 feet wide at the 
bottom and 60 feet wide at the surface, and six feet deej*. 
Its construction cost H million dollars. 

The canal, however, soon proved inadequate in size. Ac- 
cording to the original plan, it would have been deep enough 
below the lake level to make it possible for canal boats to use 
it in passing from the lake to the Mississippi, by waj' of the 
Illinois river. But the crippled financial condition of the 
state only allowed the construction of a canal of less depth, 
and so it was necessary to bring the water for the canal from 
the Calumet river, 17 miles away. At low water in the Calu- 
met, this, too, proved insufficient, and a pumping machine 
was set up, which pumped water out of the south arm of the 
river into the canal. The porous bottom of the canal-bed 
and other circumstances still further injured its usefulness. 
Much more favorable were the indirect results of the con- 
struction of the canal. The land lying along the course of 
the latter increased exceedingly in value; a large amount of 
money came into circulation; and this in turn brought about 
a large increase in business activity. In 1862, the matter of 
deepening the canal was brought up in Congress. The prop- 
osition that the government assist in the building of the 
canal fell through, as the House and Senate could not agree. 

Meanwhile the city had grown from 20,023 inhabitants 
in 1848, to 178,492 in 1865. The sewage of the city, which 
emptied into the river, of course kept pace with the increase 
of population (The sewer system in 1890 had a length of 
3,770,014 feet, costing $7,511,175.86); especially since the 
wastes from the growing manufactories kept steadilj^ increas- 
ing. This changed the river into an abominable condition. 
It was a deep-black, stagnant body of water, on the surface 
of which floated all sorts of glistening oily substances. 
Fishes had long ago disappeared from the river, and the 
stench, which especially in summer time was almost unbeara- 
ble, was as horrible as it was dangerous to health. The only 
means of mitigating this evil lay in deepening the canal, in 
order to bring about a flow from the latter and the Chicago 
river into the Illinois river. 



THE UKillWAVS OF (X)MMERCE AND TRAVEL. 7<l 

In 1865, the city began the deei>enin.a; of the canal, and 
in July, 1871, it was completed. By this means a depth of 
six feet of water in the canal was assured, even during the 
lowest water. Thus the Chicago river became an arm of the 
lake, through which the lake water flowed and transformed 
its condition. 

Bill the flow soon proved entirely insufficient and increased the 
mii.sunce in the Desplaines and Illinois valleys, while affording but 
scant relief to Chicago. 

The North Branch especially became very offensive by continual 
stagnancy; and to circulate its waters the Fullerton Avenue Conduit 
and Pumping Works were built, and threw water from the North 
Branch into the lake during the period from 1876 to 1885. The 
source of the water supply was then thought to be protected from pol- 
lution through the Fullerton Avenue outlet, having been removed to 
a distance of two (2) miles from shore, and the canal had more than 
enough to do to take care of the Main River and South Branch. 

In the meantime the State, by a joint resolution of the Legisla- 
ture of 18S1, required the City of Chicago to erect pumping works 
at Bridgeport, of a capacity of 60,000 cubic feet per minute, for the 
jnirpose of pumping the contents of the Chicago River into the canal, 
and increasing the flow in the latter. 

And when this plant, which began operations in the spring of 
1884, had attained its full efficiency in the fall of 1885, the machinery 
at Fullerton Avenue was reversed, and it now pumps fresh water from 
the lake into the North Branch, thus diluting the contents of the lat- 
ter, and furnishing the head needed for a flow toward the Bridgeport 
pumps. 

Under ordinary conditions the action of the Bridgeport pumps, 
which throw on the average 40,000 cubic feet per minute, causes a 
perceptible current away from the lake in the principal branches of the 
river, and keeps them in tolerable condition, as then fresh lake water 
is mingling continuously with the polluted water at the river mouth 
and at Fullerton Avenue. The current toward the pumps, however, 
is often neutralized by the eftecl on the river of the fluctuations of the 
lake level, which arc at times very large and*i-apid. 

The South Fork with its two arms, the Stock Yards Slip, and the 
reach crossing Ashland Avenue, is not benefited by the pumps to any 
extent, because f-esli sewage only takes the place of what old sewage 
is contributed by this portion of the river to the Bridgeport pumps. 
As a consequence, the condition of the South Fork and its arms is ex- 



so THE HIGHWAYS OP COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. 

tvemely bad, although it has not yet been shown to atifect the health 
of the residents of the vicinity very much. 

Thus it is seen that in dry weather the present conditions and 
arrangements work in unison, and with some degree of efficiency, 
towards the accomplishment of both these purposes: the protection 
of the water supply and the abatement of the river nuisance. 

It is in times of high water, however, that the present conditions 
serve the latter purpose to excess while entirely defeating the former 
one. 

The western continuation of the West F"ork, the Ogden-Went- 
worth Ditch, is in touch with the Desplaines River through the Og- 
den Dam at the point where the river runs close to an extremely low 
divide; the eastern extremity of the West Fork joins the South Branch 
in close proximity to the head of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and 
the Bridgeport pumps. The volume of the flow of the Desplaines River, 
taken near the Ogden Dam, ranges from practically nothing in dry 
weather, with the flow line less than eight feet above the lowest lake 
level or city datum, to more than 6oo,cx3o cubic feet per minute dur- 
ing the floods, with flow line more than fifteen feet above the city da- 
tum, or more than three feet above the crest of the Ogden Dam, This 
flood volume exceeds the normal capacity proposed for the final main 
drainage outlet and ship canal, and is equal to more than ten times 
the utmost capacity of the Bridgeport pumps. 

Out of this total there escaped, in the instance of the spring flood 
of 1887, into the West Fork by way of the Ogden Dam a portion 
amounting to 420,000 cubic feet per minute, or seven times the utmost 
capacity of the Bridgeport pumps. Such volumes of Desplaines water 
arrive in front of the pumps under high velocities and intercept and 
push back the flow of the South Branch. Therefore the pumps are 
stopped on such occasions, when they would only pump the Des- 
plaines overflow into the canal which is itself severely taxed by its 
own storm VTaters. 

When from any cause too much of the middle stage of the Des- 
plaines river comes through the Ogden Dam, a milder form of the 
flood conditions obtain, and the Bridgeport pumps draw partly Des- 
plaines water, to the in^iry of the sanitary condition of the South 
Branch. 

The flood waters of the Desplaines and West Fork turn the 
current of the South Branch towards the lake, and after having re- 
ceived an addition of 20 or 30 per cent, from the North Branch de- 
bouch into the lake, hearing with them large amounts of live sewage 
and of sediment, and leaving the river behind comparatively pure. 



TIIK llKillWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TKAVEL. 81 

The mass does not readily mingle with the waters of the lake, 
but seems to adhere to the river mouth in an immense elastic body 
capable of being stretched out for long distances by the wind and the 
lake cuiTents created by it. If those chance to be in a direction from 
tlie river mouth towanl the water works crib two miles from shore, 
there is constant danger of a pollution of the water sup])ly, and such 
pollution has actually taken place several times. 

This state of aftairs lasts until diftusion. aeration, oxidation and 
the Bridgeport j^unips have removed or destroyed the impurities in 
the lake water. 

Another very had eft'ecl of a flood in the river is this, that the 
outfalls of the low grade combined sewers are choked off, and the 
sewer contents backed up, flooding and damaging the lower portions 
(jf houses and sending sewer gas through the plumbing into the rooms. 

No wonder, then, that public opinion strongly demanded 
better itrovisions to disi)0sc of the sewage and to protect the 
water suiii)ly. 

As a result of the pressure of public opinion, the city 
' council finally determined to make arrangements for keeping 
the flood waters of the Des Plaines river and the north arm 
of tlie Chicago river out of the Chicago river itself, and to 
provide an outflow for the latter to the Illinois river by dig- 
ging a large canal with suffioicnt fall. This new canal should 
at the same time serve as a water-way for large ships; and 
the cost of its construction was estimated at $25,000,000. 
The approval of the project by the legislature on behalf of 
the state of Illinois was secured only with great effort, and 
successfully defended against later legal attacks. However, 
although the commissioners and engineers for the construc- 
tion of the canal were named long ago. and plans and esti- 
mates have since then been made, the opinion has at last 
been reached that the undertaking will require far more than 
the $25,000,000 that have been allowed for it; and now, in 
view of the fact that a great ship-canal must become of na- 
tional importance, the effort is being made to secure the help 
of the state of Illinois or of the United States. 

The Sfriefs of t/ic Citj/ are closely related to the drain- 
'tt/r .<ii/stem, since in many jiarts of the city streets were 
made possible only by the drainage of the soil. The first 
roads built wore the so-called " Plunk Roads" which eX- 



82 THE HIGHWAYS OP COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. 

tended 15 or 20 miles out into the countiy. In 1850, several 
of these roads were in existence— the Southwestern Plank 
Road, the Nortluoestern, the Western and the Southern — 
about 70 miles in all. The side streets, however, were still 
more or less in their natural condition, and the side-walks 
built by private enter]jrise were of the most primitive sort. 
With the introduction of sewers it became necessary to raise 
the streets. In 1855 the height of the streets was lixed at 8.62 
feet above the river level, and later at 14 feet, the present 
height. In the West Side, which lay higher, the streets were 
raised only about three feet. Thus, of course, the houses 
that had already been built were left below the level of the 
street, and in many cases the entrance to the houses was 
raised from the ground floor to the next story above it. The 
above mentioned second elevation of the streets again left 
the houses built onu level with the first elevation, some five 
feet below the new street-level; and as a result it was neces- 
sary to climb up and down in passing along the side-walks 
from one house to another. This made traveling on the walks 
very difficult. The great fire, however, destroyed most of 
these side-walks, together with the houses; and even in the 
unburnt parts of the city they have entirely disappeared. In 
that period of architectural transition of which we are now 
speaking, the system of raising huihlings on screws and add- 
ing a sub-structure was extensively developed, and would 
have been a surprising sight to Europeans. Thus in May, 
1855, the massive five-story Tremont Hotel (a brick structure, 
80x100 feet) was screwed up seven feet. Another proceeding, 
associated with this, is the practice of moving whole huiJd- 
ings, often over long distances, on rollers by horse-power. 
Although most of these are wooden buildings, j'et one can 
even now sometimes see moving through the streets, stone 
structures of considerable size, in which the inmates continue 
to live in their ordinary way. 

The Pavement of the Streets of the city is now mostly 
laid in cedar blocks of about six inches section, in their nat- 
ural cylindrical form, which are set together on a carefully 
prepared macadam foundation. The cavities between the 



TllK UlOinVAYS OF (OM.MKHrK AND TRAVEL. 83 

blocks are filled up with gravel, and the whole is covered 
with tar. This wood-pavement has proven less noisy and 
easier for horses and teams than any other; only it is very 
difficult to provide an enduring pavement in the center of the 
city for the great amount of trafllic. and es]>eeially the heavy 
freight wagons. 

The new i)avement of (jraintf hlncks, although laid in 
the best manner upon a permanent foundation, yields readily 
to the constant wear from heavy traffic, which gives to the 
pavement an uneven and slippery surface, leaving very slight 
and uncertain footing for hcavilj^ laden teams, and causing 
many serious and fatal accidents to valuable horses. 

It is ai»i>arent, however, that for the better class of resi- 
dence streets, the sli<:et asplialt 2^cioemeiit is growing in favor, 
owing largely to the perfection reached in the preparation of 
the material in adapting it to the extremes of climate, giving 
a smooth and cleanly surface, shutting out all foul and poi- 
sonous gases, and leaving the street in a ]>erfcct sanitary con- 
dition. 

Street- C I ea ning, ou Account of the growth of the city 
and the gingerly appropi'iations, has proven a difficult prob- 
lem to solve. In the mean time, great efforts are being made 
to make this department of public service more eflfective. 

The Sidi- W(t/ks were formerly entirely of wood. On ac- 
count of the elevation of the street levels, they lie, in many 
l>arts of the city, high above the real level of the ground. 
Large stone flags, however, come more and more into use; and 
the great business streets and the better class of residence 
streets are now provided with such walks. 

Another well developed means of communication here 
are the Drair-Bn'df/rs. These are said to be more numerous 
in f'hieagothan in any other city. Here they have under- 
gone all phases of development. 

In the earlj' days of Chicago boats were the onlj' means 
of communication for the meagre intercourse across the river. 
In 1829 a fii'ri/, which also transported teams and cattle, was 
set in oi)eration at the fork of the river. In 1830, the first 
bridge for foot iiassengers was built of unhewn tree trunks, 



84 THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. 

at the site of the present Kinzie st. bridge. In 1832, a new 
and somewhat better bridge was built near the present Ran- 
dolph St., at a cost of $486.00, the expense of which was de- 
fraj-ed by the citizens and Indians jointly. But at the end 
of only three years, it was in a condition so dangerous to life 
that its removal was ordered. The first draw-bridge over the 
river was built in 1834; it spanned the river at Dearborn st., 
was 300 feet long, and consisted of two halves that were 
drawn up towards the banks. 

In 1840, a kind of pontoon bridge was built at Clark st. 
To open the bridge, one of the floating pontoons was drawn 
aside by means of a chain and windlass. In 1848, there were 
bridges at Wells, Randolph, Kinzie and Clark sts. In 1849, 
all these bridges were destroyed by the great flood of that 
year, of which the historical part of this book gives the par- 
ticulars. 

In 1856, the first iron bridge was built across the river at 
Rush St.; this was, at the same time, the first iron bridge in 
the West. The bridges increased steadily in number with 
the growth of the city, and although twelve of them were 
destroyed in the great fire, they were soon replaced by new 
and better bridges. 

Some of the most recently built are magnificent double 
bridges, entirely of iron, and more adequate to the ever in- 
creasing traflfic. Of these, the new bridges especially, at 
Lake, Clark and Adams streets, each costing about $140,000, 
are worth seeing. At present there are in all 45 bridges, the 
most of which are of iron or iron and wood, and two entirely 
of wood. 

Since the Street Railway Traffic has found an outlet 
through the tunnels, and the new bridges on the principal 
streets are operated more rapidly, by steam power, this means 
of communication has lost much of the unpopularity attached 
to it in former years, when the humor or laziness of the 
bridge tenders frequently arrested travel between the various 
parts of the cit^^ for a quarter of an hour or more. 

The River TiDineh, of which there are two — one at Wash- 
ington and the other at La Salle st.— were built a number of 




CentraJI Urusic Hall, cor. State and R.m 



86 THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. 

years ago, to provide a means of unhindered intercourse be- 
tween the different parts of the city. They have, however, 
never come into general use — the more so since the much 
easier and rapid handling of the bridges by steam power has 
greatly reduced the interruption of travel caused by opening 
them. The wagon road of the tunnels has become so dan- 
gerous, through the rapidly moving cable cars, that the wagon 
travel has almost entirely ceased. Footmen should cau- 
tiously avoid the passage. The foot-way of the La Salle st. 
tunnel, however, is well lighted and fairly patronized. The 
entrance is on the south side of La Salle st., between Lake 
and South Water streets. This tunnel was built at a cost of 
$570,000. A new tunnel, between Jackson and Van Buren 
streets, to connect the South and West Sides for the pro- 
jected Blue Island avenue cable cars, is in process of con- 
struction and promises to be finished by 1892. 

The System of Street Hailways consists of cars moved by 
cables, horses or electricity. By far the largest part of the 
city travel is controlled by the cable cars, the systems of 
which are becoming more and more extended. Following are 
some figures to indicate the traffic of the street railways for 
1890: 

South Side System — passengers, 68,734,969; receipts, 
13,500,000. NortJi Side System— passengers, 40,000,000; re- 
ceipts, $2,000,000. West Side System— vassengeis. 75,000,000; 
receipts, $3,665,000. 

Most of the street railways radiate outward from the 
business center. With the enormous enlargement of the 
city, numerous so-called Cross Town lines have been intro- 
duced, which cross the city in all directions without entering 
the business center. Worthy of inspection are the great 
macJiine-houses of the cable cars: oil the Nortli Side, cor. La 
Salle and Illinois sts.; and North Clark st., near Elm; West 
Side, cor. Washington and Jefferson sts., and cor. Milwaukee 
ave. and Cleaver st. 

The uniform fare is five cents. 

The great railway traffic has led to the construction of 
numerous Viaducts, of which there are now thirty-five. The 



THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. §7 

most remarkable of these is the viaduct at Twelfth st., which 
stretches half a mile, from AVabash avenue to the river. 

As much as the capacit}' of the city's means of transpor- 
tation—street-railways and railroads— have been extended in 
recent years, they are in no way equal to the enormous in- 
crease of city travel. Although the two Elevated Raihvads 




Temperance Temple, cor. La Salle and Monroe streets. 

now in process of construction will furnish some relief, the 
already enormous suburban travel is so constantly and rapidly 
increasinsr, that permanent relief is to be expected only from 
the construction of a number of elevated railroads. The 
condition of the street-cars, which are crowded to suffocation 



S8 THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. 

during the morning and evening hours; the large number of 
passengers obliged to stand, sometimes for hours, while rid- 
ing; the manj' passengers standing on the foot-boards or 
hanging on to the cars, in some way struggling for a ride at 
any cost — prove that the city's means of transportation are 
entirely insufficient. 

3) POPULATION. 

The total 2)02)t(I(iti()n of Chicago, according to the school 
census of May, 1890, was 1,208,699. Of this number, 859,247 
were persons over 14 years of age. Subtracting from these, 
250,000 as belonging to households proper, and estimating the 
numerous servants at 100,000, we have to account for over 
500,000 grown people. From this number must first be sub- 
tracted a large number, mostly immigrants of all nationalities, 
who have attained a modest prosperity— who have reached a 
certain (rarely high old) age and who live on their frequently 
insignificant, but sufficient, income. Their number, consist- 
ing of Itcdians, Bohemians, Irish, Poles, and also Scandina- 
vians, is very large. Americans, English and Germans, as a 
rule, follow their vocations longer. Industry and economy 
make it possible here for nearly every one to secure at least 
a modest competence, and hence the number of really old 
people in the factories and the trades is small, This class of 
the population is estimated at about 100,000; the remaining 
400,000 are active in the various walks of life. 

This population may be again divided according to its 
distribution, as follows: The 3d, 4th, 25th, and 32d wards are 
the most distinctive residence quarters of the city. Here are 
the residences of the wealthy classes; very few factories, few 
stores, hotels, boai'ding houses, etc; and the population con- 
sists principally of natives. These wards show an excess of 
females in the population, which is mostly explained by the 
large number of domestics in these well-to-do districts. 
Twenty-two other tcards (5, 6, 8, 9, 10-16, 19-22, 26-31, 34), on 
the other hand, show a population of 237,091 males and 210,- 
333 females over 21 years old, with 165,808 households. Here 
are centered the great manufacturing, shipping and railway 
interests and thb population connected with them; they are 



POPULATION. 



8«) 



the districts occupied by the iiiiddU' and hiboring classes, and 
show the largest luuuber of families. 

Then come the «')-called " liiinnllng IIovsc Wards' (1, 2, 
33, 23, 24, 7, 17, 18). These contain the great hotels, restau- 
rants, theaters, etc., and the largest number of boarding 
houses, ■■ furnished rooms'-establishments, etc. 

More than three-fourths of the population of Chicago 
are foreigners or of foreign descent. The various nationali- 
ties are groujied in diiferent sections, and so the city gains a 
decidedly cosmoi)olitan character, which has become much 
more marked in recent years. The new and important enter- 
prises that are constantly springing into life naturally attract 
large numbers of immigrants, who, in so far as they are sA-<7/- 
fuJ-AwdpcrsrvcrliKj workmen, are measurably successful here. 
The Xationah'tli^ (if the city divide about as follows, ac- 
cording to the school census of 188-i. This census, however, 
, has been found incorrect, as each nationality made their 
children follow in line with parents, though many of the chil- 
dren were born in Chica^^o. The U. S. census of 1890, when 
published, may be expected to give more reliable figures. 

Ainen'cous (of which 14.490 are colored persons), 290,000; 
(;enHa;(.s-, 385,000; 7//.sA, 215,0(10; Bohnniaus,5^,()0(); Stcedes, 
45,000: N^ururgians, 45,000; Eiigh'tihmm, 35.000; Frenchmen, 
13,000; Scotchmen, 12,000; Russians, 10,000; Danes, 10,000; 
Italians, 10,000; Hollanders, 5,000; Hungarians, 5,000; Ca- 
nadians, 7,000; Roumanians. 4,500; Welsh, 3.000; Siriss, 
2.800; Grech-s, 700; Belgians, 700; Spaniards, 300; Chinese, 
1.200; etc. 

We refer to the tables appended at end o. this book for 
figures of the statistics of population and occupations. 



IV. 

How TO See Chicago. 

A CURSORY GLANCE AT THE CITY.-THE STREETS. 



The varied character of the industries, the cosmopolitan 
character of the population, the large labor population as well 
as the enlargement of the city are gradually leading to an 
ever more specialized grouping of the various kinds of busi- 
ness in certain streets, of the nationalities in certain quarters, 
and of the population, according to means, in certain districts. 

The city as a whole, is divided somewhat as follows: 

I) THE BUSINESS CENTER: or the district bound on the 
east by the Lake, on the north and west by the river, and on the 
south by Van Buren street. In the northwestern part of this district 
is the Court House, from which nearly all the distances mentioned in 
this book are reckoned. The district also includes the prominent 
theatres. This section is the heart of the city. Within it the business 
interests are distributed in such a way that the retail business ozc\v^\q% 
the eastern, the xvholesal'e business the western part of it; and south- 
ward, toward Van Bureu street, are found the Banking, Real Estate 
and Board of Trade interests. 

The Retail Trade is most important in State street, which runs 
from north to south. Here is the faie trade, the great stores, the con- 
course of the fashionable world. Wabash ai'eniie one block to the 
east of and parallel with State street possesses a similar character. 
Another, somewhat less elegant retail street is Clark street, two blocks 
west of and parallel with State street. To these is to be added 
Madison street, a great business street running from east to west; and 
Randolph street, two blocks north of Madison street. Moreover, the 
streets running parallel with those mentioned, contain a large retail 
tirade. 

The Wholesale Business begins on South Water street, running 
parallel with the river, with a very important produce trade; then 
follow Lake street, with Leather, Glass, and Crockery establishments; 
Randolph street, retail trade; Washington street, real estate dealers, 
and the great dailies; Madison street, retail; Monroe street, banks, 
paper and stationary trade; Adams street, ^o'ii-o%.CQ and great cor- 



A CURSORY r.LANPE AT THE OITY. Dl 

porations; ytjcksoit street, the exchanges; and very near by are the 
principal raih-oad depots. 

Then, running from north to south, the following streets require 
mention : the first street east, toward the lake, Michigan avenue, 
hotels ; two blocks farther west. Dearborn street, finance, and agen- 
cies of various interests, the tailors of the fashionable world, the large 
printing establishments, etc.; two blocks farther west. La Salle street, 
steam ship agencies, banks, insurance companies and the exchange 
business; another block west, Fifth avenue, the newspapers, and 
great dry-goods establishments; then Franklin z.v^A Market streets, 
the great clothing manufactories, the cloth trade, shoe factories, etc. 

The principal business streets in the center of the city are, from 
north to south: Fifth ave.. La Salle st., Clark, Dearborn, State sts,, 
and IVabash ave.; from east \.o wtsV. Lake, Randolph, Washington, 
Madison, Monroe, Adams and Jackson sts. Bine Lsland ave., x\x\\- 
ning diagonally connects the center with the Southwest Side; and 
Mikoaukee ave. does the same for the Northwest Side. To one side 
of the center runs ITalsted street, connecting the North and West 
Sides. The principal connecting streets between the North and North- 
west Sides are Chicago are.. Division st., and North ave. 

2) THE MANUFACTURING CENTER. Although the 
manufactories are scattered all over the city, yet the greatest number 
is found on the West Side. 

A part of Canal St., and especially Clinton st., both parallel with 
the river, and a great part of the whole southwestern section of the 
city are devoted to manufacturing interests; and also contain the 
homes of the laboring population connected with those interests. 
Here the Bohemian element, especially, is found, besides Irish, 
French, Germans, etc. 

3) THE SHIPPING BUSINESS. This is distributed along 
the river, its branches, and the canal, and is especially important in 
the so-called lumber district, near lUue Island ave. and 22d st. 

4) The LIVE STOCK and MEAT TRADE. This is the 
trade in live stock and dressed meats and products prepared for ex- 
port. This is concentrated at the Union Stock Yards, south of 39th 
street, and is one of the most important factors of the city's com- 
mercial life; the immense yards and slaughter and packing houses, 
and the laboring population connected with them, lorm a city by 
themselves. 

5) RESIDENCES. These are distrii)uted all over the city, 
but are entirely excluded from the business center. Many sections, as 



92 A CURSORY GLANCE AT THE CITY. 

for example the niMthern part of Wabash ave., and some streets on 
the North Side, near the river, liave gradually lost their character as 
residence streets under the growing requirements of room for business 
purposes. On the other hand, the regions to the north and south 
along the lake shore, will probably retain for all time, on account of 
their incomparable situation, the character of leading residence dis- 
«tricts. The inhabitants there are principally Americans. 

The southern part of the city, south of ibth street, \\'\\]\ Afichigan 
avenue as the principal thoroughfare, and with the streets running 
parallel with it toward the lake, to and beyond the South Side park 
system, '\i,\\vq finest residence portion of the city. State street, south 
of Polk St., contains a lai-ge negro population; and Clark street from 
Vail Buren St. to Twelfth st. viaduct, harbors large \\wvahe.x%o{ Negroes, 
Chinamen, Italians, Greeks, etc' In the West, Ashland ave. and the 
streets running parallel and at right angles with it constitute the 
fashionable quarter, as also the vicinity of the large parks: Douglas, 
Garfield, and Humboldt parks. The large district that extends about 
two miles west from the river between W. Lake ^x\A IV. Madison sts. 
was formerly almost exclusively occupied by residences; and is now 
in a transition process which in another decade will stamp upon it a 
completely changed character. West Lake St., west of Halsted St., 
still furnishes the type of dwelling houses .in vogue here 25 and 35 
years ago. 

The district between W. Lake and W. Jackson sts., and espe- 
cially toward the parks, is principally occupied by American residents. 
The Northwest Side, with Milwaukee ave. as principal street is most- 
ly occupied by Poles, Norwegians, Danes and Germans.. 

The N'orth Side, a section of the city, that was almost en- 
tirely re-built after the great fire contains, in the angle between the 
main river and its north branch, as far north as Chicago avenue, a 
largely Irish population and many manufactories; on Chicago avenue 
and the neighboring streets, mostly Swedes; and scattered all over 
the North Side, a German population. 

AH these statements are of a very general character, as most of 
the different nationalities occupy several sections, and definite boun- 
daries cannot be drawn. 

Around these various sections, and including- about two-thirds 
of the population, runs the great system of parks and boulevards, 
which has been described elsewhere. Beyond the parks and boule- 
vards lie the numerous suburbs, the most noteworthy of which have 



94 A CURSORY GLANCE AT THE CITY. 

been described in another place, while a table appended to this book 
gives them all, with items relating to them. 

STREETS. The city of Chicago has now 2,047 miles of streets, 
and 59 miles of drives. The streets run dtie north and south or east 
and west, with two or three avenues running diagonally in each section 
of the city, being the old thoroughfares from the country over which 
the farmers brought their vegetables and poultry to market before the 
days of the railroad. The streets east and 70t'st, south of ^x\d parallel 
to the main river, are named after the presidents of the United States 
in chronological order for a mile. South of this they are designated 
numerically, commencing with Twelfth street. 

STREET NUMBERS. The river, and Randolph and Lake 
sts. west of it, form the dividing line for the ntinibers oi ihe sirceis 
running north and south, from which they are nmnbered, with the 
prefixes iiorth and south. Some streets on the North Side instead of 
the prefix north change 'street' to 'avenue', thus Dearborn street is 
south of the river, while Dearborn avenue is the same street north of 
the dividing line. Below Twelfth st. the houses are numbered by 
allotting one hundred numbers to each block, each block commenc- 
ing on a new hundred — thus 2908 Calumet ave. will be found four 
doors south of 29th street. 

The streets running from east to west commence to nutnber at the 
lake, but beyond the river they require the prefix 7vest and commence 
to number again at the river, west. As the blocks are rectangular 
and coincide with the points of the compass, strangers easily find 
their way about Chicago and feel at home at once. 



ALPHAHETICAL LIST OF OBJECTS OF 
INTEREST IN THE CITY. 



Allninihni Tli,atr< l!»()S State sts 

Anahc Mdfirrth Tinij)!) ,?>\^{\\ Indiana avc, 

*Art Institute, 198 Michisau avo. 

Athletic Chih Building, 130 Michigan ave. 

*Aii(h'f<)riiini Tfntrf, 215 IMichigan ave. 

■* Tlicatre, Congress st. & Michigan ave. 

* " Tovev, Congress st. & Michigan ave. 
*Boar<l of Trade, 158 Jackson st. 

Calumet Cluh, 20th st. & Michigan ave. 
Central Music Hall, (55 State st. 

* Chamber of Commerce Bldg., 140 Wasliington st. 
'^Chicago Historical Societi/, 142 Dearborn Ave. 

Theological Seminary, 79 Ashland ave. 
*Chnrc1i of the Epipltau)!, 180 Ashhind ave. 

of the Messiah, 23rd st. & Michigan ave. 
*Cifi/ Hall, cor. Washington & LaSalle st. 
*Cold Stontge Exchange, 5 W. Lake st. 
College of Physicians and Surgeons. 813 W. Harrison st. 
Cohimhia Thratrr, 1(16 Monroe st. 
""Cook County Hospital, 810 W. Harrison st. 
*Court House, cor. Washington & Chirk st. 

* Douglas Monumoit, foot of 35th st. 
*Douglas Park, 12th st. & California ave. 

*Dn .n 1 Bouhvard. from 3900 Cottage Grove ave. South. 

*Dn.rrl Fountain, 51st st. & Prexel Boulevard. 

Eden Museum, 227 Wabash ave. 

*Electric Fountain, Lincoln Park. 

Elevators, River near the Lake. 

First Baptist Church, 3101 South Park ave. 

Forest Home Cem., W. Madison st. & Desi)laines River. 

Fourth Iiaj)fi<.t Church. 173 Ashland ave. 



96 OBJECTS OF INTEREST. 

"Gurjidd Park, W. Madison st. & Hamlin ave. 
*G('nnanla HaJI, 647 N. Clark st. 

* Grace Church, 1445 Wabash ave. 

*Graceland Gemetery, N. Clark st. & Grraceland ave. 

* Grand Boidevard, from 185-39th st., South. 

* Grand Central Depot, Fifth ave., cor. Harrison st. 
Grand Pacific Hotel, 234 Clark st. 

Grant- Monument, Lincoln Park. 

Haymarhet Monument, W. Randolph, cor. Desplaines st. 

*Herald Building, 162 Washington st. 

^Holy Name Church, 181 N. State st. 

* Humboldt Park, W. North ave. & California ave. 
Insurance Excliange, 212 LaSalle st. 

*lnter Ocean Building, cor. Madison & Dearborn st. 

*Jackson Park, 56th st. & Lake Shore. 

*Lake Shore Drive, North from foot of Oak st. 

*Lake Side Sanitarium,, Lincoln Park. 

*Lake St. Elevated R. P., W. Lake fit. 

*La Salle 3fo)ium.ent, Lincoln Park. 

*Libhy Prison War Museum, 1451 Wabash ave. 

^Lincoln Monmnent, Lincoln Park. 

* " Park, North ave. & North Clark st. 
*Linne Monument, Lincoln Park. 

Lumber District, Blue Island ave. & 22nd st. 

Manhattan Buildiug, 301 Dearborn st. 

Marine Hospital, N. Halsted, cor. Grraceland ave. 

""Marshall Field & Co '.s Retail, 95 State st. 

'*' do. do, Wholesale, Adams st. & 5th ave. 

*McVickers Theatre, 82 Madison St. 

^Michigan Ave., South of Rush st. bridge. 

Newberry Library, N. State, cor. Oak st. 

Oakwoods Cemetery, 67th st. & Cottage Grove ave. 

Owings Building, 213 Dearborn st. 

* Ottawa Indians Monument, Lincoln Park, 

* Palmer House, 171 Staie st. 

* Panorama Gettysburg, 401 Wabash ave. 

* " Jerusalem, 406 Wabash ave. 

* " Niagara Falls, 406 Wabash ave. 



OBJECTS (»F INTKHKSTS. 97 

*'Pherdx Buihlmg, 130 Jackson st. 
Post Office Builffhu;, inO Adams st. 

* Prairie Ave., South from 18th st. 
*Pnhlic Library, City Hall. 
*PaUmaim BuiUliiuj, 2—6 Adams st. 
*Rialto Buildinfi, 135 Van Bureii st. 

* Rookery. 217 LaSalle st. 

*Rose]iiH Cemetery, North Western \l. 11. 
Rn^h Medical College, 111 W. Harrison st. 

* Schiller Moimment, Lincoln l^irk. 

*Second Preshyteriau Chnrcli, 2(ltli st. & Michisjan ave, 

Sherman House, 66 Clark st. 

*Staatszeitunf/ Biiileliiig, 95 Fifth ave. 

*St. James Chinch, Cass & Huron st. 

St. Michael's Church, 3!) Kujicnie st. 

**SV. PauVs (Jniversalist Church, 3004 J'rairie ave. 

Stitdebaker Building, 204 Michigan ave. 

*Tacoma Building, 135 LaSallc st. 

* Times Buitding. cor. Washington st. & 5th ave. 
'^Tremoiit House, 35 Dearborn st. 

* Tribune Build iuii, cor. Madison & Dcuirborn st. 

* Tunnel, foot of LaSalle st. 

* Cnioti Stock Yards, 30th & Halsted st. 

* Washington Park, 51st st. & Cottage Grove ave. 

* Waterworks, foot of Chicago ave. 



Street Scenes. 



A STROLL THROUOH STATE AND CLARK STS. 



Entering State street at the bridge one finds his path 
strewn, if not with roses, at least with something more pala- 
table. Heaps of luscious bananas and oranges lie around in 
great confusion and one has to be careful in picking his 
steps through the tempting display. The corner of South 
Water street is given over to the fruit trade, while in either di- 
rection on that street are ranged the great bulk of the whole- 
sale provision dealers of the city. A confused mass of boxes 
and barrels occupy the walk, with only a narrow i)ath left for 
pedestrians, through which people good naturedly struggle in 
either direction. Tl:^ marketmen are busy attending to the 
wants of their customers whose wagons block up the street 
as far as the eye can reach, in an apparently inextricable 
mass. As we pick our Avay south we notice that the grocery 
and fruit trade has spi'ead along State street well toward 
Lake. One corner of that street we find occupied by a large 
crockery and lamp house while diagonally opposite is the 
largest fish and oyster establishment in the West. Here dis- 
played in a very effective manner, we behold a tempting 
assortment of fishes, both large and small, fresh water fishes 
and salt water fishes, lobsters, crabs, scallops and oysters, in 
fact every known inhabitant of the deep, which is pleasing to 
the palate of man, at some time of the year is to be found 
here. Few can resist the temptation to stop and examine 
the interesting exhibit, so pleasingly is it arranged. As we 
reach Randolph street we notice a crowd idly looking on at 
the workmen busy on the structure of the JVew 3Tasuiiic 
Temple which, when completed, will be one of the landmarks 



100 STREET SCENES. ■ 

of the city; Central Music Hall on the south east corner of 
Randolph street, is a fine example of Chicago's Architecture 
of ten years ago. The apartments of this building are given 
over to music teachers, doctors, and dentists. In fact this 
entire neighburhood may be termed the "Medical Head- 
quarter," for on the opposite corners of State and llandolph 
streets, we find two large buildings almost entirely occupied 
by the medical profession. It is safe to say that nowhere 
else in the world within so small a radius, can as many 
physicians be found. Many of these are of the most eminent 
in the profession. On the west side of State street, at the 
corner of Randolph, our attention is drawn to the glittering 
jewelry display of Shourds & Kasper, and the crowd of eager 
admirers before it. A little south of it, is one of the most 
expensively fitted up confectionery stores in this city. The 
entire front, composed of large sheets of bent plate glass, 
with transoms of leaded glass in soft, pleasing colors and 
enriched with many bright colored jewels, is very handsome. 
On the east side of the street, on the corner of Washington 
street, is Marshall Field's immense retail establishment. 
Originally one of the finest specimens of architecture in the 
city, recent improvements have added very much to its im- 
posing ap])earance. The fair sex throng to this store in great 
numbers, and a line of carriages is always to be seen near by 
the owners of which are inside busy in inspecting the many 
attractive garments and novelties in every line which are to 
be found here. For the next four blocks State street is a 
very crowded thoroughfare and presents an animated scene. 
The cable trains rush swiftly by with a roar and a clanging 
of bells that are deafening to one unused to it. Added to 
this is the rattle of wagons and the thundering noise of 
heavily loaded trucks and omnibusses. Besides the hotel 
busses which roll noisely along with loads of newly arrived 
guests for the different hotels, there is a special line of busses 
running from- the Northwestern Depot to Marshal Field's. 
These are always crowded with ladies on a shopping trip 
from the suburban towns and, at frequent intervals, deposit 
scores of the fair sex at this corner to swell the passing throng. 



STREET SCENES. lOl 

Many enter Fields, bnt a great number move away in other 
directions. The crowds of i)assers-by are well dressed, and 
the stranger, who has visited other cities, will remark that 
they are noticeably so. The ladies are, of course, attractively 
attired, as American ladies always are. Occasionally one 
may see a female, whoso dress is strikingly remarkable, but 
such an instance is not very frequent. On the contrarj^ it is 
exceptional. ]f amid all the noise and turmoil of this street, 
the visitor is capable of reflection, he will make one obser- 
vation right here. Not often has he seen so many well 
dressed men. The average male passer-by is well dressed 
from hat to boots. There is an absence of striking eflfects in 
his attire, but his clothes fit, they are of good materials and 
his hat is of rt'cent make and looks designed for his par- 
ticular head. His whole appearance is trim, neat, and an 
air of business characterizes the make up of the average 
Chicago man. 

As we pass along toward Madison street the crowd 
thickens and when we reach that corner, having in the 
meantime passed some of the largest retail stores of 
the street, we are compelled to halt and wait for an 
opportunity to cross the -street, so great is the crush 
from the four ])oints of the compass. It is said that more 
)>eople }>assthis corner than at an.y other point of the 
city, and we can readily believe the assertion. As we wait 
we remark an especially attractive show window on the 
south east corner. Much skill and good taste has been ex- 
pended in arranging the exhibit of ladies' dress goods, and 
the labor has been well sju'iit, as it is constantly surrounded 
by an admiring gathering of ladies, young and old. At last 
we manage to cross the street and jiass along slowly to the 
to the South. On the west side of State street we ob.serve 
startling announcements in flaming red letters, of bargains 
ofl"ered in these resorts of bargain hunters and see that the 
enterprising proprietors have not cast their bait in vain. All 
shades and conditions of females crowd the entrance and we 
mentally thank heaven that we have taken the east side of 
the street, where, in this [larticular block, the stores are de- 



102 STREET SCENES. 

voted to jeweliy. furs, gloves, clothino-, and silverware, and for 
the present we are out of the crush. As we near Monroe 
street the imposing' proportions and agreeable outlines of the 
Palmer House appear. This magnificent hotel, although built 
nearly twentj^ j'ears ago, is still one of the model hotels of 
the world. In some of its features it is indeed unsurpassed. 
As we approach the corner of Monroe street, the crowd sur- 
rounding the windows of a large music store on the north 
west corner of Monroe street, atti-acts observation. Here is 
the finest exhibition of musical instruments to be found in the 
country, and we cross the street and spend a few moments 
admiring the disl^laJ^ Everything in the musical line from 
a guitar to a grand piano, and from a flute to a complete out- 
fit for a brass band, can be had here, and is arranged in the 
window in the most artistic manner. That "Music has 
charms to soothe a savage breast" is quite clear from the 
interest displayed by the onlookers, some of whom, judging 
by their red woolen leggings, are fresh from a Michigan 
lumber camp, and evidently intent on purchasing some- 
thing ''soothing." Having satisfied our curiosity we move 
along, but dismayed by the crowd of females to be seen on 
the next block on the west side of the street, we retreat to 
the east side again. As we reach the stately entrance of the 
Palmer House we notice in various attitudes about the 
pillars supporting the entrance, types of the throng that go 
to make up hotel life, with, mayhaps, a city man or two, posing 
for a brief spell, as a guest of the hotel, in a hope to duly 
impress some passer-by who does not know him. Here may 
be seen the sprightly gay commercial traveller, lounging away 
a few minutes, happy in seeing and being seen, with eyes 
keenly alert for a hoped for glance from some pretty woman 
passing by. Near him is a timid gentleman from a small 
town in the West who views the crowd with great interest, 
but hesitates to trust himself far from the security he feels 
within the walls of the hotel. Groups of two or three are 
scattered around, busily engaged in conversation, while the 
doors are kept in constant motion, by the crowd going in and 
out. A line of cal)s is drawn up in front of the hotel and a 



STREET SCENES. 103 

gentleman soatod in (»ne is Kcini;' Iiandcd his valises b^' a 
siiiilini!; iK)rter, the latter aiiitarently eonlidcnt that a gene- 
rous tip will be his reward. Sure enough a quarter is passed 
out and our porter friend smiles and thanks the " drummer" 
who is rajiidlj- driven awaj' to catch his train. Cood luck go 
with him. 

As we approach Adams street a verj- noticeable increase 
in the number of ladies is to be observed. We are now in 
the heart of the shopping district as on those corners are 
three immense retail establishments devoted to drygoods, 
notions, household goods, in fact almost everything that per- 
tains to the comfort of the body or the convenience or ele- 
gance of the hdusehold. A block east, on the corner of Wa- 
l)ash ave. are two more of the greatest retail dry goods houses 
in the city. There is a stead j' stream of ladies, almost always 
in parties of two or three, passing along Adams street in either 
direction, and, as they meet the throng on State street, there 
is a good humored crush in which the male pedestrian feels 
that lie is sadly out of place. That these ladies are the wives 
and the sisters and the mothers of the Chicago man is evi- 
dent from the earnestness with which they engage in the 
business of shopping. "Bargains" is the watchword of the 
hour and they bestow none but contemptuous glances on any 
unfortunate male who may be struggling in the throng. The 
latter loses no time in getting out of the crowd convinced 
that, in this immediate vicinitj% he is a nuisance on the face 
of the earth, and vowing to himself he had no business to 
venture in the neighborhood. After passing Adams street 
there is more breathing space, and as we move along, notice 
the attractive front of '(runther" the candy man. This is a 
popular resort for the ladies to rest themselves after the 
arduous task of shopping or to refresh themselves in its in- 
tervals. Here one can examine liis celebrated collection of 
curiosities and anticjuities at leisure and while away a plea- 
sant half hour. Passing Jackson street we notice a few large 
stores devoted to pianos and furniture, but also observe that 
there is less activity and less effort at artistic display than 
farther ninth. The whide block i'lnm \';iii Huren to Congress 



104 STREET SCENES. 

street is now occupied by one immense straicture, 8 stories 
high, built in the most substantial manner and faced with 
granite. It is rapidly approaching completion and no doubt 
will be an important factor in the development of the busi- 
ness of this street. South of Congress street State street still 
retains some of its characteristics which at one time gained 
for it the title '"The Levee." Between Congress and Harri- 
son streets there ai-e to be found in the neighborhood of 20 
saloons. Time was when most of this part of the street was 
occupied by noisy concert saloons, and all these places that 
remain were in the good old days of "the Levee" establish- 
ments of that character. The broom of "reform," however, 
some years since swept the street of its noisy characteristics; 
now these resorts manage to make a living out of the "old 
timers ' who were wont to "do the town" in the former era and 
who still visit the neighborhood when looking for "the ele- 
phant". A couple of cheap theatres are on the west side of 
the street, doing a lively business with sensational plays and 
scantily clad women as attractions. 

The ominous "golden balls ' of the pawnbroker are now 
frequently to be noticed, a sure sign of the uncertain charac- 
ter of the surrounding population. When we pass Harrison 
street our colored brethren seem to be noticeably frequent 
On a fine afternoon this street is a parade ground for all the 
"]-*ulhnan Porters ' in town. Gay young darkies, expensively 
attired, here display themselves for the admiration of their 
feminine friends and are supremely happy when fitted out in 
fine raiment with nothing to do but lounge around and view 
tiie passers-by. Second hand clothing stores begin to multi- 
ply and cheap restaurants attract your attention. Their con- 
spicuous sign-boards and unique window advertisements 
compel notice. One of these establishments proclaims in 
porcelain letters that their meals are "Good enough for any- 
body and cheap enough for everybody", "A regular dinner 
for 15 cents with no limit on bread, butter or coffee". Should, 
however, the hungry man with 15 cents in his pocket hesitate 
to enter here and cast his eyes across the street, he will be 
sorely i)erplexed, for there a rival establishment ofi'ers "A 



STREET srENES. ^05 

reaular diniKM- for 1.") cents, iiicliidiiisf 9 dishes and two kinds 
of dessert ". NVlio need go liungry under sneh conditions? 

After passing l*ollc street one finds a number of expen- 
sively fitted up saloons, restaurants and barber shops, which 
are owned and patronized exclusively by colored persons. 
Here we see tiie Pulhnan porter lavishly spending his 
riches. We can easilj- surmise the source of business lor all 
the pawnbrokers and second hand clothing dealers in this 
neighborhood, when Ave reflect on the well known propensity 
of the colored man to gamble. He is second only to the 
Chinaman in that respect. As a consequence, the pawn- 
brokers are fouiul in large numbers in this vicinity, waxing 
fat, rich, and saucy. Tn the neigborhood of Taylor street the 
tenements on either side of the street are noticeably dingy 
and in a sadly demoralized condition. The store floors are 
occupied by cheap saloons and second hand stores with an 
occasional greasy looking restaurant, or bai'ber shop, sand- 
wiched in. There seems to be a general average of two 
saloons to one second hand store, which would indicate that 
the business of two of the former is ecpial to sui)porting one 
of the latter. The street goes from bad to worse below Taylor 
street, until the decay is abruptly terminated by the demo- 
lition of buildings, on the west side of the street, to make 
room for the needs of the railroads entering the Dearborn 
Station. The east side of the street continues to loose in 
character until the viaduct that crosses Twelfth street puts a 
stop to its downward career. 

This viaduct, by the way, is an immense affair of its 
kind. It is two-thirds of a mile in length and extends from 
Wabash avenue, across railroad tracks and the river, to Canal 
street on the west side. 

[{(■aching Twi'lfth street we ascend the stairs to the via- 
duct and stop for a moment to view the panorama below. It 
is an interesting scene with the swiftly moving cable trains 
and the numerous wagons and trucks making their way to 
and from the neighboring freight depots. Moving along the 
viaduct t<i the west the view to the north is obstructed by the 
imnnMise freight depots, which occui)y that side of Twelfth 



IQg STREET SCENES. 

street, but, to the north we get a fine view of the Dearborr 
Station. Its picturesque tower stands out boldly as the fea 
ture of the scene while the tower of the Board of Trade 
building looms up in the distance. The rather sev^ere towei 
of the new Wisconsin Central depot is plainl}' to be seei 
and we are compelled to admire the graceful sweep and seem 
ing lightness of its vast train shed. 

As we reach the corner of Clark street and start on a re- 
turn, we notice that the viaduct has an approach built on 
Clai'k street, running on an easy descent to the level of the 
street some 300 feet away. There is a stair leading to Twelfth 
street below, but the old sidewalk of Clark street is built over 
by the solid masonry of the approach to the viaduct, leaving 
only a narrow passage between the masonry and the fronts of 
the houses which stand there. Where we stand at the corner 
of Twelfth street on the viaduct, we are on a level with the 
second story of the corner house, all of these houses having 
been built on the old street level. As we walk to the north 
we are walking on an inclined plane from the second story of 
the corner house to the floor level of the house some 300 feet 
away. One glance at the houses that line this street on the 
right, and the appearance of their occupants who swarm 
about the windows and doors, is sufficient to hasten the visitor 
in his progress northward. 

In the neighborhood of Taylor street are a number of 
second hand stores and cheap saloons and groceries. The 
inhabitants of Clark street, from Taylor north, are very cos- 
mopolitan in character. Italians, Greeks, Chinamen, Negroes, 
Hebrews, with an occasional German store keeper, are to be 
found. On a fine Sunday afternoon this part of Clark street 
is well worth a visit. Then almost all the inhabitants are to 
be seen out of doors and the variety of costumes and the 
diversity and brilliancy of color fully make the scene worth 
witnessing. The Italian women go strong on color. The most 
brilliant hues are displayed in a liberal manner and if a Sig- 
nora has half a dozen children, as she generally has, the 
familj' party has all the brilliancy of a rainbow with the 
colors intensified. As no two of the party will be dressed alike, 



icfei. 
Tr, 



STREET SCENES. 107 

the variety of combinations in color can nowhere else be seen 
by the artist in search of "hints on color. " 

The sign "Banca Agenza Italiana"' on the west side of 
the street attracts our attention. The bank looks extremely 
dingy from the outside although there may be untold wealth 
tfithin. All the way to Polk street we run the gamiit of 
&aJoon — second hand store — saloon — and pawnbroker. As 
we reach Polk street we notice on the S.-W. corner a monas- 
ter}' of the Franciscan order. Should you enter the monas- 
tery and happen to be stranger to such institutions, you will 
be surprised to see the boll answered by a bare-footed friar. 
Clark street from Polk to Harrison is, with the exception of 
a few better stores and respectable places, an almost unend- 
ing succession of pawnbrokers' shops, doubtful looking 
saloons and cheap restaurants, with here and there an Italian 
combination of saloon with bank attachment. The same order 
of things prevail for half a block north of Harrison street 
when we suddenly come on the O/n'tiese Headqtiarfers. 
Chinese merchants, reputed to be very wealthy, have exten- 
sive establishments here. The two largest stores are owned 
respectiveljf by Bow Wo Fung and Hip Lung. All the ad- 
joining stores and basements are occupied by Chinese mer- 
chants of less importance. Some have good sized cigar 
manufactories and the larger stores deal in silks, teas, and 
other articles of Chinese origin. A modern five story apart- 
ment or flat house has a sign bearing Chinese characters over 
the entrance to the upper part and is entirely occupied bj' 
Chinese. The windows are neatly draped with lace curtains 
and on the third story we notice a tiny Chinese girl about 
four years of age playing with a scarf. This is a rare sight as 
very few Chinese families are domiciled in the city. Oppo- 
site the Chinese quarter are several large brick buildings of 
modern design built especially to acommodate the demand 
for cheap lodging. These establishments are said to be kept 
in a neat and orderly manner and the reading rooms over 
the store floors seem to be crowded with guests. Prices here 
range from fifteen to fift}^ cents per night. Reaching Van 
Buren street Ave come upon some of the better class of citj'^ 



108 STREET SCENES. 

hotels. Modern improvement tends southward on Cla 
street, and Van Bureii street is the outer edge of the advan 
thus far. McCo^-'s fine hutel occujnes the north-west corn 
here, and immediately adjoinin.e; it on the north is Gon 
Hotel, a large and attractive stone structure. The tran 
formation is very sudden from the diriginess below Vi 
Buren street to the brightness and activity prevailing in tl 
vicinity. The east side of the street here has not kept pa 
with the west side, as the buildings are of the kind built ju 
after the fire of 1871. On the south-west corner of Jacksc 
street stands the magnificent Phenix building, particular 
attractive in its Jackson street front and one of the fine 
specimens of the artistic taste and architectural skill of tl 
late John W. Root. Opposite the Phenix building is tl 
famous Grand Pacific Hotel. This is one of the largest bote 
in the city and its reputation for elegant furnishings, fii 
cuisine, and admirable management keep it well to the fro 
in the hotel world of Chicago. In convention times th 
hotel becomes the Republican headquarters, as the Palm 
House is the rallying point for Democrats. The Grace Hot 
occupies the south-east corner of Jackson street and adjoi 
ing it on the east stands the elegant home of the Unic 
League Ciub, a A^ery graceful and attractive building, ( 
which its members are justly proud. The entire block c 
the east side of Clark street, from Adams to Jackson, is occ 
pied by the U. S, Government building. It contains tl 
Post Office, the Custom House, the U. S. Courts and theU. 
Pension Agenc}'. While this building is pleasing in i 
general outlines, it was poorly constructed and the continu 
settling of the foundation walls is a constant course of troub 
to the occupants. A movement has been made looking to^ 
ard securing a congressional appropriation for a newstructur 
as the needs of the city have greatly outgrown the presei 
accommodations. The breathing space afforded by the retire 
location of this building is very refreshing, surrounded f 
it is by so many blocks of towering buildings crowded cloi 
to the walk. A bust of Armstrong, who planned the railwa 
mail service of the United States stands in the open spac 



110 STREET SCENES. 

at the corner of Adams street. From the G-rand Pacifi 
Hotel northward Clark street becomes the stamping groun 
of all the railroad ticket agents, regular and irregular, i 
Chicago. The established ticket offices of all the variou 
railroads are located on this street and sandwiched in anion 
them are the scalpers' offices. The visitor who sti'olls alon 
Clark street in this vicinity finds himself occasionally in: 
portuned to purchase tickets by well-dressed and friendl 
individuals who spend the entire day in front of their place 
of business piclcing out the strangers from the throng o 
passers-by. Their skill in this resi)ect is the wonder and ad 
miration of their fellow citizens. The stranger ma.y, if h 
chooses, disguise himself in a new suit of Chicago mad 
clothes, get a Chicago hair cut and don Chicago hat an^ 
shoes, but should he venture in this neighborhood th 
keen-eyed scalper will detect him a block away, select hir 
from the throng as he ajiproaches, and pleasantly oflFe 
to sell him a ticket to any known point on the globe. 

Strongly marked Gothic tendencies characterize the archi 
tecture of the Lakeside building on the south-west corner o 
Adams street, which is largely occupied by artists, architect 
and publishers. The west-side of Clark street betwee 
Adams and Monroe streets, is a series of four story buildings 
the store floors of which are occupied generally by railroa^ 
offices with an occasional saloon and restaurant' The pionee 
of the modern Chicago cofi'ee house and lunch stand occupie 
a large store in the centre of this block. If the Europea: 
who is studying various phases of American life will ente 
this establishment about noon, he will witness an apt illu 
stration of the haste peculiar to Americans even in eating 
Two long oval shaped counters occupy this store and in th 
centre of each counter stands a fixture containing a temptin 
array of all varieties of pastry. The outside of these coun 
ters are lined with high stools which are all occu])ied b, 
customers eating as if their lives depended on the speed wit! 
which they can demolish the edibles set before them. N 
sooner does one individual tire of the task than anothe 
climbs on the vacated stool, and so convenient is everythin 



STREET SCENES. Ill 

the waiters' hands, that in a minute or two the new comer 
s as hard at work as his neighbors. An odd feature of the 
aethods of this phice is that every customer on taking his 
cat during tlic breakfast liour, is haTided a morning paper 
low and freshly fobU'd, wliich lie is at liberty to take with 
lini when he departs. The east side of Clark street in this 
iluck is an almost continuous succession of railroad ticket 
ffices fmm Adams street to within a few doors of Monroe 
treet. Three of the Monroe street corners are occupied by 
irge retail clothing houses, who make their show-windows as 
oticeable as i)ossible. Gaudy beveled glass transoms with 
ilded frames are conspicuous and glare very brilliantly at 
ight. Olark street from Monroe to Madison, on either side, 
5 occui)ied largely by stores devoted to the sale of clothing, 
hoes and furnishing goods, with beer saloons and restaurants 

1 jilenty. A noted restaurant of the '"economy and plenty"' 
rder is situated a few doors south of ^ladison on the westsid.e 
f ("lark stri'et. Tliis restaurant is well known to all the country 
eoiile within hundreds of miles of Chicago, and enjoys an 
nusually large trade. They are said to serve 7000 meals 
ere every day. Between this restaurant and the corner of 
ladison street is situated one of the dime museums of the 
ity. This place rejoices in the services of an artist Avho 
lust liave been created esi)ecially for the dime museum 
usiness. Never before were such startling pictures drawn 
f the possibilities of dime museum attractions. The 
rilliancj' of his imagination is only equalled Jby the vividness 
f the color he emidoys. But few of the passers-by can re- 
Ist the inclination to stop and examine these works of art, 
strikingly original are tliey in conception and amusing in 
reatment. This is jn-obably the most crowded portion of the 
ity. Clark street is a great thoroughfare and Madison street 
5 equally so. The throngs from either direction meet here, 
nd one lias to jiiek his way along slowly and carefully. The 
rowilsare different from those to be met with on State street, 
"he l)inie Musi'um attracts all the rustics who visit the city 
nd they elbow their way along with eyes turned in every 
ircction except that in which they are going, with the result 



112 STREET SCENES. 

that collisions continually occur. Good nature, however, pre- 
vails and with a little care we set safely across Madison 
street. Once across the latter on Clark street we are within 
the dominions of "King*Faro." The block from Madison to 
Washington street enjoys the reputation of housing many of 
the gambling resorts of the city. The crowds of men to be 
seen standing around are in the main made up of politicians 
sporting men of all shades, with cabmen, and possibly a de- 
tective here and there. Some of the groups near by are fresh 
from a Justice s Court, of which there are a number in the 
immediate vicinity, and are busily discussing the matter in 
dispute. In a basement saloon window may be seen an Edison 
Phonograph in operation with a number of men holding the 
sound conveyors close in their ears, and smiling as they listen 
to song or story. The east side of Clark street on this 
block contains a great variety of lines of business; clothing, 
cigars and furnishing goods alternating with railroad ticket 
offices and saloons. Sporting people and the well dressed idle 
riffraff of the city are generally to be found lounging their 
afternoons away here. The Chicago Opera House building 
occupies the south-west corner of Clark and Washington 
streets. This building is among the most convenient of 
modern office structures and contains one of the finest 
theatres in the city, although its exterior is rather dis- 
appointing. The First Methodist Church Block occupies 
the south-east corner and is a very well known structure. 
The County Court House occupies the block on the west 
side of Clark street from Washington to Randolph. This 
building, while possessing a certain grandeur in its out- 
ward appearance, has excited a great diversity of criticism. 
Many denounce it as an architectural abomination while 
others loudly sing its praises. It is certainly deficient in 
light in its interior arrangement and it is agreed that the ma- 
terials used for the exterior were not of a durable stone. The 
east side of Clark street, opposite the Court House, is devoted 
to business blocks with railroad offices or saloons in store 
floors, except about midway where is located the theatre 
known as the "Grand Opera House." This immediate vicin- 



STREET SCENES. 113 

ity is the usual rendezvous of all the actors in this section of 
the country who are out of engagements and many a graceful 
"Romeo" and majestic "Ghost" can hereabouts be found. 
During the summer they stand around the walks in groups 
and in winter, alas, they hold up the walls in the neighbor- 
ing saloons. 

The Sherman House on the north-west corner of Ran- 
doljih street attracts the eye as you pa.ss northward on Clark. 
This favorably known hotel has recently been modernized 
and holds its position well in the race for public favor. From 
Randolph to Lake struct, the saloon element is pi'etty strong 
as this street is a great thoroughfare, besides which the near- 
ness of tiic {'(lurt House is strong reason for their existence. 
The Olympic Theatre, devoted to variet^^ l)crformances, is lo- 
cated on the east side of Clark street on this block and seem- 
ingly does a thriving business, as it is the only theatre of that 
description on the South Side of the city. Performances are 
given here every afternoon as well as in the evening, and it is 
suri)rising how many patrons they find who have time to spare 
to witness the afternoon performance. Two of the corners on 
Lake street are occupied by clothing houses while a drug 
store and a bank are on the remaining corners. A moderate 
jiriced hotel occupies the upper part of one corner, while 
op|)osite is a largely ])atronized temperance restaurant, which 
attracts attention by its numerous display cards on the front 
of the building, and the remarkably low i)rices (juoted there- 
nii. From Lake street to the river beer saloons and liquor 
stores predominate very largely, although at South Water 
street we come upon the headijuarters of the produce trade 
of Chicago. As we pass toward the bridge and notice the 
gaudy exterior of a saloon on the west apitroach, as well as 
the glaring sign of a large beer hall on the other side of the 
river and then turn to look back toward the Court House we 
come to the conclusion that the frequenters of Clark street 
must be rather bibulous in their tendencies. 



STREET SCENES. 

A BUSY STllEET. 



South Water ^street, running along the south side of 
Chicago rivei" from Lake st. to the lake, is a street peculiar to 
Chicago, the like of which cannot be found in any other large 
city in the land. It is in reality not a street for general traf- 
fic, since during business hours, it is mostly taken up, even 
in its whole breadth, by the produce commission trade. The 
side-walks, except a small passage, are covered with boxes, 
tubs, crates, etc., full of vegetables, fruits, poultry, etc., 
through which buyers and sellers wind their way with difii- 
culty. The average street loafer here soon finds in a thrust 
in the ribs, a more significant than polite reminder to seek a 
more convenient passage. The street itself is filled, except 
a narrow passage in the middle, altogether too small for the 
very active street trafiic, with the teams that are backed 
against the sidewalks. The fact is, the business long ago out- 
grew the district, and its transfer to more commodious quar- 
ters is only a question of time. 

The splendid general markets of Boston and New York, 
the famous markets of New Orleans and San Francisco, with 
their extraordinarily rich variety, are not represented here 
by even so much as an experiment, as often as the subject 
has been touched upon. The business of such markets here 
falls to the small grocers, who draw their supplies from South 
Water street. 

The transactions of this commission business are very 
heavj'; there is, for instance, a daily transfer of 200,000 
bushels of potatoes and 275,000 pounds of butter, a large part 
of which is of course shipped to other places. 

The appearance of the street changes almost every week. 
The first fruits and vegetables from the South, grapes and 
l)ears from California, oranges from Florida, bananas and 
liine-ai)ples from Cuba, peaches from Delaware, the many 
kinds of berries from Michigan, etc.; the salmon from the 
Pacific Ocean, the red snapper from the Gulf of Mexico, bass 
and pike from Lake Superior, poultry according to the sea- 
san, deer, bears, rabbits, the negro's delicacy, the opossum- 



STREET SCENES. 115 

all find their way to Chicago, and nearly always in ffood con- 
dition — thairks to the excellent railwaj'^ connections and ex- 
tensive use of the refrigerator-cars, which make possible the 
transportation of even the most perishable articles. In a few 
days nearly everything is sold, although fre(|ueutly the market 
is f^lutted and prices are depressed. 

.MILWAUKEE AVENUP]. 

Milwaukee Avenue, formerly called '' Northwestern 
Road," is the principal thoroughfare of the Northwest Side, 
and one of the oldest in the city. It can be reached by 
cable cars from the court house. It begins as a narrow street 
at the corner of Lake and Canal streets, and runs diagonally 
for many miles, far out into the prairie. The more important 
streets which it crosses are West Ghicnf/o ave., West Division 
St., West North ave. (whence westward Humboldt Park, and 
eastward, horse cars to Lincoln Park and the North Siiie), 
Fullertun ave., IIumlxAdt Boulevard, Gracelaud Road, etc. 

Milwaukee ave., with its adjoining streets, is almost ex- 
clusively occupied by a foreign-born population, the Scandi- 
navians occupying the lower end of the street, the Poles 
rather xuore the middle district in the region of Noble street, 
and the Lou- Germans the upper end. The district is mostly 
inhabited by a solid, industrious working element; exhibits 
general prosperity on a small scale; sup})orts a large number 
of flourishing small business establishments; and is con- 
stantly undergoing improvement by the erection of many 
new, large buildings. Two Turner's halls and several theaters 
of a suburban character serve the social life of the inhabit- 
ants. 

The thousands of workmen, who, with their tin dinner 
pails, swarm on the street mornings and evenings; the many 
tnivign tongues that are to be heard everywhere; and espe- 
cially the frequent occurrence of the Low German dialect, 
have furnished the street with a number of well-meant 
nicknames: Diuurr Pail arenu< . Arinuf d< ^Mk kit n hour;/, 
etc.. etc. 

Up to a year ago a toll gate, a relic of the earliest Chi- 
cago, rather impeded the traffic near Graccland Road. There 



116 STREET SCENES. 

being no way to legally remove the obstacle, some resolute 
farmers one night destroyed it, and as a permission to re-erect 
it was dependent on the mayor's consent, the antiquated relic 
had to fall into oblivion. 

THE LUMBER DISTRICT. 
Location: Blue Island ave. and West 22d st. Access: 
Blue Island ave. cars; about 40 minutes. 

ThegreatZ(i?HZ>cy?/arfZs included under the above title form 
a district of about one square mile in the southwestern part 
of the city. In the selection of the location for the trade 
the controlling principle has been the same as that which 
governed the arrangement and distribution of the grain ele- 
vators: the cheapest and speediest transfer of large masses, 
from railway trains to shij^s, and vice versa. For this purpose 
the location of the lumber district is very favorable. It 
stretches along the north shore of the south arm of Chicago 
river, from Halsted street to Western avenue, over a length 
of two miles, and is bounded on the north by Blue Island 
avenue. At about the middle of this distance another branch 
of the river runs to the southward, and is flanked by a num- 
ber of large yards. More important, however, is the Illinois 
and Michigan Canal, which connects with the river here, and 
opens up a large territory for the Chicago lumber trade. 
Northward from the river thirteen slips extend up into the 
district, and along their edges lie the yards. A railway track 
running along the northern edge of the district and sending 
many branches into it, connects the lumber district with the 
" Belt Ziine,' and by this with all the railroads of Chicago. 

At present Michigan and Wisconsin are the sources of 
the timber supply for the Northwest. The kinds of timber 
that are most extensively cut are ]jiue and sjiruce, and next 
in importance are ortA;,^>o^>/ar and ash; while the more ex- 
pensive hard woods, such as walnut, cherry, etc., having be- 
come scarce in the North, are brought mostly from the South. 
The timber is the most part directly sawed into lumber in 
the districts where it is cut; but some of it reaches Chicago 
unsawed, and is worked up into boards, posts, lath, etc., in 
the saw and planing mills of the lumber district. For the 



218 STREET SCENES. 

seasoning of the green lumber, there are dry-kilns, in which 
the moisture is driven off by air-drafts or steam-heating. 
This lumber is called "kiln-dried." When it is to be sea- 
soned in the open air, it is piled up in regular, four-cornered 
piles, which are often as high as houses, with a system of 
longitudinal and cross streets between them. The railway 
tracks usually run close to the shores of the slips, and in this 
way loads can be transferred directly from the cars to ships, 
and the reverse. 

The life of the lumber-yards is a very active one. The 
long railway trains and the coming and going ships speak for 
the importance anc^ extent of the lumber trade; but the local 
trade, owing to the constant and active erection of buildings, 
is in itself very important. There are other lumber yards 
along the river— at 18th st., on Goose Island, at the mouth of 
the river, and also in South Chicago. 

In the vicinity of the Liimher District is the House of 
Correction, for a full description of which see index. 
THE GRAIN ELEVATORS. 



Among the distinguishing features of Chicago belong 
the great elevators^ scattered along the river. They serve a 
double purpose, first as ware-houses, and again as re-loading 
establishments on a large scale. For the latter purpose they 
are invariably located at the water's edge, in order to make 
the shipping of grain as direct as possiVjle. 

The product of the grain harvest of the Northwest 
reaches the great center of the American grain trade in long 
trains. These trains move alongside, or, as in most cases, 
into the elevator, and are unloaded with great rapidity, al- 
lowing the grain to run through spouts into bins at a lower 
level. From here it is raised to the upper stories in the fol- 
lowing manner: From the lowest receptacles, many broad, 
endless belts, provided with scoops, run up to the uppermost 
story, and are set in rapid motion by a steam engine. The 
scoops fill up with grain below and tip it out again at the top. 
From here the bins of the other stories are filled by simply 
opening the traps in the floor and allowing the grain to run 



STREET SCENES. jl9 

to the desired place through large spouts. Ships are loaded 
in the same way. The ends of large spouts, which are mov- 
able in all directions, are placed into the hold of the ship, 
and the contents of the grain bins are allowed to run out 
through them. Of course, all other possible devices and im- 
provements are used to make the traffic easy and safe; and, 
indeed, the elevators work so rapidly that whole railroad trains 
or ship-load.s can be transferred in less than an hour. 

There are at present twenty-six elevators in Chicago's 
elevator systeu), with capacities varying from 175,000 to 
3,000,000 bushels; and with a total cai)acity of 28,675.000 
bushels. 

THE UNION STOCK YARDS. 



The Vuioii iStock Ydrds. — Loctifiuii: In the former 
town of Lake, about 4\ miles south of City Hall — extending 
on the north to 8flth st.; on the south, to 47th street; on the 
west, to Ashland ave.; and on the east, to Halsted street — 
covering a surface of 350 acres. Access. — By street-car, via 
Halsted St., starting fmni City Hall on Randolph st., in 90 
minutes, to 40th st.; via S. State st., by cable road of South 
Side from the corner of Lake and State streets (two blocks 
east of City Hall), to Root st.; and thence west to the en- 
trance of the stock yards, in 50 min. By the local trains 
of Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; of Lake Shore & 
Michigan Southern; and of other railroads. 

They contain 3.300 pens and stalls (1,800 covered; 1,500 
uncovered), sheltering at the same time 25,000 head of oxen, 
14,000 head of sheep, and 150,000 swine. This gigantic es- 
tablishment contains twenty miles of streets paved with 
wood; twenty miles of troughs, supplying fresh drinking 
water; and fifty miles of feeding troughs, providing the cat- 
tle with the best of food. The water conies from six Artesian 
wells, averaging a depth of 1,230 feet. All railroads commu- 
nicate directly with the stock yards, the track within these 
grounds aggregating eightj'-seven miles. 

fiispi-ction: Admission to the Union Stock Yards is free 
to all. But the visitor who desires to inspect the slaughter- 



120 STREET SCENES. 

houses and packing establishments, and to erain a more than 
superficial knowledge of the working of the plants, will find 
the services of a competent guide indispensable. They 
should, however, be careful not to engage for this purpose, 
one of the many idlers loitering about the place. The best 
way for obtaining a useful guide is to make ap]dication at 
one of the large firms — Armour & Co., or Swift & Co. 

The object of greatest interest to strangers, is, unques- 
tionably, the slaughtering. The rigorous application of the 
principle of division of labor makes it possible for the vari- 
ous operations to be all completed within a few minutes. 
This may be best observed in the hog butchery, where, dailj', 
from 30,000 to 60,000 pieces arrive, which, after being accu- 
rately weighed, are driven over long wooden bridges to the 
various slaughter houses, where the hind legs of every ani- 
mal are shackled by iron rings. A hook connected with a 
movable roller running on a track is then puit into these rings 
and the hog, hanging on its hind legs, transported to the 
slaughter house, where the butcher opens with a skillful cut 
the arteries of the neck, the blood running off in a furrow 
on the floor. The dead hog, still hanging by its hind legs, is 
then placed in a barrel of boiling water, whence it is, after 
three minutes, removed, and, with the aid of iron tongues, 
placed on a table. There a machine with forty-eight knives 
in different positions, shaves the body clean, placing all the 
bristles in a heap, while streams of water are constantly 
pouring over the body, to wash away the last traces of hair 
and dirt. Then the hog is taken by the nose, pushed on a 
bench, and there opened and eviscerated. Lungs, heart and 
liver are put aside, to be utilized for sausage meat; and the 
head is chopped off, and brain, eyes, etc., thrown with the 
gi'ease. The tongue, which is to be canned, is separately 
stored up. After the body has been cut open length- wise, it 
is i)laced in the refrigerator. All these operations Iiave been 
performed within a few minutes, by means of extensive use 
of mechanical contrivances. 

After being cooled off, the hogs are, still hanging by their 
hind legs on the gliding roller, pushed into an ice chamber, 



STREET SCENES. 121- 

about 400x200 foot largo, whoro, arraiigod in rows, tlicy are 
left tor thirtj' luuirs, uridor the iiifluouce of a toJiii»eratiuo i»f 
several des^rces bolow zero. Tlioii the halves are transported 
to choppiiifT blocks, whore the should(;ros, the hams, and 
other fleshy parts are cut off by the butcher, leaving only a 
flitch, which, weighing about fifty-six pounds, is salted, and, 
after three weeks, packed in lots of ten into long cases and 
sent away. 

Tlie smoking of the hams and the preparation of the 
sausages, likewise offoctuatod liy moans of oxtonsive moclian- 
ical appliances, are of little interest to those not in the busi- 
ness. 

The slaughtering of boof and slioop is done in a similar 
manner. The beeves, however, are killed bj' a blow with an 
iron hammer, breaking the skull of the animaks, which have 
approached the butcher through an alley, just wide enough 
for one body. Then their hind legs are shackled, the bodies 
lifted up, and the blood vessels opened. Sheep are killed by 
a quick cut opening the arteries of the nock; then the nape 
is broken. 

The ojlf'nl of the slaughtering houses — grease, skins, bones, 
blood, etc. — is for the most i)art utilized for the production 
of pressed tallow, oleomargarine, butterine, leather, glue, 
etc., in the various establishments situated for the most i)art, 
in the immediate neighborhood of the stock yards. 

The most jirominent firms of the stock yards are Armour 
tf- C"., employing about 8,8(10; Sin'/f d' Co.. employing about 
3,200 men; N^tlson Morris S Co.; and Li/>J>i/, ]\lcN(ill cf' 
Lihl)}!. 

in 1889, 3,000,000 beeves, as many shee]), 6.000,000 swine, 
and 28,0(10 calves were received at the stock yards. The larg- 
est number of cattle received in one daj' was 22,0(54 beeves, 
60,000 swine, and 12,(!80 shooi). An idea of the enormous 
railroad trafiic of the stock yards may be obtained from the 
fact that the firm of Swift & Co. alone receive on an average 
125 carloads of cattle per day. 



STREET SCENES. 



A DEIVE Oil WALK TO LINCOLN PARK. 

Rush Street.—Pine Street. —Along the Lake Shore Drive. 



When going for a drive or walk to Lincoln Park from the 
South-side the route usually taken is via Rush street bridge. 
Immediately facing the approach to the bridge, at the corner 
of Michigan ave. and River street, the tablet set in the wall of 
the Hoyt Grrocery Com])any's building is apt to attract atten- 
tion. This building occupies the spot on which Fort Bear- 
horn stood in the early days of Chicago. For a couple of 
blocks north of the river Rush street is occupied by manufac- 
turing establishments or cheap tenements largely rented as 
boarding houses. After passing these the character of the 
residences begins to improve until, at the northwest corner 
of Ohio street, we come upon the* Virgmia Apartment Hotel. 
This immense structure has only recently been completed, 
and is fitted up in a most luxurious manner Its occupants 
enjoy in their apartments all the privacy of a home with every 
convenience to be found in the best hotels. This building is 
a small city in itself, as about 1000 persons live beneath its 
roof. Two similar apartment buildings, the Grenada and 
Salvador, just opposite on the southwest corner, have just 
been completed, rivalling, if not surpassing, the Virginia 
hotel. 

On the east side of the street a block further along 
standa the llcCormick mansion. This elegant brown-stone 
residence with mansard roof is the home of Mrs. C. H. Mc- 
Cormick, the widow of the inventor of the celebrated reaper 
and mower. Built shortly after the fire, it is a fine specimen 
of the Chicago architecture of those days, and in one respect, 
is a model which many of the wealthy of to-day would do well 
to imitate. Its commendable feature is that all four sides of 
the building are of the same material. 



.STREET SCENES. 123 

When Huron street is reached a good glimpse of the lake 
is to be had on the East, while a block west can be seen *t*SV. 
Janus Epist<ij)al Cltiinh, noted for its fine music and ex- 
pensive stained glass windows. On the northwest corner of 
Superior st. stands the jFoiirfJi. Pf('shi/feri((7i Church, while 
one block west can be seen the graceful spire of the **fHofi/ 
N(ime Cathedral. 

At Chicago ave. the driver turns east one block to Pine 
street, where we reach the attractive group of buildings known 
as the Water Worhs. The west half of this group contains 
the stand pipe 150 feet in height, while the powerful pumping 
engines are located in the east half. This group of buildings 
is a noteworthy piece of architecture of the Gothic school. 

Passing along Pine street through the grounds of the 
water works two handsome residences are to be seen on Pear- 
son street, west of Pine. These are the homes of J. V. Far- 
icell and C. B. FaruwU, both well known throughout the 
country. At the foot of Pearson st. may be seen several boat- 
houses of amateur rowing clubs. Reaching Oak st., we come 
to the beginning of the Lake Shore Drive. Chicagoans take 
just pride in this superb drive which extends for a distance 
of three quarters of a mile to Lincoln Park, where it connects 
with the new sea corso. It has toward the lake a bridle-path, 
and a spacious walk along the outer edge, with comfortable 
seats placed at frequent intervals, the sea wall keeping the 
walk dry, except when the water is unusually rough. Then 
the spraj' merrily dashes over the edge of the sea wall and re- 
morselessly douses whoever may be near. The view of the 
lake along this drive is worth traveling far to see on a fine 
day. Close to the shore the water is a beautiful blue-green 
gradually deepening in color as the distances increase from 
the land. 

As the carriage draws along, we reluctantly turn from the 
water and now notice the manj' fine residences which border 
the west side of the drive. At the corner of Bellevue place is 
a particularly attractive building of a light gray stone, with 
some delicately chiseled Gothic designs. North of it is a row 
of fine stone residences deserving of notice. These buildings 



124 STREET SCENES. 

iaj) one another, are of different color, and vary in desiorn. 
Excellent taste lias been displayed in the treatment of each 
particular building and in the ,s;roupino- of them. 

At the northcorner of Bankst. is situated the modest brick 
residence of Rohrrt T. Lincoln^ minister to England. Just 
south of Bank street is a new residence building of notice- 
able appearance. It is built of narrow yellow brick and 
trimmed with a light gray stone, the latter profusely orna- 
mented. A little further north, on the corner of Goethe st., 
stands the residence of Potter Pahiu /■: This building is of 
a brown stone and is modelled after an English castle. It is 
an imposing structure and altogethel- agreeable in its general 
contours. It is conspicuous not only by its architecture, but 
by the size of the grounds surrounding it. The objection has 
been raised that such a building should only be in the centre 
of a large park, but we consider the grounds ample in a city 
where property is so valuable. 

Facing the Palmer residence on the north is the residence 
oi Franldi.ii J/acT^rtr/7;, built after a design hy Pi chard son of 
Boston who ranked at the head of American architects. It 
wears a rather war-like aspect, and is altogether novel in its 
general features. At the north end of this block stand two 
modern dwellings in which the possibilities of brick as an at- 
tractive building material are displayed to good advantage. 
One of these is built of light yellow brick, with white stone- 
trimmings, and the other of deep yellow brick, with brown 
stone trimmings. 

Passing these we notice a short distance off to the North- 
west a large red brick building of modern architecture, with a 
green house and brick stable attached. This group of build- 
ings belongs to the residence of ArcJihisJiojj Feehan. Here we 
have reached fLiKcoJii Park. 

A VIEW FROM THE AUDITORIUM TOWER. 



The highest point in Chicago is the Auditorium Toioer 
(250 ft.). From the top of this tower, on clear days, a very 
extensive view may be obtained. The view includes 2,000 
square miles of water, and a sharp eye can plainly discern 



STRKKT SCENKS. 



125 



Michujtiii Citji, lyin.v' about 40 niik'S to the south-east on the 
lake shore, and lialf-coucealed h^' simd hills. Lookiui;- to the 
north, those acquainted with the pretty suburb of Evanston 
will be able to recognize the University buildings. To the 
west, the view is limited to a few miles by a billowy ocean of 
smoke. The high buildings situated in the business district 
— the Boanl of Trade tovcr and the foicer of the Grand 
Ciutral Depot - can of eourse be distinctly seen, and possibly 




The Trciiiuiu llcu^c. cur. I'c.uljoin aii.l Lake Sticot.s. 

tin liiffli tower of the Jesiti't Church on Twelfth st. will be vis- 
ible; but even in this short distance the mass of smaller 
buildings are obscured by the omnipresent pall of smoke. 
North and south it is the same — smoke everywhere. 

Tn the top of the tower is the Chicago station of the 
U. S. Wratlicr Bitrtdii, which lias hi-re a greater artificial ele- 
vation than at any other point in tli(» country. 



Walks and Drives. 



CIRCUIT REQUIRING A WALK OF TWO TO 
THREE HOURS. 



Lower State street, Twelfth street Viaduct, and Clark street. 

(See also descriptive article on same subject in Street Scenes.) 



On the left, extending directly from the State street 
bridge, the new ^Central Market; then South Water street, 
center of the fruit and produce trade; much activity, great 
wagon traffic. Two blocks south, at the left, corner Randolph 
street, an imposing new structure, the ^Masonic Temple; on 
the opposite corner, south, ^Central Music Hall. From this 
point to Adams street (4 blocks), the finest stores in the city. 
From 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. jiacked with a dense throng of femi- 
ninity of all classes. Elegant costumes and numerous carri- 
ages. One block south, at the left, corner Washington street, 
Marshall Field's celebrated store. (Walk in.) Then for two 
blocks, on both sides of the street, elegant stores. S. E. cor- 
ner Monroe street, jPalmer House, great hotel (four million 
dollars); rotunda, stairway, and corridors. (Walk in.) One 
block further, at the right, corner Adams street, the Fair, an 
extensive establishment on the plan of the Bon Marche, of 
Paris. (Walk in.) Next Jackson street, then Van Buren 
street; on the S. E. corner the mammoth new fLeiter Build- 
in g. 

Here the splendor of the street diminishes noticeably; a 
quarter of doubtful character in former years; now in a 
period of transition, and probably destined, within a few 
years, to yield to the southerly growth of the retail trade. 
At present occupied by small dealers, cheap restaurants, 
lodging houses, low class hotels, etc. Two blocks south of 
Jackson street follows Congress street, near which are two 
theaters of a character in keeping with their surroundings. 
Southward the street becomes more and more the quarter of 
the colored population. Six blocks south of Congress street 




S'lAXnART) GLUB, 
Micliivjaii Aviiuic, Soulliwest corner o( Twcuty-fourlh Slrect 



128 WALKS AND DRIVES 

follows Twi'/fth street. Here we ascend the great viaduct, 
one-half mile in length, extending across the south branch of 
the Chicago river to danal street. Beneath the viaduct an 
enormous railroad traffic. Two blocks west of State street 
(approach to 12th street bridge), Clark Street. Here we re- 
turn in a northerly direction. Beginning of a district of 
very doubtful character. Mixture of races and nationalities; 
negroes, Chinese, Italians, Greeks, etc., etc.; low beer halls, 
Chinese basement-laundries, rag shops and jjawn shops, cheap 
restaurants, etc. This street and neighboring ones of similar 
character as far as Harrison Street. Here, the Chinese quar- 
ter; Chinese stores, opium dens, and play houses; inhabitants 
in their national dress, blue smock-frock, pig-tail and sandals. 
Larger cheap lodging houses. From the next street, Van 
Buren, character that of the center of the city. At the left, 
McCoy's and Gore's hotels; on the next corner, the stately 
iP/ienix huilding. (Walk in.) On the opposite corner, the 
i Grand Pacijic Hotel. (Walk in.) Across the street, the 
fPost Office and Custom House building. Adams street, — 
railroad offices, clothing stores. Monroe street. Then Madi- 
son street, the great artery of traffic between the South and 
West Sides. Washington street; at the left, the f Chicago 
Ojjera House; opposite, also on the left, the double building 
comprising the j Court House and fCity Hall. Randolph 
street, f Sherman House on N. W. corner. Then follow two 
blocks occupied by business of various kinds. 

A HALF DAY'S DRIVE THROUGH THE FASHION- 
ABLE RESIDENCE QUARTERS AND THE 
PARKS OF THE SOUTH SIDE. 

Michigan Ave.- Southward from Rush st. bridge, a busi- 
ness street as far as Randolph. On the right, the Randolph 
St. viaduct ; on the left, the City Library site. Further to the 
right, business houses and club house of the f Chicago Ath- 
letic As.^ociation. On the left, the Exposition Building; 
oi)posite, the ]Pullman Building. Cor. Van Buren st., ^Art 
Institute, Sfudebal.-tr Building and f Auditorium. Across the 
street. Lake Park. 



WAM\S AM> liUIVES. 129 

On the ripht, No. 1540, the Armory; on the left, No. 1629, 
t«SV. J\iurs Church. On the riffht (20tli st.), f'S'ccouc/ Preahy- 
fei^idii Church; on the left, the iC<damet Gluh Build ing. 
Fnrthor to tlie left, on Indiana ave. (fronting toward Michi- 
ixan ave.), the fFir.sf Pn uliytcrlau Cliunh and i/Sin<(i Temple. 
Twenty-second yt,, the business street of the South Side. 
Twenty-third street; on the left, f Church of the Mcs.'n'ah; on 
the right, the \Immanucl Baptiat Church. S. E. cor. 24th st., 
fChrist'.s Church; opposite, on the right, the ^Standard 
Club Buildiuu. No, 25r)8 Michigan ave., ^Plymouth Church; 
No. 2(J00— cor. 2(ith St.,— t7'///(/V,(y Church. From this jioint 
to about 33d st. is the most beautiful part of jNIichigan ave., 
being lined with palatial residences; those at Nos. 2838, 2944, 
and 3252 may be especiallj^ noted as examples. From 34th to 
37th St., the buildings are of more recent cre'ition. 

Grand Boulevard. Washington Park. Midway Plais- 
ance.— At 3r)tli St.. we turn eastward, la four Mucks Cnln- 
•nict arc. is reacluMl. An interesting view is to be had looking 
southward along this street. One block further we reach the 
fountain and the beginning of Grand Boulevard. South on 
this boulevard. Beautiful buildings on both sides of the. 
street. The following are noteworthy: S. ^Y. corner 41st st., 
\F>'/th Pre.shi/feriaii Church; on the left, cor. 43d St., " Sfo- 
/vw/'.s- C(tsth\" a huge palace of marble. Cor. 45th st., a fort- 
like building of hewn stone. Further, detached houses, prai- 
rie and cultivated land, with occasional clusters of trees (for 
example, Io)ie Place, on the left). At intersection of 51st 
St., Washiuf/fou Park. South as far as 59th st., and from 
here east on Mldu-ay Plat'saucej a broad strip between o9th 
and 60th sts., connecting Washin(/ton Park with Jackson 
Park. A beautiful and inviting pleasure ground. Clumps 
of trees and shrubbery, foot-paths, drive-ways, etc. Enter 
Jackson l^irk; then north through the park and through 
Park are. View of Lake 3Iichigan. On the left, beautiful 
residences; on the right. Hyde Park and the Hyde Park 
Yacht ('lull niiu.<( . Harbor and pier. View of the city. 
West un 51st St. ; on the left, the Hyde Park Hotel; on the 
right, Madison Park. Intersection of interesting diagonal 



130 WALKS AND DRIVES. 

streets, Kimhark ave., Hihhard ave. On the right, cor. 
Greenwood ave., large residence. Cor. Drexel ave., Z>rexeZ ' 
Fountain. From here, north over 

Drexel Boulevard, the most beautifully laid out boule- 
vard in Chicago. (Modeled after the Avenue de /' Imi^ent- 
trice, in Paris.) Drive-ways and park-like promenades. On 
the left, near 50th st., a castle-like structure. At No. 4423, a 
building in the style of the Renaissance. Many other resi- 
dences, mostly new and of tasteful design. N. W. cor. 40th 
St., f South Gongref/atioiial Church; opposite, beautiful 
houses. Here the boulevard ends with a large flower vase. 
Oakland Hotel., in open space. South Park Phaeton Station. 
West over Oakwood Boulevard. Two blocks west of Drexel 
Boulevard, Yincennes Ave. North over this street. On the 
left, Aldine, Square (miniature park). Turning to the right 
on 37th st,, east through Ellis Park. North on Cottage 
Grove ave. to 35th st. Near the lake and 35th st, Douglas 
Monument. Beautiful view; to the north, Groveland Park 
and Woodlauju Park; opposite, the old University grounds. 
From here, west on 34th st. On the left, the f Baptist Theo- 
logical Semiuary. North on South Park Ave.; on the left, 
cor. 33d St., f South Park ave. M. E. Church; on the right 
(31st St.), iFirst Baptist Church. West two blocks on 31st 
St., then north on • 

Prairie Avenue, one of the finest residence streets in 
Chicago. Variety of architecture. On the right. No. 3017, 
t-SV. Paul's Universalist Church. On the left, Nos. 2904, 
2902, 2808, and many other large and beautiful residences. 
On the right (cor, 26th at.), fChicae/o Medical Col lee/e and 
Mercy Hospital. Further north, on the left (No. 1936), a 
building of quaint but beautiful design. No. 1808, cor. 18th 
St., a palatial structure in the style of the Renaissance. 
North to 16th st. West on 16th st. to Wabash ave. North on 

Wabash Ave. On the right, fLibhy Prison and f Grace 
Church. On the left. Haven School. Further north, two 
f Panorama Bitildiuf/s, circular in form. On the right, cor. 
Congress st., the f Auditorium. From this point to the river, 
the avenue is a business street, occupied by the better class 
of the retail trade. 



WALKS AMI IiUIXKS 131 

TIIK IJOAltl) OK TRADK QI^VRTER. 

J \Va//.-,>/ Thnr Hours. 

A trip tlirouj^li the newest and most interesting part of 
the business eenter. the so-called Bnanl of TriuIr'Qudrfrr, is 
best made by the followin;!; route. From the large double 
structure, the Court IIoksc and Cifjj ILifl, which serves as 
the center of the cit^', and is the starting point for all given 
distances, one would follow Clark street southward to the 
first crossing (Washington st.) ( )n the southwest corner there 
towers up a ten story, rather ]>laiii brick building, the jChi- 
C(if/(t Operii Ilonsr Block; which contains the fC/iiai(/o 
Ojxni House, besides numerous offices, stores (on the ground 
floor), etc., and other business apartments. Continuing (west- 
ward) on Wdshiiu/ton st., we find at the next corner (La Salle 
St.), the new fCIuimhcr of Coninwrcc building, a 14 story, 
tower-like structure, one of the highest buildings in the city, 
exclusively occupied by offices and counting-rooms. Within, 
a fine rotunda with mosaics, bronzes, etc. 

Looking down Jja Salle st. toward the south from here, 
we sec (in lioth sides a series of towering business buildings, 
rivaling in adaptability and internal, but not always external, 
beauty. Rising above them all, in the background, is the 
toll' r of the \ Boiird of Tnuir, eifeetively closing up the 
perspective. Going S(Uithward we pass, on the left, at the 
Madison st. corner, the ^Tdcoina huildiiiij, likewise exclu- 
sively devoted to offices, etc. Two blocks farther south (X. E. 
cor. Adams), stands the business palace of the ^Home Insur- 
(lucr Co., and ojjposite this, and likewi.se on the eastern street 
front, the intiM'esting fIioo/,-rrj/ Bnildituj, with rotunda, mar- 
ble vestibule, etc. 

The third southwest — corner of this street crossing is 
occupied by the \ Insurance E.cchaiige Building. Following 
this, and on the same side, is the unique Mailer Building, a real 
tower; and next to it, towards Jackson st., the Gaffd' Counsel- 
man Buildings. The three last named are bordered on the 
west by the fRoi/al Insurance Building, which has two entran- 
ces, toward Jackson and Quincy streets. The other side of 
La Salle st. is occupied by the j Grand Pacijic Hotel, y^ith its 



132 AVALKS AND DRIVES. 

three facades, and reaching down to Jackson and Clark streets. 
At the end of La Salle st., and facing it, stands the i Board 
of Trade hailding. We follow Pacific ave., beginning at the 
cast front. — Opposite the Board of Trade, to the left, stands 
the fF/ia:nix Building, whose fine front on Jackson st. (oppo- 
site the Grand Pacific Hotel), on account of narrowness of 
the street, is not noticed as it ought to be. Adjoining the 
narrow Pacific avenue front is the f Qmimerc ■ BaihUng and ■ 
the iOjxii Board, of Trade, smaller, but interesting buildings. 
Adjoining the Board of Trade on the south, is the RiaJto 
Building.! whose princif)al front is on Van Buren st., opposite 
the flinck JsJand Depot. With Fiftlt ace., one block to the 
west, we reach tlie f Grand Central Dejjot at the conier of 
Harrison st. On our return through Fifth ave., there are not 
many buildings of interest: No. 234, a peculiar example of 
the restless and experinientative character of tlie architecture 
of Chicago. Indian and Moorish motives alternate with cir- 
cular and rectangular openings. The whole front is of solid 
stone masonry with marble trimmings. A striking contrast 
to this is fMarsJiaJl Field's large building, occupying the 
block bounded by Fifth avenue and Franklin, Quincy and 
Adams sts. This immense warehouse, with its colossal pro-, 
portions, looks like an arsenal or a mediaeval fortress. The 
material is great rough-hewn granite blocks. A block farther 
on, at the S. E. cor. of Fifth ave. and Monroe st., stands the 
Oioing's Building, which, with its columns and the peculiar 
form of its tower, reminds one of the temples and pagodas of 
India. Beyond the crossing with Madison st.. Fifth ave. leads 
into the neicspaper district: the Herald, Glohe, Daily News, 
Times, Ahendpost, Frcie Presse, and Staats Zcitung are 
domiciled here. Of the buildings that are architecturally 
interesting, the Staats Zeitung, Times and Herald huildings 
are worthj^ of mention. 
AN EXCURSION THROUGH THE WEST SIDE. 

A Half Day's Drire. 
For a trip through the We.-<t iSide, the largest of the thi-ci' 
divisions of the city, the following route will reach the points 
most worthy of survey. 



WALKS AM) I IK IVES. ]33 

Following ilaiidol|)li street westward across the river, one 
first enters a region whicli, from its general character, still be- 
longs to the business center. Just beyond the river, to the right, 
stands the enormous double structure of the fCoId Storage 
E.rchdtujc, divided by the tracks of the Chic. &, N. West. 
R. 11. The vicinity, which a few years ago still represented 
a part of old Chicago, with its unsightly wooden buildings 
and shaiitii's. is now, by the erection of factory buildings and 
business blocks, beginning to assume a metropolitan and 
modern character. Tht» many ])ett}' trades, such as second- 
hand dealers, cheap boarding and lodging houses, pawn-shops, 
as well as the multitude of little traders who eked out an 
existence in unattractive and clicap establishments are being 
more and more crowded out into outlying quarters by the 
spreading wholesale business. One can easily recognize this 
transfornuitioii Ity walking westward along Randolph street. 

About tcM minutes' walk from the river Randolph street 
opens intd the If<ijp)i<trk<f. a large rectangular s(|uare which 
is now used as a produce uiarket. In correspondence with 
this, the adjoining buildings are occupied by '"commission 
houses,"' saloons, stopping places for farmers, etc. Early in 
the morning, even before six o'clock, the market life and a 
very active traffic begins. At the oast end of the Ilaymarket 
stands the Ilnijnui rl,-<'t monuiwiit — the bronze figure of a po- 
liceman on a granite pedestal - a memorial to the iiolieemen 
who fell in the anarchists' riot in 1886. 

Beginning at llalstcd st., bordering the west side of the 
llaynuirket, the city gradually assumes a different appearance. 
To be sure, the great streets running westward, Madison, 
Riniihilitli atul Jjiiki\ are still exclusively business streets; 
but about six blocks west of Ilalsted St., the cross streets 
nniiiing noith and south, and especially Washhuiton st., 
wliicli lias been transformed into a beautiful boulevard, be- 
'/',}) to contain quiet and in part beautiful private residences, 
boanling-schools, man.v churches, etc. 

Wandering westward beneath the trees along Washington 
Houlevard. <Mie passes, at the corner of Peoria st., the 'fCa- 
thiiJml Chiiirli of S.S. Prtvf mill y*^/»/; at Curtis St., the 



134 WALKS ANI) KKIVKS 

Second R<<j!incuf Armori/; ami fartluT on, on the south side 
of the Ijoidevard and corner of Ann st., tlie (Jotliic structure 
of the jFirst Coiif/regational Church. At a distance of 
about two miles from the center of the city Washington 
boulevard curves through iTTiium Park, and then again takes 
up its westerly direction. After taking a view of the park 
and the buildings in the innnodiatc \'\i-\u\ty — fZioii Temple, 
\Uiiioii Park Congrcf/afinntd C/itirch and the new 'f Chicago 
Tlicohiglcdl Scmhtary — we cross Ashhmd avt-viic limdevard, 
the finest residence street on the WeSt Side and an excellent 
driveway, and continue o«r course westward along Washing- 
ton boulevard, which runs exactly west in a straight line from 
Union Park to Car field I^ark. The region that we now pass 
through, bears a still more elegant, and in places even aristo- 
cratic, stamj); new. altogether elegant and beautiful residen- 
ces — some of them of unique architecture — form the street 
fronts for a distance of several miles. Thenbsenceof all 
business and freight teams, which are excluded from the 
boulevard by a city ordinance, as well as the ringing of 
streetT-car bells and the rattling of wagons, produces a jdeas- 
ing quiet. About 22 miles from the court house, Rohey 
St. crosses our way, and we take the opportunity to look at 
two beautiful, recently completed churches— a block to the 
north, at the corner of Robey st. and Park ave., the Park 
Areirne jWefhodi.sf Church; and a block south of the boule- 
vard, at the corner of Robey st. and Warren ave., the 
f Church of the Redeemer. Going on, we first pass Western 
areinie, an important business street running north and south^ 
and at Roektrell .s7., a railroad. From here on the farther 
west we go, the more the street takes on the character of a 
country road. The row of houses is interrupted by large va- 
cant spaces, the occupied places become more and more 
isolati^d, until the street, before it ends, leads through a 
stretch of unoccupied fallow land. 

jCarfii/d Park (Central l^lrk), at which Washington 
boulevard at ])rcsent ends, is surrounded on all sides by large 
areas of open i)rairie, which are crossed only by the boule- 
vards, th(^ ])rincipal streets, and two railroads. After looking 



WALKS AND DRIVES. 135 

at (lartield I'ark and the race-truck of the (Jcntrtd Park 
Drivitifj Associtttion to the south, we follow the boulevard 
leading southward from the southwest corner of the park. 
(If time ]termits, one can reach Humboldt ]*ark from here by 
tlic ('< ii/i(il Bi)ii/fr(ir(/,\\]\'\i\\ runs to the inirth.) This boul- 
evard, like its eastward extension to l)(»ui^las Park, leads over 
a wholly uiioccui)ied tract. Only a fi!\v isolated favm-houses 
liidden behind groves, and the houses farther to the west, on 
4(lth St., remind one that the splendid driveway does Mot lead 
across a western i)rairie. After the Wisconsin Central Rail- 
road has been crossed, at a distance of l] miles from Harfield 
I'ark, we reach DniKjhtu Boulevard, vi\\'\i-\\ leads to Douglas 
Park. 

We here take Oj/deii (trcinu, which crosses the ]iark di- 
agonal!}', for the return journey. Wiiile the regi(tn to ilie 
west of the ])ark contains scarcely a house, and the broad 
fi( Ids are broken oidy by the boulevard and occasional clumps 
of trees, the land to the east is comjiaratively thickly settled. 
Ogden avenue, as far as Pith st., lias been transformed into a 
boulevard, with flower-beds and asphalt i)avenient. By tak- 
ing Ticilftli .s/rift, which is liere also kept in the condition of 
a boulevard, one reaches Ashland avenue boulevard, and b}' 
this, in a northerly direction, Union Park again; but by fol- 
liiwing Ogden avenue, we pass a series of important institu- 
tions. First, to the right, between W. Harrison and l*olk sts., 
the great group of buildings of the iCouiifi/ Jlospital and 
the surrounding institutions which stand in more or less close 
connection with it: the j College of Pliyxicians and Surgeons, 
fRush Medical CoUef/e (both opposite the front of the hospi- 
tal), tC///c7///o //r/»jY7»y;a^//('c 3/«/t6Vf/ College (Wood st., cor. 
of York), ii*rrshj/feriaa Hospital (300 S. Wood st.), ]Ill!no!s 
Trainliuj Sr/iool fnr JVnrsrs (3<l4 Honore st), Woman's Mtd- 
iiiil College (33.") S. Lincoln st), etc. Following Ogden ave- 
nue three blocks farther, we tind. at its crossing with Jackson 
boulevard, St Jarlatlis Church, and at the next street (Ad- 
ams), tlie \ Chicago IJosj)ifal fur Women and (Children. 
Oiu> block more brings us to the crossing with Ashland ave- 
nue boulevard and West Monroe St. Here we come upon 



136 WALKS AND DRIVES. 

three fine churches: f Third Presbyterian, Ashland ave. and 
Ogden ave; ^Fourth Baptist, Ashland ave. and West Monroe 
St.; f Church of the Epiphany, Ashland ave. and W. Adams 
St.; all of which are vporthy of a closer examination. Now 
returning through West Monroe st., we traverse the little 
fjcff( rson Park, and near the corner of Morgan st. pass the 
iCfuteuuial M. E. Church. 

Now the fashionable part of the West Side is behind us, 
and the nearer we approach the river, the more lively, noisy, 
and less inviting the streets become again. This special 
quarter, Halsted St. (from about Blue Island ave. to Ran- 
dolph St.), abounds in pawn-shops, theaters of the second and 
lower grades, cheap restaurants, shooting galleries, gaudy sa- 
loons, etc.— a quarter to be seen in all its glory on Saturday 
nights. 

A STROLL THROUGH LAKE VIEW AND NEIGH- 
BORHOOD. 

Five hours' walk; three hours' drive. 

Sheridan Drive^ Buena Park, Ar<jylc Park, Edgewater, 
Rose mil Cemetery, Graceland Cemetery. Return same route. 

The suburbs, now part of the city, which stretch over a 
distance of 41 miles, from Diversey avenue to the northern 
boundary of the iiity on Church Road, offer, especially in the 
parts lying near the lake, many points for profitable excur- 
sions by carriage or on foot. The suburbs are united by the 
northward continuations of the streets of the old city, espe- 
cially Halsted St. and Sheffield ave , and Eranston ave., Lin- 
coln Are., and Nortli, C lark st., which run in a direction 
more or less north-northwest, and are traveled by cable and 
horse cars. A large part of the intercourse takes place over 
the two railroads - the Evanston Division of the C. M. & St. 
P. R., and the Chic. & Northw. (Milw. Div.) 

Sheridan Drive.— But by far the most beautiful thor- 
oughfare will be " Sheridan Drive,'' now in course of con- 
struction, which will extend over a distance of twenty-four 
miles, from Lincoln Park to Fort Sheridan, and is already 
partly built. This magnificent driveway, for the construction 



138 WALKS AND DRIVES. 

of which the various suburbs through which it runs have 
united, forms a continuation of the Lake Shore drive in 
Lincohi Park, and hence constitutes an enormous extension 
of the Chicago boulevard system. Half a million dollars 
have already been spent by the Sheridan Road Association 
in its construction. The drive runs along the lake shore 
through a varied and beautiful landscape, and passes, from 
south to north, the following places: Lake View, Buena 
Park, Sheridan Drice Suhilivisiou, Argyle Park, Edgewater, 
Roger n Park, Birchwood, South Evanston, Evaii.stojt, North 
Evanston, (Gross Point), Llewellyn Park, Wihnette, Win- 
netka, Lake Side, Glencoe, Ravinia, Highland Park, Fort 
Sheridan. 

The lake dunes — elevations rising to the height of eighty 
feet — and ravine-like interruptions, compel frequent changes 
of direction in the road, which, in connection with the fine 
views out upon the lake, exclude monotony fi'oni the drive. 
From Center avenue in Evanston a return road is planned, 
which is to lead along Ridge avenue, lying at an elevation of 
fiftj' feet, down to Rose Hill, and here again open into the 
great highway. Its construction is like that of the boule- 
vards: broad asphalt carriage-way, rows of trees and beauti- 
ful foot- ways. 

Roate.~Yvo\i\ Lincoln Park we follow -Z/aA;e View avenue, 
which constitutes the beginning of Sheridan Drive, and 
runs past Tliiclmanns Pavilion, directly along the lake^hore. 
After a drive of about ten minutes the road turns to the 
west, and at a distance of two blocks leads into Evanston 
avenue. The latter, a shady street bordered by large trees, 
leads us through the moi^t beautiful part of Lake View. 
On both sides there is a succession of new and also older 
wooden houses, interrupted by larger country seats and 
stretches of almost undislurbed forest growths. The s-treets 
running at right angles, toward the lake, are all lined 
throughout by fine new residences with beautiful grounds. 
The farther one travels to the north the more distinct on the 
right become the old dunes, now overgrown with brush and 
trees. At the corner of Addison st., on the left, we pass the 



WALKS ANr) IiKlVKS. 139 

new Lttkf Viiic J'rrsbi/ffritdi (J/iiircJi. and the City Hall, 
lyiiif^ souicwliat fartln-T inland. Tlicii tlie way leads along 
llnLftcd at. for a short distanee, until, at (rinci hmd avr., E c- 
inisfoii (in-, begins again. At Graeeland ave. a short ramble 
down to the lake will repay. Near the beach there are larger 
sand-dunes, and an abandoned park called TliHoniltc; and 
a few i)aces north from it, the great stone structure of the 
fMfin'iir Hospital. Northwest of the ^larine Hospital we 
strike one of the most beautiful points in the whole vicinity 
of Chicago, Biiena Park. This little place, between fGrace- 
laiiil Cinuttri/ and the lak-e shore, is made up of a number of 
country seats scattered in a beautiful park. The residences 
are all elegant. is(dated, villa-like buildings, mostly in the 
styh; of English country houses. For a view of the jdace it 
is only ntH'(;ssarj' to pass down Buena ave., which runs from 
Buena Park 11. R. Station to the lake. At the northern limit 
of the place is Mo)itrose Boulevard (Sulzer st.), at the foot of 
which stand the Lake View Water-works. From here we 
leave Kvanston ave. and follow, for a mile, the Sheridan 
Drive; the latter is here nearly completed, and is the former 
Sheffield ave., running from Buena Park to the boulevard, 
made over. For some distance on both sides of the road fol- 
lows brush-wood and forest, althougli streets have been laid 
out and partly built. The elegant carriage-way of the drive 
presents a striking contrast to these surroundings. A mile 
northof Buena Park we come upon the recently developed 
suburb An/i/lr r<irk, with its beautiful dwellings, and then 
reach N. 50th st., which runs westward from the lake to Au- 
di rsonv ill e and Siimvierdale. We follow this street west one 
block and then turn north again on Ki inimre ave. (Goodwin 
ave.) Here begins the beautiful suburb fEdgeiratrr, which 
stretches along between the Kvanston railroad and the lake, 
and is one of the most fashionable colonies in the whole vi- 
rinity of Chicago. The place has fine, electrically lighted 
streets, and new, isolated residences of fine architecture. On 
the S. K. cor. of Kenmore ave. and Berwyn st. stands 
a iiew church, a large rough-stone edific*; with a wing at 
riglit angles and a sipiare steeple. A few blocks to the 



140 WALKS AND DRIVES. 

north, Bryn Maivr ave. crosses, and from here, after paying a 
visit to the oak-grown beach, past the Edgewater station, we 
follow Ridge street, which leads us in a northwestern direc- 
tion from the Evanston 11. R. to the Northwestern 11. II. By 
one of the streets crossing Ridge st. and running west, we 
pass through Rose Hill and reach fRose Hi 11 Cemetery. 

Bj' taking N. Clark street, three blocks east from the 
cemeterj^, for the return, one passes, on the right, Anderson- 
vlUe and SnmmerdaJe; on the left, St. Boniface Cemetery; 
and somewhat farther south, the Smniys'ide Hotel, in Ravens- 
wood. Then Clark st. runs for some distance along the west- 
ern border of Graceland Cemetery. As the remainder of 
Clark st. is rather monotonous, one :would better take Grace- 
land ave. We have, then, at our left again, Graceland Ceme- 
tery; and on the right, the small Hebrew cemetery and 
Lutheran cemetery; and then, crossing the track of the Chi- 
cago and Evanston R. R., south of Buena Park, we again 
enter Evanston ave., and follow the latter back to our starting 
point. 

A TRir THROUGH THE NORTH SIDE. 



See Street Scenes — "A Lake Shore Drive" — for descriptive article. 

Circuit requiring three to four hours'' walk; two hours' 
drive. Rush Street Bridge tiud Street — Cass Street — Leike 
Shore Driv( — Lincoln Park. Return: Clark Street — Dear- 
horn Ave. — Clark St. 

Along Wabash ave. to River st., business life; at the 
corner of River st. and Michigan avenue, the Hoyt Building, 
with a marble memorial tablet. Thence northward over 
Rush sf. bridge, from which, looking eastward, a view of the 
river— the elevators, docks, mouth of the river, light-house, 
etc. Farther on. Rush st. is for some distance a business 
street, and then a residence street. Four blocks from the 
river are the Grenada and Salvator fleits; and at the corner 
of Ohio St., the large Virginia Hotel. On both sides of the 
street, fine large dwelling houses; and at the northeast corner 
of Ontario st., the MeCormiek residence, a fine Renaissance 
build in a:. 



WALKS AND DRIVES. 141 

Hiiniii St. Oil Huron .st., cor. of Cass, the fSt. James 
Church; and on Cass st., one block north, cor. Superior st. ; 
on the left, the entrance to the ^■Cathedral of the Holy Name, 
and the adjoininj^ priest's house, school-house, etc. On Su- 
jxrior st, eastward, back to Rush st. On the left, the \ Fourth 
P reslti/terltm Ch ii reh. 

One block north, to (Jhlea<jo arniKc, one of the ])rinci- 
pal thoroughfares between the North and West Sides. Chi- 
cago ave., eastward to the Water-irorlcs, with their fine build- 
in.irs. engines, tower. From the toin r there is a fine view of 
tlic lake, the break-water, Crib, etc. Boat houses From 
here northward on Plncst. to Oak st.; then along the Lalce 
Shore Drier, with its carriage-roads and bridle-paths and 
sjilendid promenade. To the left, fine residences; among 
them Potter Palmer's C'/s^^c, especially striking. Northward 
to North ave., to ^Lincoln Parh. 

On North avenue, westward; on the left, the a rchiepisco- 
lial resideuci . Four blocks farther on, take Clark st., pass 
] German ia Ilall {{MY. Grant St.), following the next street 
eastward to Dearborn ave. Southward on Dearborn ave.; on 
both sides mics of Jine residences. Crossing Division st., 
three blocks south, on the right, the new jjVeicberri/ Library 
BiiildiiKj; on the left, cor. of Walton Place, ^ Unity Church. 
One block to the right is the park-like Washini/ton /Square. 
To the south and on the opposite side (cor. Dearborn ave. and 
Washington Place), fClub house of the Union Cluh. On 
the left (eastward), the ^Ne.w Emjhntd Church. From here 
on, fine old dwelling houses; and on the right, the building 
of the ]Chica<jo Historical Society (cor. Ontario st.). Four 
blocks southward, Michif/an st.; on the right, f Criminal 
court buildin;/ and County Jail. On Michigan st, one block 
westward, to Clark st. Immediately on the left, on Clark st., 
the Revere House Hotel; and adjoining it, the iJacob's T/te- 
iiti r. \n the ne.xt block, on the right, t^^/'^'V7/-6/o(7r; and 
beyond the viaduct, to the left, j Hiram Sibley's Fire-Proof 
\\arihonse\ then f Clark street bri<l</e, which brings us back 
to the South Side. 



142 WALKS AND DRIVES. 

A MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTING CE NTER 

HALSTED AND CHICAGO AVE. 

Standing on the viaduct that crosses the Northwestern 
Raih'oad tracks at Halsted st. and Chicago Ave. one begins 
to undei'stand the importance of Chicago as a manufacturing 
and distributing centre. The path of the north branch of 
the river can be folh)wed by the tops of the masts of vessels 
lying closely together at the docks as they are seen across the 
roofs of the intervening buildings. Mammoth elevator mount- 
ing up high toward the sky can be seen to the South and 
tall chimneys with black smoke pouring thickly therefrom, 
challenge comparison in height with the lofty shot tower at 
Clinton and Fulton sts. To the West are congregated numerous 
wood-working establishments of great size and capacity, in 
which the manufacture of chairs, furniture, mouldings, organs 
etc. give employment to thousands of men. Beyond the river 
to the East for many blocks the entire district is given up to 
a great diversity of manufacturing industries in which many 
thousands find occupation. The broad yard of the North- 
western road underneath the viaduct contains hundreds of 
freight cars from all parts of the country in seeming confusion, 
while darting to and fro are speedy locomotives busy taking 
a car out here, adding another there, and generally bringing 
order out of chaos. Moving across the viaduct to Chicago 
Ave. we come upon the round house of this great railroad. 
Radiating from a moveable track platform are about 25 tracks 
leading to as many doors in the circular building. A score 
of steaming locomotives, puffing and hissing, ready for action, 
await orders on the tracks between the platform and the 
building, while within the doors 2 or 3 more can be seen on 
each track all coaled and wooded ready for the torch. The 
East side of the river is occupied by coal docks with machi- 
nery high up on trestles for loading and unloading vessels. 
Just beyond the river we observe immense distilleries and 
malting houses. Large lumber yards are to be seen just south 
of the bridge. A little farther north we come ujion half a 
dozen great tanneries, with huge piles of bark as neatly arranged 



WALKS AND DRIVES. 143 

as if tlu'j' liad been L-arofuI]}' fitted witliiii tlic wallsof abiiild- 
iiiL', wliie-li when afterward removed leave eaeh ^reat jtiie in 
tlie exaet sliape of a warehouse with pointed roof. Coal 
yards and depots line the river and the canal that here cuts 
off from it, while the docks are occupied by great lake steamers 
from Buffalo, Cleveland and other eastern jiorts. Convenient 
to the coal .yards we see on cither side of the river extensive 
f,Ms-w<u"ks. The east side of the river is almost wholly given 
up to luni})er yards which extend awa}^ up beyond Division 
St. as far as North ave. West of the river above Division we 
come upon an immense tannery, occupying two whole blocks. 
Coal j-ards and stone yards, with tanneries occupy the river 
bank while near by are seen giant elevators and planing 
mills. 



Parks and Boulevards. 



The Park Si/stein of the city of Chicago is one i)f great 
magnitude. It is fortunate indeed that such extensive i)arlvs 
wore laid out more than twenty years ago, as the great in- 
crease in the value of land would, to-day, preclude the i)Os- 
sibility of devoting the land to this purpose. The city is 
encircled by six large parks which are connected with one 
another by 37^ miles of boulevards. In addition to these 
are scattered over the city several smaller parks. Every 
inhabitant of the city, living within a radius of ten miles 
from the city hall, can reach a park in 40 minutes. Those 
living outside that radius will, for many decades to come^ 
find lawn, woods and water within a distance of a few miles. 

To the North lies, less than two miles from the court 
house, Lutcolii Park; west from this, at a distance of about 
4 miles from the court house, Ilnmlioldt Park; south from 
this Garfield Park, and again south from this Dinujlas 
Park; west from Douglas Park is Washington Park, and 
east of this Jackson Park. 

Of smaller Parks there are, besides, on the West and 
Northsides Union, Jefferson, Vei'non, and Wicker Parks; on 
the Southside Gage Park and Midway Plaisance. 

These Parks taken together cover an area of 1902 acres, 
that is, nearly 3 square miles. There are, besides, 37J miles 
of boulevards, covering 628 acres. 

The connections between the i)arks and the citj^ are 
good and are gaining every year in extent by the new means 
of transportation which are in process of construction and 
contemplated. 

The system of parks and boulevards is under the ad- 
ministration of three park boards, one for each of the three 
divisions of the city, appointed by the judges of the Circuit 
Court of Cook County, and entirely independent of the regiilar 
city government. A certain tax is levied annually, with the 
city taxes, for the maintenance of the Parks. 



146 



PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 

I.) South Side. 



Tin' Park- System of the South, Side, being, since 1869 
under a common administration, consists of Waxhiugton and 
./'/(■/i-.sv>/i /^(/rA-s that are connected with each other by Midway 
Plai'saiice; to the north the outlets are: Grand and Drexel 




South Side Park System. 

BoiJevards, connected by the Oakioood Boulevard; while 
to the west Garjield BouJei'urd and, at the end of that, Gftge 
Park form the connecting links between the park systems of 
tlie West and South sides. 



PARKS ANT> T'.oni.KVARnS. 



14; 



Washin^on Park is bouiidcd, on the North, by 51st 
street, on the East bj' Cottage Grove Avenue, on the South 
}>y (iOth street, and on the West by South Park Avenue, 
whicli is a direct continuation of Grditd Bi>uJvvanl. It covers, 
ill fiuMu of an roctanule, an area of 871 acres. 

Jackson Park is bmuided, (»ii tlu' Ndrth, ])y r)6th street, 
on the Kast by Lake ,Mie-hi,<ian, on tlie South l)y (J7th street, 
on the West by Stony Ishind Avenue; and covers, in form of 
an irregular s'luarc cnlar^ins gradually toward the South, an 
area of 5'.)3 acres. 







■%i 



\r%?P 



y\^»^ 



Apjirniic/n s. Take the cable road of the South side two 
blocks cast of the Court House, at corner of Randolph and 
State streets. The Wnh. and Coff. Grovr Ave. (Hyde Park) line 
leads in 50 minutes near the North end of Jackson Park at 
5(ith street; the Wnlxi.sh and Cottage Grore Avenue, Oa/c- 
irn,i,/s in y>.\ minutes to the phaeton station at the corner of 
l>rexel and Oakwood Boulevard, near 3nth street, and in 40 
to 45 minutes to the gate of Woshingtoii Park, at 51st street. 
l»y private vehi(de, a drive is recommended through IMiehigan 
Avenue Ui 85th street, thcMiec east to Grand Boulevard, 
following the latter. <m' Oakwood and Drexel l>onlevards, t<t 
the parks. The local trains. of the Illinois Central Railroad 



148 



TARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 



leave Central Station about every 20 or 30 minutes and reatli, 
in 27 minutes, South Park Station, opposite the N. W. gate 
of Jackson Park. Hound trii) 25 cents. 

Phaetons may also be specially engaged at a reasonable 
charge for conveying parties to and from the parks from 
points, in Hyde Park, L((ke or the South Side of Chicago, 
accessible on improved roads, by communicating with the 
general superintendent, by post, corner of Grand Boulevard 
and 51st street, city, or telephone No. 9822. 

Pleasure boats to let in both parks. 

Shetland ponies to hire in Jackson Park. 

Permits for archery, base ball, or croquet are granted on 
proper application to the superintendent. 




A Park Coach in the South Parks. 

Phaetons leave the station at corner of Oakwood and 
Drexel boulevards every half hour between the hours of 
9 A. M. and 6 P. M. A drive through the parks, via Oak- 
wood and Grand boulevards, through Washington Park and 
Midway Plaisance.to Jackson Park, back through Midway 
Plaisance through Washington Park and Drexel Boulevard, 
(about 9 miles) costs 30 cents; for children under 10 years 
of age 15 cents. For the inspection of interesting points 
stop-over tickets are issued. 

Tus2)ecti(m. The following route is recommended: Pass 
from the entiance, at corner of Cottage Grove Avenue and 
51st street by the large fountain, around the large ball- 




Scenes in W.i.shiiii^lun I'aik. 



150 



Parks and boi'Levards. 



grounds in south wester].y direction to ''The Retnat" the 
residence of the park insiiector; where in the "cafu" small 
lunches are to be had. A few stei»s south of this is a small 
menagerie, containing among other animals a fine specimen 
of the large grey bear; thence following the paths in the park 
that run south east, the artificial lake and the landing place 
of Loafs are reached in a few minutes; or taking the carriage 
road to the left, we come ui)on the magnificent flower beds of 
the park, and further on, the coiiserratori/ with an interesting 
collection of tropical plants, adjoining it the wafer lily pond, 
and the spacious sfables a little south of this. Arriving thence 
at the south end of the park, we see before us the adjacent 
trotting grounds of the IFa.s'/N^r/^oji Park Club where annu- 




ally, in the months of June and July, are held the grand 
races much frequented by the elite of Chicago. 

In order to reach Jackson Par!:, turn east passing 
the shady i)aths of Midiiytjj Plaisance, a kind of grove, ex- 
tending for over a mile between 59th and 6i)th streets. At 
the point where Jackson Park is reached, ends the cultivated 
section of it; the portion south of it, embracing more than 
two thirds of the whole park lot, lies as yet fallow. 

It ])ays well to stroll through the charming, serpentine 
paths of the ]iark and to take a boat ride on its pleasant 
waters which form a bay of Lake Michigan. A large veran- 
dah, "T'/te Shelter,'' is situated on the shore of the lake, 
near the north end of the park, from which a magnificent 
view of the lake is obtained, and where, during the summer 



PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 151 

months, concerts are held on Saturday afternoons from4-G 
o'clock, alteiHiately with Washington Park. 

To the West we find then as the next park, 3^ miles dis- 
tant, and connected with Washington Park by Garfield 
Boulevard : 

Gage Park, the smallest park of the entire system, lies 
at the junction of Western Avenue Boulevard and Garfield 
Boulevard and covers an area of 20 acres. It is carefully 
laid out and bears its name in honor of the late commissioner 
George W. Gage. 

Ajiprotuhfs. By local trains of Chicago, St. Louis and 
Pittsburgh 11. R. to the crossing at 49th street, which is not 
quite a mile distant from the park; or by private vehicle over 
the boulevards. 

From Gage Park, the park system finds its continu- 
ation in: 

The Western Avenue Boulevard which forms the con- 
necting link between the parks of the South side and Douglas 
Park. The boulevard will be on its completion 200 feet wide 
and consist of a broad carriage road and several strips of 
shady lawn, avenues for riding and foot paths. It runs direct- 
ly north for a distance of nearly three miles from Gage Park, 
crossing the Illinois and Michigan Canal, to 31st street, then 
west on 31st street to South Western Boulevard, then north 
to Laughtoii street, west to Douglas Park Boulevard and then 
north to Douiilas Park. 

West Side. 



Douglas Park which is connected with Garfield Park 
b}' DoiiltIus I'xmlcviinl, is the southernmost of the three large 
West side parks. It extends on the North to 12th street, on 
the East to California Avenue, on the South to 19th street, 
on the West to Albany Avenue and covers, in form of a rect- 
angle measuring i miles from North to South, an area of 180 
acres, of which the artificial lake alone takes up 12 acres. 
It lies 4 miles s<Hith west of the Court House and is a fine 
specimen of landscape gardening. 



152 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 

AppruacJies. By Cable car, Ogden Avenue line, from 
corner of Lasalle and Madison streets, one block south of the 
Court House, we reach the entrance to the park in about 33 
minutes. By railroad in about 18 minutes; see table of "Sub- 
urban stations." 

Tour of the Park. Entering at Ogden Avenue gate, we 
see on the south side of the street a green house in process 
of construction which will be the largest in Chicago. Pro- 
ceeding north west we come to an elegant building on the 
shore of the lake in which refreshments are served. At the 
foot of this building is the landing for row boats. Prices and 
regulations for boats are the same as in Humboldt and Gar- 
field parks. Following on the west side of the lake, the 
shady, winding paths which afford charming and varying 
views of the water, we come upon a group of interesting 
relics from the great fire of Chicago in 1871, and further on, 
an artesian well which breaking forth from the rock, forms a 
waterfall before the opening of a grotto and pours into the 
basin of a lake. This well contains iron and has, like those 
of the other parks, medicinal properties. Thence we may 
cross the park in all directions and enjoy the view of the 
water, the fresh green lawn, and the luxuriant shrubbery. 

Annually, some time in August, one may witness in 
this park the Chinese Festival of the Kites, which, being of 
a religious character, is strictly observed by the resident 
Chinese and aifords to the unacquainted one a very odd 
spectacle. 

The next Park is Garfield Park, north-west of Douglas 
Park and connected by Douglas and Central Park Boule- 
vards, which, in a rectangular form extend for a distance of 
H miles. These two boulevards are a pleasant drive, but up 
to the present time as yet in an unfinished condition; the 
improvements under way, however, will make them magnifi- 
cent avenues. 

Garfield Park, the middle and most westerly of the 
three large jiarks of the West side, nearly 4-i miles distant 
from the court house, extends on the Nortli to Kiiizie st.. 
East to Central Park Ave., South to Colorado ave. and West 



PARKS A.VI> I{(M-1,KVA1U>S. 153 

to Ilaiiiliii ."it. Tlie luiddlo i)art extends further to the East 
to lliiinuu t;t. and is bounded ou the North by W. Lake st. 
and on the South hy Madison st. It extends about li miles 
from North to South and covers an area of 185 acres, of 
wliich about 17 acres are taken up by the jiicturesque i^ond, 
Tlie smaller ])art of tlu" park, situat(>d south of Madison st, 
lirs at present fallow, while the northern jtart is under excel- 
lent cultivation. 

From the north-east corntr of the park leads, first in an 
eastern direction to Sacramento ave., then in a northern 
direction, the handsome Central Boiihvard (extending in 
all about 11 miles) to Humboldt Park. From the high via- 
duct by which the boulevard crosses the tracks of the 
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul 11. R.., one enjoys a pleasant 
view of the surroundings. Washington Boulevard, which is 
lined with handsonio dwelling houses, branches off in the 
niiddl(! of the i)ark, running East to Union Park and further 
on, to the corner of Ilalsted st. It- continues as West and 
East Washington st. as far as the South side, running past 
the court house. 

West of fJarfield I^ark are the large machine shops of 
the Chicago & Northwestern R. 11. and South of these the 
extensive trotting grounds of the Chicago Jockej' and 
Trotting Association. 

Approaches: By local trains of Chicago & Northwestern 
R. R. from station at corner of Wells and Kinzie sts. (Northr 
western depot: one block West from court house to 5th ave., 
from this two blocks to the North to the river and across 
the bridge to Wells st.) to Central Park station in IG minutes. 
Round trip 2t)c. By street railway: From corner of Lake and 
Clark sts., one block north of the court house, via Lake st. to 
the park in about 50 minutes (take car bearing the sign: 
''40th Street"); or from corner of ^ladison and Clark sts. one 
block south of the court house, through Madison st. to the 
park in about 8.") minutes. 

Tour of the Park. Entering Garfield Park at Madison 
St. gate, we pass by a picturesque watering trough placed 
there by the Illinois Humane Society and, turning north-west. 



154 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 

reach a mineral sjiriiig containino; iron, the water of which 
has medicinal properties for stomach and kidney diseases, 
and for the blood. It falls at the rate of 150 gallons per 
minute before the month of a small grotto. Following the 
same path on, we come at the shore of the pond to an elegant 
building that contains a restaurant. Below this is the land- 
ing for row boats. Prices and regulations for boats are the 
same as in the other parks of the West side. Proceeding in 
the same direction beyond the restaurant we come upon the 
green house that contains in a high cupola, a fine collection 
of tropical plants, among them fine specimens of Banana. 
The green house is surrovinded by well kept flower beds. 
From here we recommend a walk through the winding paths 
of the park which cross, here and there, by picturesque 
bridges, the various branches of the lake. 

The next park is HumhohU Park which is reached from 
hereby Central Park Bonlerard, extending in form of a right 
angle f()r \\ miles northeast of (larfield Park. 

Humboldt Park, the most northerly park on the West 
side, extends on the North to W. North Avenue, East to 
California and Sacramento Avenues, South to W. Division 
and Augusta streets and West to Kedzie Avenue. This 
park has a greater elevation than all the other Chicago parks 
and measures 202 acres. 

Approaches. Take the cable train at the corner of Ran- 
dolph and Lasalle streets, at the north-west corner of the 
Court House, the Milwauke Avenue and Humboldt Park Line, 
by which the north east gate of the jmrk is reached in about 
39 minutes; or take W. Division Street Line which takes you 
to the park in 41 minutes. 

Tour of the Park. Turning south west from the gate on 
North. Avenue, we come upon an artesian well containinjs 
iron; south of this the road leads along the shore of the lake 
to a pavilion with a balcony in which refreshments are 
served; and to the landing for row boats. 

Boating. On Sundays 40 cents per hour, 25 cents per 
half hour; on week days 25 cents per hour, or 15 cents per 
half hour. The boats are provided with numbers and are. 



PARKS AND ROIiLEVARDS. 155 

at the pxpiratioi) of tli(> time fur which tlie boat was hinnl. 
calk'ii back to the laiidiiiir Ity siiriials (•onesiioiidiiiu to the 
number of the boat. Forl)oat No. 25, for instance, the si(?nal 
would be: 2 strokes = 20; 5 more strokes = 5. 

Groing south-west from the pavilion, we reach the con- 
acn-dtorfi which has a cui)o]a for i)alms and tro])ical plants, 
a warm and a cold side wiiiff, a store room for seeds and 
several hot houses, measuring 12 feet by KHI, in which are 
raised the flowers for the flower beds in the parks and 
those surrounding the conservator}'. The whole park affords 
a fine specimen of landscape gardening. A walk along the 
shady, well kept paths and the shore of the pond that affords, 
with its island and inlets, a varied picture, is strongly recom- 
mended. The illusion of walking in a natural park is so com- 
plete that the visitor must be surprised to learn that the 
wlude park, every tree and shrub, is the work of the gardener. 

The next park and the last in the chain of parks is 
Lincoln Park. It is intended to connect Humboldt and 
Lincoln Parks by Ilnmhuldt Bouhvard, which runs in 
rectangular form North and then East for a distance of 
throe miles. It is, however, as yet not completed, and for 
the present North Aoenue forms the connecting link between 
the two jvirks. 

NoRTir Side. 



Lincoln Park. Site, Hlntnry. Lincoln Park, being 
situated on the North side of Chicago, is bounded on the 
South by North are., west by N. Chirk .s7. as far as Centre 
.s7., N. Pnrlc (ire. as far as Fnllerfon tire, and Lake Vieir are. 
as far as Divrniey are., north bj' Dirersei/ ave. and east by 
Luke Michif/an. On the South it ends in the fine Lake 
Shore Drlre (1 mile to Chicago ave.) which, under the name 
of SherUlnn Road, continues be3'ond the park in a northerlj' 
direction as far as the military station Fort Sheridan, passing 
several ])leasant villages. Tlu^ park covers an area of 2,50 
acres; it measures from South to North 1". miles and is on an 
average i mile wide. The southern i»art of the park up to 



156 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 

1867 was used as a cemetery. It has since then, at consider- 
able trouble and expense, been changed from a sandy strip of 
shore to one of the most charming parks of the city. 

Approaches: Starting from the court house, the south 
end of the park (2 miles) maj^ be reached, in 17 minutes, by 
North side Cable Road, via Clark st. ; the gate at Centre st., 
(22 miles), in 20 minutes, via Clark or Wells st. By private 
vehicle a drive is recommended from the South side over 
Rush st. bridge, thence through Pine st. to the water works 
(inspection of pumps); then along the shore on Lake Shore 
Drive (separate avenue for riding, airy promenade along the 
stone dam) to the park. From the AVost side a hor.se car line, 
starting in North ave., runs from Humboldt to Lincoln Park 
(84 miles in 36 minutes,) 

Ciiriosifics. The following route is recommended for 
seeing the p'ark: From gate at corner of Clark st. and North 
ave. proceed northeast to the statue of Ahraliam Lhtcoln, 
that is above life size; it rises on a monumental base of stone. 
To the left, diagonally opposite, rises among the shrubbery a 
massive monument, the last remnant of the former cemetery. 
Beyond the Lincoln monument are, in a hollow, well-kept 
flower-beds and a fountain; then take straight promenade to 
the artificial lake. Through the arch of the carriage bridge, 
may be enjoyed a pleasant view of the hnaf-honse, in which 
during the summer months refreshments are served. Pass- 
ing along the shore of the lake to the left we see the Grant 
Monument, an imposing granite structure, as yet unfinished; 
from it, view of Lake Michigan. A few steps to the left, 
rises the monument of the bold pioneer, Rohcrt Cavdler de 
La SalJe, which was erected in the fall of 1889. Thence 
back to the pond and along its shores to the boat house; near 
it, to the left, a collection of relics from the great fire in 
Chicago in 1871. Among them, a meteor fallen in this ]>ark. 
Continuing our walk along the shore, we reach children's 
play grounds with swings; thence, crossing a bridge, the 
tasteful monument devoted to the memory of the Ottawa 
Indiana by Martin Ryerson. The principal group is well 
executed; the tine reliefs represent scenes from Indian life. 



PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. I57 

Turning thence north, we descend a few steps and reach a 
spring issuing from a stalactic rock; the water contains iron. 
From there we turn to the basin of sea lions, thereby be- 
ginning the inspection of the well-stocked menagerie. Near 
them are two large voleries; the building opi)osite is devoted 
to the keeping of exotic animals; during the summer months 
these animals occupy airj- cages outside the building. Fol- 
lowing the paved way, we see the various animals placed in 
cages, hollows, grottoes and artificial ruins; up beyond the 
beargardens are the cage of the American lions, the water 
basins of the fish otters and the spacious enclosures for 
buifaloes, elks, stags, dears and other grass-eating animals. 
These enclosures are divided into two large parts by a paved 
walk; at the end of this is, on the right, a beaver lodge. A 
few steps to the right we find the Watir Lilj/ ponds, fed with 
heated water; they contain gold fish, magnificent species of 
^'ictoria llegia, and a rich collection of water-lilies (nyni- 
pliiva) in various colors, and other aquatic plants. Beyond 
the two ponds are the water works that serve exclusively for 
providing Lincoln Park with water. Passing thence behind 
the cages of the wolves, foxes and bears, we return between 
the latter and the enclosures of the lions and reach the 
attractive flower-beds of the park. At the South end of these 
rises a fine statue of Frederick von SchlUir\ in the centre 
jilays a large fountain. Turning thence northward, we first 
reach the Palm llniisc with interesting specimens of rare and 
beautiful palms and tropical plants. Passing by the Ladiex 
Cottage we reach the extensive system of the new green 
/ii>ii)<rs, the tall chimney of which can be seen at a distance. 
In the high central house (access from West) are chiefly 
large plants: cacti, gum and fig trees. On each side of this 
are seven green houses for smaller plants. Going again 
northward we reach the other and larger lake Stockton, 
(landing for row boats to the left). Near the shore is a 
spring the waters of which contain iron. On the South end 
of the lake basin, at the terminus of Fullerton ave. stands 
the beautiful Linne Mominienf, donated by Swedish citizens 
of Chicago. The bronze statue rests on an octagonal sub- 



158 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 

structure and a quadrangular pedestal of light gray granite. 
We again proceed northward and soon reach the northern 
boundarj' of the park. One block to the North on Lake 
View Avenue is Thielematni's Pavilion, a. large, well-managed 
place of resort with good restaurant; daily (except Sunday) 
evening concerts by Rosenheclcers MiJitarif Band. To return 
through the park we go around the noi'thern bay of the 
JStockton Lake, ascend the hill to the left whence we obtain 
an extended view and then follow the path by the shore. 
From the south end of the lake we see at the left, on the 
shore of Lake Michigan, the red roof of the Lakeside Sani- 
tarium, a hall built out into the lake on piles for the benefit of 
the sickly children of the metropolis, who can here inhale 
the fresh air of the lake. On the right of this hall is the 
landing for excursion steamers. Proceeding thence southerly 
by the shore of the lake we again reach the Grant Monument 
and south of it, thereby completing the tour of the park: 

THE ELECTRIC FOUNTAIN, better called the '■'luminous 
fountain'''' the miracle from the late I'aris exhibition, which has here 
proved an object of extraordinary curiosity. Although the principle 
of this spectacle has been known for almost fifty years and utilized 
for various theatrical effects, it was not until quite lately that the mar-- 
vellous progress attained in the application of electricity made it pos- 
sible to illustrate it in such a magnificent manner. 

What is visible of the fountain is an immense basin with the 
pipes in the centre. On the East side (toward the Lake) of the basin 
wall is a bronze plate with the name of the donator: Charles T. Yerkes. 

On the ground of the basin are the lead and iron pipes, the con- 
ductors, etc. which are, of course, covered by the water when the 
fountain -plays. The fifteen large cylindrical tubes each of which is 
about four feet high protrude alone above the surface of the water. 
The seven central ones are grouped around the large middle tube in 
form of a hexagon. All these are vertical. The remaining eight 
tubes being arranged in form of a square are a little inclined toward 
the centre. Between these two groups runs in form of a circle an 
iron pipe two inches thick from which issue fifty vertical jets of a dia- 
meter of about one half of an inch. The eight large outer tulies are 
thus arranged: The coaling which is several inches thick and covered 
with cement bears on its edge a circular lead pipe two inches thick in 



PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 159 

the upper part of which are eighty openings each with k diameter of 
one-eight of an inch. Inside the tube is the pipe for the central jet 
with a diameter of an inch and a half. Further down this pipe turns 
at a rectangle running insitlc the wall of the tube to the conductor. 
The lower part of the tube is shut off by a thick pane of glass under 
whicli the ilhiminating apparatus is placed. Quite similarly arranged 
are the seven inner tubes, except that for the sake of variety the cir- 
cular pipe on the edge has instead of eighty only eight openings, each 
of whicli is, however, half an incli wide. 

The entrance to the operating rooms which arc sitimted under 
the basin, is on the North West side of the basin. 

Under the basin is a 1-oom extending over 45 square feet, from 
which the water works are directed and in which the electric light is 
produced. Ten powerful electric lights are thrown by a reflector 
through the thick glass above mentioned into the cylinder in the 
direction taken by the jet. Between the electric light and the glass 
is a frame in which are placed the colored panes of glass which are 
to produce the various effects. The five colors: red, blue, purple, 
green and yellow are applied either separately, or simultaneously, or 
mixed, jiroducing in every instance most wonderful effects which can 
be infinitely varied. The water is not only simply illuminated by the 
reflex of the electric light but every drop is saturated with it. 

When the fountain plays, a great number of lofty jets which high 
up in the air confound in a richly coloured cloud of vapors, surround 
the powerful central jet which often ascends to a hight of eighty feet, 
whereas the surrounding jets reach only about half that height. The 
effect is especially charming when the smaller jets are differently 
colored from the central jet. Thus the central jet may appear flam- 
ing red, like a column of liquid fire and be seconded by the smaller 
jets appearing in all the colors of a rainbow, one more beautiful than 
the other. Then suddenly the outside jets turn silvety, resembling 
a sea of diamond drops, while in their middle arises a powerful column 
of liquid gold. No description can do justice to the unlimited number 
of coml>inations which the operator produces by the arrangement of 
plates of ditferent colors and which like magic pass before the eye of 
the spectator, enchanting him for hours afterwards. The spectacle 
must be seen; it cannot bo described. 

The view of tile fuuntaiu is more favorable from a certain distance. 

It is operated about one hour every pleiisant evening during 
summer from 8 to g p. m. 



160 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 

One of the most remarkable improvements of late years, 
and a real ornament to the city is the Lincoln Park sea-wall. 

An eagre having, several years ago, damaged the strand 
of the park and the carriage road running alongside it, and 
flooded parts of the park, it was thought that the repetition 
of such an occurrence might be prevented by constructing 
a quay. 

First, along Lake Shore Drive, from Oak st. north to Lincohi 
Park, about a hundred feet from the carriage road were driven into 
the lake a double row of thick logs with their heads projecting but 
little from the surface of the water; on this foundation was then erect- 
ed a wall composed of blocks of cenient which now breaks the high 
waves of Lake Michigan. The space between this wall of stone and 
the carriage route has been laid out in an attractive mannei. 

At the beginning of I>incoln Park the logs are driven into the 
lake so as to form a bow, with the farthest point at a distance of two 
hundred feet from the shore. They terminate in the quay, a broad 
dam for the protection of the entire length of tlie park shore, with 
fine foot paths and carriage roads. As far as it is completed along 
North ave. (the carriage road of which may be regarded as a con- 
tinuation of the quay), its construction is, as follows: Toward the lake 
there were driven two, at places even three rows of strong logs, at a 
distance of eight feet from one another, and connected with each other 
by beams, planks and iron rods several inches thick. The space be- 
tween these logs is filled with heavy quarry stone. From this dam 
which is only ten inches aljove the surface of the water, rises an 
acclivity forty feet wide, paved with granite blocks on which the 
waves subside. Next to this is a splendid promenade sixteen feet 
wide, covered with large slabs of cement and bordered, on the West, 
by a few stone steps twelve feet above the surface of the water. The 
remaining part of the quay is occupied by the macadamized carriage 
road, f(Mty-five feet wide and bordered by flower beds toward the in 
land water. This sheet of water, about 175 feet wide and extending 
between the park shore and the quay, is intended to serve for rowing 
as well as for steamboat landing, for which latter purpose there is, 
opposite to the Yerkes fountain, an opening through the quay to Lake 
Michigan. 

Chicago oarsmen hold their annual regattas here and the occasion 
is one of the noted events of the year. Enthusiastic adherents of tlie 
naval clubs, admiring jjersonal friends, fond relatives aud anxious 



PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 161 

sweetharts encourage the sparsely clad oarsmen with their presence, 
and the contests are generally close and very e:;citing. 

This quay, suggested by general Joseph E. Stockton, compares 
favorably with similar structures at Venice and in the Riviera. 

The park is, in the evening, lighted by electric light; 
during the summer concerts are held there on two evenings 
of the week. On Sunday afternoons good free concerts are 
given. Phaitons and small ponj' wagons may be hired near 
the boat house, for drives in the park. 

In the history of Lincoln Park is a humorous episode. 
The gates of the park at Garfield ave. are adorned by two 
sphinxes, which have attained a celebrity reaching far 
beyond the boundaries of the United States; and that, not 
so much on account of their beauty as on account of an order 
of the park commissioners that well illustrates the morality 
of Chicagoans. The newly ai)pointed park commissioners 
were, some years ago, shocked at the nudity of these 
monsters and, therefore, caused them to be clad in cor- 
sets, made of sheet iron. The sneers of the public, however, 
that found an echo even abroad, brought it about that the 
sphinxes were again ridded of their unbecoming vesture; and 
since then they have been suffered to exhibit to the public 
eye their nude, luxuriant forms. 

In connection with Lincoln Park there is j'et to be 
mentioned the RcJic House, a popular place of refreshment 
for park visitors. It is located at the western entrance of 
the park, at the corner of North Clark street and North Park 
avenue. The walls of this building are composed of thousands 
of curious and oddly shaped fragments collected from the 
ruins of Chicago, in 1871, consisting of intermolten glass, 
iron, crockery, tools, etc. 

As places of refreshment in the neighborhood of the 
park, arc further to be recommended Stein's Cafe (Germania 
Hall) and Krctehmar s Sitnunrr-fjardof, both near the 
entrance on North avenue, and F(iuUi(Ojers Wine-house, very 
tastefully fitted ui> in old-German style, at 526 North Clark 
street, three blocks south of North avenue, to the left beyond 
Schiller street. 



162 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 

"Union "PBxk.—Site: Two miles west of the court house, 
bordered by W. Lake st., Ashland Ave. Boulevard, Warren * 
ave., Caden ave. and Bryan Place. 

Access: W. Madison st. cable car, or W. Randolph and 
W. Lake st. horse cars (15 and 25 minutes). 

Union Park, covering about fifteen acres, is situated in 
the centre of the West side and surrounded by several large 
buildings, such as churches, etc. It is divided in two parts 
by Washington Boitlcvard, which begins at Halsted st. and 
connects it with the great boulevard and park system. 
Especially noteworthy are the flower beds between the 
double carriage road. In the middle are two large circular 
water-basins set in stone and connected with each other by a 
small canal, which is spanned by a fine stone bridge. 

In the eastern part of the park in front of Randolph st. 
is a pretty little structure built partly of brick, i^artly of 
wood, in the style of the English country houses, and con- 
taining the offices of the West Chicago Park Commissioners 
and the superintendent. 

A smaW c/reen house adjoining it sheltei's interesting ferns. 

Jefferson Park. — Site: The rectangle between W. Mon- 
roe, W. Adams, Throop and Loomis sts. 

Access: W. Madison st. cable road, or W. Adams st. 
horse car line. (15 to 20 minutes.) 

In spite of its small size a very pretty park. The artifi- 
cial lake is spanned by three bridges made of rocks and tufa. 
On one of the mounds is an open pavilion constructed of 
natural logs, etc.; near by a^bronze fountain with a basin set 
in stone. Opposite the south-east corner of the park is 
Jefferson Park Pveshyterian Clturch. 

The CONCERTS given at the West Side Parks are occasions for the 
gathering of vast crowds. The youthful^ the young, the middle-aged 
and even the old people of both sexes and all conditions of life hasten 
thither in the evenings and the cai'S leading to the parks are never 
more crowded than on these nights. The audiences at Douglas Park 
differ in composition from those to be found at Garfield Park, while 
the Humbold Park audiences have a distinction of their own. Al- 
though many hundreds of the prosperous business men who reside in 
the vicinity gather in Douglas Park with their families on these 
evenings, and many carriages are to be seen gathered on the drives 
near the stand, nevertheles the audience, in the main, is made up 
of 'toilers'. Brawny young mechanics and bright-eyed young shop 
girls, sturdy laborers and comely servant girls prevail in the throng, 



PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 163 

though many bright looking salesmen and flirtatious young mil- 
liners, are scattered among the crowd. The frivolous tendencies 
of the light brained youths are well held in check by the presence of 
so many decorous housewives with their families, who are busy not 
only in listening to the music but are also comparing notes and gossip- 
ing earnestly as to the behavior of any who may attract their attention. 
The wise leader of the band has arranged a ])rogramme for his Doug- 
las Park patrons consisting mainly of those light popular airs of the day, 
which is always sure to please the democratic taste. Classical select- 
ions may do well enough for certain occasions but they 'don't go' 
here. At Garfield Park, however, the leader would feel that he had 
failed in his duty if he had not introduced some music of a high order 
in the programmes. There is a great concourse of buggies and car- 
riages here, as Garfield Park is a popular drive for the wealthy people 
of the West side. The immense audience gathered on the seats and 
on the grass within sight and hearing of the music stand are well 
dressed, and while there are many mechanics in the throng still the 
bulk of the audience is composed of clerks, male and female, salesmen 
and saleswomen, stenographers and cashiers, with a sprinkling of 
servant girls from the wealthy residences near by. Washington Boule- 
vard boarding houses are well represented and boarders from rival 
'hasheries' meet here on a common footing and flirt desperately with 
one another. Flip young females are in their element and think they 
have no end of fun in the attention they attract, while reckless young 
salesmen, who are wont to cry 'Cash' during the business hours of the 
day, here break loose from all restraint and act 'silly'. The music is 
of a varied order; popular dreamy and classical selections appearing 
in the programme, so that all tastes find something to appreciate. 

At Ilumholdt Park the leader shows his wisdom in arranging a 
programme composed mainly of selections from the German com- 
posers, with maybe one or two popular pieces to give 'American' 
character to the entertainment. The concerts here attract probably 
more visitors than at any other park and the appreciation of the music 
is universal. More children are to be observed, as the (German custom 
of bringing the whole family prevails. Inspiring strains of Strauss 
follow closely a selection from Wagner, and the applause after each 
is very great. While in many features the scene brings to ilie mind 
a thought of Germany and the fatheiland the observer still will miss 
one essential viz: 'the beer.' As in Douglas Park the presence of 
many entire families exercises a restraint on the young people strol- 
ling about and 'Otto' and 'Lena' are necessarily circumspect in their 
behavior. The thrifty character of the Germans can well be observed 
in the neatness and generally well to do appearance of the audience, 
while the presence of so many carriages attest their growth in wealth. 



V. 

City Institutions. 

1) THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 

The municipal government of Chicago consists like that 
of most American Cities, of a Mayor and Common Council., 
with the Departments of Healthy Law., Police., Fire, Education, 
Public Works, Building and Finance., and the City Cleric s, 
Treasiircr s and Collector s Departments. The Mayor, City 
Clerk, Treasurer, Attorney and Aldermen are elected by the 
people for a term of two years; the other officers and employes 
are appointed by the Mayor or the heads of the departments. 
The Mayor's power is supervisory over the various depart- 
ments, controlling the police, with the right to veto or approve 
the ordinances passed by the Council. The Board of Alder- 
men or Common Council, meets every Monday evening, and 
consists of two aldermen from each one of the thirty four 
wards into which the city is divided. 

The mayor is the presidingofficer of the Common Council, 
and in his absence a member of the council is chosen to fill 
his place. 

If an act of council is vetoed by the Mayor it requires a 
two-thirds majority to overcome the veto. 

The City Officers and Departments have their headquar- 
ters in the City Hall, La Salle st. bet. Washington and 
Randolph st. 

The Law Department consists of a Corporation Counsel 
and two assistants; and of a City Attorney, with assistants 
and clerks. 

The Finance Department is in charge of the City Comp- 
troller; and connected with it are the City Treasurer and 
City Collector. 

The Buildiuf/ Department is in charge of a Building 
Commissioner, secretary and inspectors. To it must be sub- 

164 



166 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

mitted for approval, all plans for new bviildings or improve- 
ments. To this department also belongs the inspection of 
fire escapes required on high buildings, elevators in hotels, 
houses, etc. 

The Dex>artment of Public Works is the most extensive 
public department. It is controlled by a commissioner, 
assisted by the City Engineer. Under the control of this 
department are also the sewerage system and streets, the 
water-works and wafer-tax office; and the desir/ners of pilaus 
and charts. All these administrative departments employ a 
large number of appointees. 

Besides these there are the offices of City-Sealer of 
Weights and Measures, Oil Inspector, Inspector of St^anl 
boilers; and other small offices. 

The expenses of the city are covered by a direct tax on 
real estate and personal property, and the income from the 
license of various kinds of business. 

The licenses collected in the year ending Dec. 31SI 1890 amount- 
ted to $3,072,729.08. 

Of this amount wer^ paid $1000 each by : hankers, 34 ; butchers, 
26; dogs, 58; exhibitions, 21; lumber yards, 11 ; pawn brokers, 13; 
peddlers, 39; street cars, 40; express wagons, 17; wholesale liquor 
dealers, 41; and saloons, $2,731,125.28. 

Building Department 50,029.00 

Police Courts 81,270.90 

Dept. of Public Works 396,635.53 

House of Correction 62,900. 13 

Rents 27,029.40 

School, and school tax fund 2,218,844.40 

Taxes 6,404,255.59 

Water Fund 3,240,808.18 

The former Suburbs 1,724,000.00 

These are the principal items. The total income amounts 
to abou*-- $18,500,000 in which are not included about $5,000- 
000 of special taxes on property for the paving 01 streets, 
laying of sewers, etc. 



CITY INSTITUTIONS. 1G7 

The larger tisures of the disbursements for the same 
period are as follows: 

liiiilding Department 49,000.110 

Cost of Collecting City Taxes 80,000.00 

I )epl. of Public Works 1,806,052.29 

Klection Expense 84,0(X).oo 

Fire Department 1,300,000.00 

Health Department 350,000.00 

House of Correction 97,000.00 

Interest Account 516,000.00 

Judgment Account 59,000.00 

I'olice 2, 182,906.00 

Public Library 91,484.00 

School Fund 1,784,000.00 

School Tax Fund ., 2,950,000,00 

Street Lamji F'und 875,000.00 

Sewerage Fund 532,000.00 

Salaries 180,000.00 

Water Fund 3,048,000.00 

The former Suburbs 2,000,000.00 

Resides, the city paid of fines collected \ 

to the Erring Women's Refuge > each 3,461.50 

" House of the Good Shepherd . . .' 
From the proceeds of Saloon Licenses to 

IViishingionian Nome 15,000.00 

The small debt of the city is accounted forb.vthe fact that 
it is limited, by the constitution of the State of Illinois, to 
a certain per cent of the value of taxable property. Since 
the valuation of property is laxly made, and in the case of 
personal property (which is accepted at one third of its 
market value) is made only on the unsworn statement of the 
tax-payer, the total valuation does not nearly represent the 
ri-al value. And as, since 1875, the State Board of e(iualiz- 
ation has cut valuations still more, the taxable values have 
>hrunk by nearly half; on the other hand, of course, the tax 
late reaches nearly seven per cent. The appended table and 
tiuures will perhaps best illustrate the remarkable and wholly 
unmethodical taxation methods. 



A 



Plaa 

of 



t4NCOLN PARK 





Lake Shore Drive. 

Lincoln Monument 

Boathouse 

La Salle Monument 

Ottawa Indians Monument. 

Zoological Garden. 

Lily Ponds 

Schiller Monument 

New Palmhouse. 

New Greenhouse. 



11 
12. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17. 
18 
19 
20 



Linne Monument. 
Stockton Lake. 
Artesian Well. 
Thiclmann's Pavilion. 
Sanatoi-ium. 
Grant Monument. 
Electric Fountain. 
Lake Promenade. 
Relic House 
Superintendent. 



170 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

Ill all Cook County in 1889 there were found only 
$16,000 worth of silver-ware, $9,300 worth of grain an-cl 
$950,000 of Bank capital. Now a single hotel has more silver 
ware; the smallest elevator seldom has less than $100,000 
worth of grain; the single First National Bank has $7,000,000 
capital; etc. 

The whole debt of the city, Dec. 31, 1890, was $13,545,400. 
On the other hand, the city's property (not including bridges, 
viaducts, tunnels, etc.) is valued at $34,000,000. And while it 
can be claimed that this property is in part fixed to its locality 
and would be difficult to dispose if; it is known on the other 
hand, from proposals made that enough money could be 
raised from the sale of the very profitable AVater-works alone 
to cover the whole debt of the city at once. The financial 
condition of Chicago may therefore be considered so favorable 
as not to be equalled by any other city of its size. 

CITY PROPERTY: 
Buildings. 

Miscellaneous „ $2,448, 137.84 

Fire 557,200.00 

Police 440, 795 .00 

School 6,420,600.00 

■ $9,866,732.84 

Real Estate. 

Miscellaneous $ 1,528,000,00 

Fire 334,475.00 

Police ... 231,630.00 

School 2,339,256.00 

4,433,361.00 

Fire Alarm Telegraph 405,629.47 

Fire Apparatus 733,945.00 

Police Furniture and Equipiiieius 171,495.58 

School Furniture 354,460.00 

Electric Light Plant 526, 184.47 

Street Lamps and Posts 719,530.00 

Public Library 232,652.78 

Water Works 16,902, 190.28 

20,046,087.58 

$34,346,181.42 

To this must be added the cash in the city treasury, 
varying between one to two million dollars. 



riTV INSTITITIONS. 171 

2) THE WATER WORKS. 

The water provision for the city of Chicago has passed 
within one ,i;eiieration through all the sta,2;es of development; 
from tliose primitive conditions when water was sold in tlie 
streets in buckets, to the present works, which are to be 
counted among the greatest and most perfect in the world. 
The city was first provided with water in a systematic way in 
1842, by the '^^ Ghicurio Ht/dranllc Co.'^ which pumped the 
lake-water into two reservoirs and the pipes with a 25 horse- 
power engine. In 1853 the /?r.sY cityWiderivorlcs, which stood 
on the site of the present works on Chicago ave., were started, 
and likewise pumped water that was taken directl}' from the 
lake. They had a rectangular water-tower 136 feet high, 
rather ineflFective machines and a receiving pipe protected by 
a break water. 

But not only diil the ijuantity of water soon become 
insufficient on account of the growth of the city; above all, 
its quality grew constantly worse. The fact that the Chicago 
river has almost no fall, and therefore has only a very slow 
current, was responsible for the other fact that the water at 
the mouth of the river took on a condition of stagnation, and 
— especiall}' in midsummer — made percc|)tible all the 
evils of a brackish-water marsh. This was made worse 
by the bad practice of the slaughter and packing esta- 
blishments, on the south branch at Bridgeport, of throwing 
all their wastes into the river. The steam tugs that trafficked 
there were obliged to take in their boiler water far out in the 
lake, because numerous explosions had been caused by the 
decomjtosition of the fatty and greasy substances contained 
in the river-water. Besides this, nearly all the sewers opened 
into the river. 

The thick, brownish, ill-smelling and ill-tasting liquid 
finally diffused through the shore water of the lake, and Avas 
driven up toward the water works, especially when south 
winds were blowing, where it found its way into the receiving 
]>ipes. Finally, at the beginning of the cold season vast 
numbers of small fishes (Leuciscus phoxinus) made their 
appearance, and, reaching the houses through the pipes in 



172 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

a living or dead condition, trave to the already tainted water 
a specific fishy taste. 

The question had at last become a "burning" one, and 
the newspapers compared this water distress with the seven 
])lagues of Egypt. At last, in the midst of the disturbances 
of the Civil War, the city took energetic measures. Many 
projects were put forward, tested and rejected; then E. S. 
C/ieshrungJi, the city engineer, who in other respects has 
rendered valuable services to the city, laid a new plan before 
the Board of Public Works. According to this plan, a tunnel 
two miles long was to be dug out from the shore under the 
bottom of Lake Michigan, through which the pure water of 
the lake was to be taken in. 

The plan was adopted in spite of the protests and doubts 
of the eastern press; and on the 13th of February, 1863, it 
was sanctioned by the legislature at Springfield, and a year 
later, on the 16th of January, 1864, by Congress. Chesbrough 
began to make soundings, temperature investigations, etc.; 
and after the city had accepted, from among the proffered 
bids, that of the firm Dull & (lowan of Harrisburgh, Penn., 
the first spade was struck, 3Iarcli 17, 1864, with appropriate 
ceremonies. 

Near the lake shore a shaft 9 feet in diameter was sunk 
and secured by an iron cylinder. When a depth of 69 feet 
had been reached, the lake tunnel was started in a horizontal 
direction. This tunnel has a section 5x5 ft 2 in., and a 
length of 10,587 feet. 

The excavations began in a tough clay, and were inter- 
rupted by but few sand pockets. The masonry consists of 
an eight inch brick layer, which has the form of two approxi- 
mated semi-circular arches, so that the form of the tunnel is 
nearly cylindrical. 

At the same time there was begun, at the North Pier at 
the mouth of theChicago river,the construction of the' G riU\ 
which was to be let down into the water at the outer end of 
the tunnel, to contain and protect the receiving pipe. It 
was built very strongand watertight, in the form of alowfive- 
cornei'ed column, 40 feet high, and 981 feet in circumference, 



174 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

of 12 incli oak and spruce beams. The five corners were 
heavily armored with iron, as a protection against ice, etc. 
(A proper conception of the size of the Crib may be gained 
by remembering that 200 tons of iron alone were used in 
building it, and that it cost $100,000,) 

In July 1865, the completed monster was launched amid 
great rejoicing, piloted to its destination, brought into po- 
sition, and sunk by letting water into the flood gates. Then 
its wall-chambers were filled with stone, and anchored to the 
ground by means of Mitchells marine mooring screws, such 
as were used in the Thames tunnel. After the central division 
had been pumped clear of water, the lake shaft was dug, 
from the bottom of the Crib, to the necessary dejtth of 27 
feet. The shaft was lined with an iron cylinder 2J inches 
thick and 9 feet in diameter, and on January 1, 1866, the 
other end of the tunnel was begun from its bottom. The 
work progressed from both ends by day and night, and after 
four-fifth of the distance had been dug from the shore, and 
one-fifth from the Crib, the two parts met Nov. 30, 1866. This 
completed a work which the "London Times" called the 
greatest of modern times. (At the Paris Exposition of 1867, 
the great work was distinguished by the award of a medal.) 
Tunnel and Crib were cemented within, and a light-tower 
and a watchman's dwelling were erected on the latter. The 
Crib Avas then protected by a break-water erected around it. 

The internal finishing of the tunnel was so well done^ 
that when examined in 1882, not the slightest rent was 
found. 

The second part of the water-works consists oi pumping - 
machines, the great stand-pipes, hoilers, etc., in the ''Nortli 
Side Water Work?,", an architecturally impressive grouj) of 
buildings at the foot of Chicago avenue. These ai'e castle- 
like structures in the later Grothic style, and with their tow- 
ers, battlements and crenelated walls of yellowish stone left 
rough externally, constitute in the midst of the beautiful 
plat, a real ornament of the city. 

The maeltlne-honse (142x60 ft) contains the six great 
pumping machines, which lift the water out of the shaft and 



CITY INSTITUTIONS. 175 

drive it up the ajreat stand-pipes, whence it flows off into the 
pipes by its own pressure. The largest machine, with 1200 
horse-powor capaeitj', on the soutliern side of tlie machine 
hall, has a cylinder 70 inches in diameter, a 10 foot lift, and 
a gigantic balaiKH' wheel, 2") feet in diameter and forty tons 
in weight. 

West of the engine-house is the fine water tower. Above 
the four-cornered substructure flanked bj^ four round towers 
rises the base of the water tower, built in similar style and 
richly ornamented with little towers and pinnacles; and above 
this rises the slender, octagonal tower, like a column, to a 
height of 17;") feet. The eight round little towers that sur- 
round its top in a circle and the iron lantern make a pictur- 
esque finish. In the substructure rests the basis for the 
stand-pipe, a casting of si.^ tons weight, and from here the 
30 inch pi 1)0 rises to a height of 1!1S feet. 

Between the stand-pipe and the walls of the tower a 
winding iron stairway, leads into the lantern, from where 
there is a fine view nf the North Side and out upon the lake. 
Admif<sioii free. 

In 1872 the city was comi)elled to dig a second tunnel. 
Its section is 7x7 ft 2 in., begins at a depth of 86 feet, and 
runs jtarallel with the first tunnel and at a distance of 63 feet 
from it. This tunnel also ends in the crib, and Jeads its 
water to the engines. 

It afterwards appeared that the i)ump-works were not 
sufficient for the rapidly growing city, and the West Side 
Wdti r-irorks were built at the corner of Ashland and Blue 
Island avenues. The plant is similar to that described above, 
and includes two pairs of compound engines, a tower 190 feet 
high with a stand-pii)e 167 feet high and five feet in diameter, 
boiler-rooms, etc. These works receive their water through 
ail enormous tunnel six feet in diameter and six miles long, 
passing under the city as a continuation of the second lake- 
tunnel described above. The construction of this tunnel 
across the city alone absorbed a million dollars. At about 
its middle, on Harrison street, near Ilalstcd, is the third 
pumping-station, the '''Central Water-works" with two pump- 



176 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

ing-engines and a daily capacity of thirty million gallons. 
These three waterworks together pump in 24 hours 125,000.000 
gallons of water; or about 120 gallons per capita daily for the 
population of the old city. (In Europe 40 gallons are I'egar- 
ded as an ample supply). More water than this cannot be 
conducted to the pumping stations through the two lake 
tunnels; and toward the close of the decade 1880-90 the 
necessity of constructing new lake tunnels and pumping- 
works became evident, particularly on account of the suburbs 
united with the city in 1889, which had deficient water-works 
and expected to secure an improvement in their water supply 
by a union with the city administration. 

The water-works of the former suburbs are iirincipally 
the following: 

1) Hyde Park and Lake. The station with its pump- 
ing-engines is on 68th street and Juniata avenue; it has a 
pumping-capacity of 53.000,000 gallons a day, and a lake- 
tunnel one mile long and 6 feet in diameter with a capacity 
of 70,000,000 gallons a day. But a deficient system of piping, 
and the extravagant waste of water in the slaughter and 
packing houses at the Stock Yards in the town of Lake leave 
much to be desired as to quantity of water, aside from the 
already questionable quality. 

2) Lake View. The pumping station, with a capacity 
of 19,000,000 gallons a day, is located on Sulzer st. The 
supply is drawn through three iron pipes, from 16 to 30 inches 
in diameter, laid on the bottom of the lake. These pipes are 
often stopped up by deposits, etc., and give cause for endless 
complaints. The water is often not fit for use. A lake 
tunnel with a Crib is in course of construction, and will 
probably be finished by the autumn of 1892. 

Besides these, there a number of artesian wells in use in 
the suburbs. Work has now been progressing for several 
years on the Water-works of the South Side, which are now 
approaching completion; and which will supply the city with 
as much water as the three older works on the North and 
West Sides taken together, that is, 125,000,000 gallons a day. 
The new works are very similar to the old ones in principle; 



CITV INSTITITIONS. 177 

but the difficulties to be overcome in tlic sub-marine con- 
structions were far greater. 

The South Side ivater- works consist of the following 
parts: a) Three shafts in the lake, protected by cribs, ?, 22 
and 4 miles from the shore; of which the first two are inten- 
ded for temporarj' and the last for a permanent water en- 
trance, b) A tunnel eight feet in diameter and four miles 
lung, under the lake bottom, which at one point divides into 
two smaller parallel tunnels, c) Six shafts on land, connected 
by I4 miles of tunnel, d) The new South Side jiumping- 
station on Indiana ave. and 14th st. 

The lake tunnel, mentioned under (b), ends at the south 
east corner of Lake Park and is continued by two land 
tunnels, of which one, seven feet in diameter, and running 
first north and then west, conducts water to the Harrison st. 
station, and is also connected with the great West Side 
tunnel; while the second branch of the land tunnel, eight feet 
in diameter, runs soutliward and ends in the South Side 
pumping-station on Indiana ave. and 14th st. 

3) THE POLICE DEPARTMENT. 

The police department lias for years been the sore spot 
of the administration of Chicago. The principal blame cer- 
tainly attaches to the fre(iuent changes in men and S3'stem, 
which take place every two years, whenever a new party or a 
new mayor takes the helm. With these changes many effi- 
cient officers are removed, and replaced by others who lack 
the training, the habits, and often the ability so indispensable 
to this calling, in order to make room for party associates. 
This evil political influence, which obtrudes itself in all police 
regulations, enforcement of existing ordinances, etc., is% real 
l^lague to the police authorities and a veritable drag-chain to 
their efBciency. 

So that, in recent times, there has steadily developed, in 
the intelligent i)ublic and the ])ress that represents it, a deter- 
mination to remove this branch of the administration, as well 
IIS several others, entirely from jiolitical influence; as has 
already been in reality done in the case of the fire depart- 



178 C'lTY INSTITUTIONS. 

ment. The movement lias the sjiecial support of the present 
mayor Washburn e. 

Moreover, the number of policemen, which is to be still 
further reduced, is alread}^ too small.' Comparing the police 
force and population it appears that, aside of the large cities 
of Europe, the Chicago force hardly exceeds one-half of their 
average number. This disproportion is still further increased 
by the great area of tlie city (176 square miles) and the work 
implied in the regulation of the city's extraordinary traffic. 
On the other htind the police force finds some substantial re- 
lief in its excellent telerinrphic connections and jjatrnj-ivagon 
system. 

The first representative of a Chicago city police force 
was a constable, who had at the same time to perform the 
duties of town collector. In 1834 Chicago was given, along 
with all sorts of street and traffic ordinances, a Sunday law, 
which forbade the keeping open of tippling houses on Sun- 
day. Long after the " town" had become a " city," even as 
late as 1840, two constables sufficed for the protection of the 
city, and not until 1855 was there a formal police force insti- 
tuted. 

In 1857 the force numbered 100 men; and in the next 
year the guardians of the peace for the first time wore regu- 
lar uniforms. The first detectives were appointed in 1861, 
and in 1867 the whole force numbered 200 men, three years 
later 425, and so on by a steady increase, until, at the begin- 
ning of the year 1891, the whole number, including officers, 
had risen to 1900. 

The department is directed by a f/eneral superintendent^ 
who is appointed by the mayor. The city is divided into ten 
2yrecincts and the central station: each in charge of a captain. 
The 2)fi'ci)icts are sub-divided into 34 districts, each of which 
has a station and is in command of a lieutenant. Each district 
has, according to its size, from ten to sixty policemen, ser- 
geants, etc. The district which includes the business center, 
with its head-quarters at the city hall, the so-called " Central 
Detail," consists of 205 iticked men, who are especially 
charged with the regulation of traffic and the care for per- 




LAKE SIDE SANITARIUM. 
Children Swinging in Hammocks. 



180 



CITY INSTITUTIONS. 



sonal safety in the heart of the city; besides these, the higher 
officers, general superintendent, inspector, secretary, etc., are 
connected with this office. In 1871, the city introduced its 
own detective service. 

Two innovations in police service, for the first time in- 
troduced in Chicago, the signal-boxes and patrol-vdnons, 
have proven very successful. Most 
of the signal boxes are located on 
street corners, are seven feet high 
and octagonal in form, and some- 
times carry a lantern at the top. 
Every such box has complete ar- 
rangements for communicating with 
the district station, containing both 
a telephone and an alarm box. The 
latter is an electrical apparatus with 
a dial divided into ten fields, on 
which there ai'e various designations, 
such as accident, murder, fire, thieves, 
drunkard, riot, etc. When the in- 
dicator is placed upon one of these 
fields and the lever which projects 
from the box is pulled down, the in- 
dicator of the corresponding tele- 
graph at the nearest station points 
to the same field, and sufficient men 
to deal with the case are sent, or 
in case of accidents, speed}' assist- 
ance. 

The patrol wagons, which carry 
prisoners and the injured, etc., are 
provided with coverings, ambulan- Standing Box. 

ces, ropes, handcuffs, etc.^ and driven at a very high speed; 
they are provided with alarm bells with which teams are 
warned to clear the road. Besides these public signal sys- 
tems, many of the large business houses, banks, etc., possess 
private alarm boxes which form a part of the great system, 
and as a rule work automatically. Manj' cases of fire, bur- 
glary, etc., have by this means been avoided. 




CITV INSTITUTIONS. 



181 



STATISTICS. 
Among the 62,230 persons (51,638 males and 10,592 fe- 
males) arrested during the year 1890, 1,087 were charged with 

burglary; 37,063 (more 
than half of the whole 
number), with disorderly 
conduct; 1,645 with va- 
grancy; 3,671 with theft; 
3,082 were charged with 
being inmates of houses 
of ill-repute; 1,381 with 
being inmates of gam- 
bling places; 152 with 
loafing at street corners; 
46 with being inmates of 
opium dens; 17 with mur- 
der; etc. 

The total expendi- 
tures of the department, 
including salaries, for 
the year 1890, amounted 
to $2,200,126.96. The 
M^n.ii i;n\. (i....ik >i.i.-u,.N>.i ^ value of property stolen 
during 1890 was $276,606.70; and of this, $228,885.73 worth 
was secured again by the police department. Fines to the 
amount of $363,9:^.00 were collected during the year. 3,828 
lost children were returned to their parents; 13,057 women 
and children were cared for at the stations; etc. 

The nationalities of the arrested will not b(! without in- 
tcM'st. There were: 

33,955 Americans (whites); 5,527 Americans (colored); 
6,889 Germans; 6.426 Irishmen; 1.575 Swedes; 1,3:3:3 English- 
men; 1,027 Poles; 95 Chinamen; 14 Arabians; 15 Finns; 1 
Turk; etc.— Nearly all the nations of the earth are repre- 
sented. 




182 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

4) THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION. 

The House of Correction com monlj' called the Bridewell, 
is situated southwest of the city, ou the northern side of the 
south branch of the river, in the midst of a great prairie plain 
of 58 acres. Access: Blue Island Ave. horse cars, about one 
hour from the corner of State and Washington Sts. From 
the terminus of horse car line a walk of half a mile. 

The house of correction consists of the original building in the 
form of a cross, and a number of other buildings, partly connected 
with it, partly detached, serving as prisons or work rooms. The en- 
tire prison is surrounded by a wall with a tower at each of the four 
corners. On the Northwest end of the wall is the pest house. 

The entrance is at the west, through a part of the building pro- 
jecting from the front in the style of a castle, which contains the con- 
veniently arranged business rooms of the institution, as well as the 
dwelling of the manager. With this is connected, still on the west, 
an octagonal building, which contains the living rooms of the officers. 
To this last building is joined, both on the North and on the South, 
a long line of prison cells. 

Passing through this octagonal building, we come to a roomy 
kitchen, with modern furnishings, in which three large boilers for 
pi-eparing the food of the prisoners attract particular attention. Pass- 
ing to the right fmm here, in a northerly direction, we enter a newly 
built prison for men, containing 320 cells. This prison is built en- 
tirely of iron and stone, even to the stairway. It is remarkably well 
ventilated, its arrangements for ventilation being considered among 
the best in the United States. Each cell, 4^ by 7 feet in extent, 
has its own ventilating apparatus connected with the ceilings and an 
independent connection with the general heating apparatus. The 
bed, consisting of an iron frame with an elastic covering made of 
cords and leather, is fastened to the wall by hinges, andean be raised 
and lowered at pleasure. A chair is fastened against the wall. Be- 
fore each row of doors, is a long movable iron bar which, drawn to- 
wards the wall by machinery, closes all the doors at the same time, 
and locks them. On both sides of the prison, are long wash troughs 
for the use of the prisoners. 

From the kitchen, we reach, by the means of an elevator, the 
second story of the octagonal building, which is used for school pur- 
poses for the younger criminals. In the third story is the hospital for 
men which, for the most part, has but few patients, since the regular 
hours and moderate diet prove very conducive to health. 



CITV INSTITUTIONS. 183 

Passing from ihis biiikliiig to the suiUhcrn wing, we enter the 
womens' prison containing 2<)0 cells, with the hospital for women in 
the upper story. Joined to this southern wing, is the old prison for 
men containing 288 cells. 

Xext on the west, is the workroom for women, where, besides 
the Bridewell work, the entire washing for tlie police stations and 
City Hall is done. 

.Vnolhcr Imilding (jn the west, contains in tlie lower story, the 
carpenters' and repairing shops, and above, an establishment for the 
manufacture of cane seating for chairs, employing 115 prisoners. 
Again going in a southerly direction, we come to a detached, rectang- 
ular brick building, consisting of two stories, in the northern wing of 
which, in the lower story, is tlie store room. Above this another 
manufactory of cane seating employing 100 prisoners. 

The eastern wing contains the laundry carried on by men, where 
all the ordinary washing of the male prisoners is done. In the story 
above are a tailor^ s and a shoemaker'' s shop for the needs of the male 
occupants of the place. Then follows the bakery which every day 
produces 3,000 loaves of wholesome, palatable bread for the prisoners, 
and also provides bread for the officers. Adjoining the bakery is the 
reception room for the newly arrived prisoners. Here, after the female 
prisoners have been consigned to the care of the matron, all the male 
priscmers divest themselves of their clothing, have their hair cut, are 
shaved, take a bath, and after putting on the prison uniform, enter 
the cells assigned them. On the next day, each prisoner is assigned 
one of the occupations provided by the prison. 

On the eastern end of the last mentioned building, in the upper 
story, is still another cane seating factory, employing the juvenile 
prisoners from 8 to 19 years of age. West of this, is a blacksmith 
shop. 

t)utside of the prison wall is the brickyard which produces from 
3|4 to 4 million bricks yearly, for the use of the city. On the west, 
also outside the prison wall, is a dairy with twenty cows and twenty- 
three acres of land, on wliich vegetables are raised. Within the walls 
on the western side are stables for twenty-two horsses. 

In the prison yard is a workshop for stone cutters, a boiler rooni, 
with six large boilers which furnish the steain power used in the in- 
stitution, the steam for cooking and the power for driving the electric 
machine; there being 1,200 electric lights. 

The _/<'<'(/ consists, in the morning, of meat, bread and coffee: at 
noon, of soup, meat, vegetables and bread; at supper, alternately of 
bread and coftee, and bread and mush. 



Ig4 CITY IXSTITUTIONS. 

The working time is ten hours per day, from 7 to 12 and from I 
to 6. Every prisoner is required to bathe twice a week. 

The confinement in the cells without occupation on Sunday, and 
at the same time the lack of one of the three customary meals, to- 
gether with the want of a library, make many prisoners prefer the 
State's Prison in Joliet. 

The administration of the institution earnestly recommends the 
establishment of a municipal industrial school for the younger and 
less corrupted prisoners, after the model of the Industrial Training 
School at Feehanville, fully described in another place. 

According to the different nationalities, the prisoners in i8go 
consisted of 4935 Americans; 1392 Irish; 723 Germans; 278 Cana- 
dians: 238 English; 165 Swedes; 164 Norwegians etc; 112 Scotch; 
81 Poles; 60 Bohemians etc. 

5) MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS. 

Cook County Court Home tind Citi/ ILtU.— Situated in 
the centre of the city and occupying the entire block between 
Randolph, La Salle, Washington and Clark Streets, the im- 
mense double structure of the City Hall and the Court House 
is, with regard to dimensions and architecture, without doubt 
the most important building in the city, admitting compari- 
son with the Anditorium alone. 

The combination consists of two palaces in French decorative 
renaissance, completely harmonizing in style and dimensions, placed 
side by side and connected with each other by across structure. The 
basement and first story are built of massive sand stone bossages sep- 
arated from one another by deeply cut indentures. They are enlivened 
by large pedestals projecting considerable from the front, and being 
coated at places, (for instance, at the entrances) by large slabs of pol- 
ished granite. These pedestals support the most striking ornamenta- 
tion of the structures, the numerous tall columns (35 feet high) of 
polished gray Maine Granite, which are crowned by Corinthian capi- 
tals and placed, in pairs or singly, around the facade of both palaces, 
reaching to the base of the uppermost story. There are many plastic 
ornaments in the renaissance style, especially on the second and third 
stories, and above the columns; the basement and the fourth story 
being more simple. On the East facade on Clark St. are, at thelevel 
of the fifth story, eight caryatides, allegorical figures, placed in pairs 
corresponding with the columns below. They are, going from South 
to North, Agricitliiire and Trade, Peace and Plenty, Mining and 



CITY INSTITUTIONS. ]g5 

liuiustry. Science and Art. licing placed al considerable height, they 
arc, unfortunately not very efiective. 

The two main entrances on the long facades are adorned by spa 
cious porches, consisting of four pedestals projecting from the front 
and being connected with one "mother by semi-circular arches. These 
pedestals support six of the large columns which are, in turn, crowne<l 
by the heavy pediment and a stone balustrade. 

-V cupola is planned for the octagonal structure connecting the 
two palaces. 

6 ) CRIMINAL COURT BUILDING AND COUNTY JAIL. 

L<>c((tinii: Corner Dfarborii Avenue and Michi,u:an Street. 

TIic buildings coiitainins? these institutions constitute an 
isolated eroup in the midst of whicli is t\\o jail yard. 

They are bounded on the south by Michigan street, on the north 
by Illinois street, and Dearborn avenue on the east; an alley separates 
the group from the private buildings on the west. The Criminal. 
Court Biiilitins^ {i^o K 65 feet), is a three story structure of smooth 
yellow limestone, with its principal front on Michigan street. The 
architecture is in the forms of the early renaissance, and with better 
building material would produce a fine efiect. Three flights of steps 
lead to the entrances of the corridors. The building contains below, 
the rooms of the State's attorney and his assistants and clerks, and in 
the two upper stones, the Court Rooins of the two branches of the 
criniinal courUand the accompanying judges' and jury rooms. The 
two jury rooms are distinguished from the other rooms by appro- 
priate decoration and furnishing. 

Through a door in the rear of the ground floor, one enters the 
jail yard and gets a view of the disposion of the buildings. The 
space is bounded on the right (east) by the division for the insane; 
before us lies \.\\c jail proper, an isolated two story rectangular build- 
ing with grated windows etc. By a small covered stairway one en- 
ters the oflice of the jailor, which is situated between the wings of 
the main building. The jail itself includes within its walls the build- 
ing cfintaining the cells; this is a rectangular four story structure 
surrounded by iron galleries and connected with the other building 
only by the roof. 

The space running all around within the walls serves for the ex- 
ercise etc., of the prisoners during the time allotted for it. Between 
the oflice and the nearest wall of the building containing the cells, 
the space is occvipied by a number of cage-like compartments through 



186 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

the strong wire grating of whioh such friends of the prisoners as have 
been admitted can converse with the latter. The barred space to 
the right of the office door is the consulting cage, in which lawyers 
are allowed to advise with their clients. The number of cells is 136 
for men, 48 for women, and 14 for youthful prisoners. The regular 
visiting days are Tuesdays and Fridays from 10:00 till 11:30 in the 
forenoon and from 2:00 till 3:30 in the afternoon. 

The only direct connnections of the three buildings are two cov- 
ered iron foot-ways at the level of the second stories, which lead from 
the department for the insane and from the jail proper to the Crimi- 
nal Court Building. 

The third building, for the temporary detention of the insane, is 
a simple two story structure with the front and entrance on Dearborn 
avenue; and contains, among other rooms, a number of solitary cells 
and the office of the county fhvsician. 

7) FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

Until 1835 the fire apparatus of Chicago Avas confined to 
the legally prescribed ./fre huckets, of which every citizen or 
owner of a house was required to keep one. In case of fire 
he was obliged to hasten to the spot and place himself under 
the orders of the supervisor of his district. 

In 1835 X\\e.frst fire engine was bought at a cost of $895.00 and 
on the 4th of November of the same year a volunteer fire company 
was organized. In 1855 the first steam fire engine was secured, but 
declared unfit for use and sent back; but on the 5th of February, 1858, 
a second one was bought and added to the fire apparatus under the 
name of "Long John." 

The existing volunteer f re department not a little proud of its 
efficiency and an object of admiration on the part of the feminine 
population of the city, occasionally held contests with companies of 
the neighboring cities, and had developed in its various companies, 
which were jealous of each other, a regular esprit de corps, which 
was decidedly unfavorable to the "puffing intruder." There was a 
well grounded fear for the safety of the endeared volunteer service, and 
on March 6th, 1858, six of the fire companies, led by music, marched 
through the city, to the City Hall, to give expression to their indig- 
nation. In the meantime the city authorities had very wisely taken 
precautions to meet the uprising by drawing into service an extra 
police force of 200 men; and after a number of the disturbers of the 
peace had been arrested, the remainder found it convenient to retire, 



188 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

leaving their engines behind. A reproof to those who had been ar- 
rested ended the serious incident. 

On the 2nd of August, 1858, by a decision of the council, a paid 
fire department was established and shortly afterwards the volunteer 
department was abolished. At the same time three new steam lire 
engines were purchased, and in February, i860, two more were added. 

On the i6th of February, 1865, a separate Board of Police and 
Fire Commissioners was established, which, proving inefficient, was 
soon again abolished. In 1871, at the time of the Great Fire, the de- 
partment consisted of 17 steam fire engines, 194 men, 91 horses and the 
other usual apparatus. October 20, 1871, the Fire Patrol wa.?, estab- 




The Police Patrol, 
lished in connection with the fire department. It is supported by 
the Insurance companies doing business in Chicago and consists ot 
two divisions, each containing ten men and a chief. Its aim is to 
reach a fire at its first outbreak, and to reduce as far as possible the 
losses of the insurance companies by covering the wares with oil-cloths 
and otherwise protecting them. With this view the service is mainly 
organized for speed and usually arrives very promptly on the scene of 
a fire, 

Theji^e alart7i telegraph was first put in use in June, 1865, and 
has proved of great value. It forms the principal part of the general 



CITY INSTITUTIONS. ]y9 

city telegraph system, which is in charge of the fire department. The 
central bureau is located in the western part of the ground floor o 
the City Hall, whence connections are maintained with all police sta- 
tions, engine houses, patrol boxes and fire alarm boxes. The square, 
red fire alarm boxes, which attract the attention of the stranger, are 
of two kinds: (i) the ('/(/^f^ (^^x^'j with keys in the neighborhood. 
which are being gradually displaced by the others: (2) the neiu lioxes. 
These have on the outside a handle that is turned until the box opens. 
The turning is accompanied by the clanging of a very shrill bell, 
which is intended to call the nearest policeman to the spot. The 
alarm is very efl'ective in preventing the commission of mischief by 
sending false alarms. After the box has opened, one pulls vigorously 
at a hook within and then lets go. This sets the apparatus in the 
box into action and sends the alarm number to the Central Station. 
The Central .Station then sends the number over the whole system 
and brings into action an extensive apparatus by which the number 
is struck on the gongs of the police stations and the engine houses. 

By the telegraph system of the fire department the city is divided 
into fire districts, each of which has an alarm box. Twelve or fifteen 
of the nearest engines are assigned to the number of each of the 
alarm boxes, and are called out as follows: (i) By the '■'■still alarm.'''' 
The engines near the scene of the fire are called out directly by the 
neighborhood without the use of the electric apparatus. The station 
notifies the whole department through the Central Station that its 
company is at work. There is no alarm of the fire bells. (2) By the 
first alarm through the alarm box near the fire. The number having 
reached the Central Station, a switch is turned by which a connec- 
tion of the whole electric system is established, and all the police 
stations and fire companies are notified. The fire bells of the city are 
sounded. This calls four or five engines to the scene. (3) By a sec- 
ond alarm. This brings four or five more of the engines assigned to 
this number to the scene; and the fire bells are sounded again. (4) 
The third alarm calls out the remaining four or five engines as- 
signed to that number. (5) The second and third alartns combined 
call out the engines under (3) and (4) at the same time. There is no 
"general alarm." In cases of necessity the fire marshal orders out 
more individual engines by telegraph. 

By means of the fire bells the number that has been called is an- 
nounced in the following way: 3. 4- 3 = three single strokes followed 
by a short pause, four strokes followed by another pause, and three 
more single strokes. When the fire is extinguished the fact is an- 
nounced by a single stroke of the bell. 



190 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 

The city telegraph system now has 169 miles of under-ground 
wire, and 1712 stations from which a fire alarm can be sent in. Of 
these, 733 are fire alarm boxes; 607 of them are public and 372 are 
private police boxes. 

The Apparatus of the Fire Department is as abundant as it is ex- 
cellent. While it possesses all the later improvements, it has an es- 
pecially effective weapon in the new fire tugs, which render assis- 
tance from the river or the lake. The Fire Apparatus comprises at 

present : 

3 fire boats; I water tower; 66 steam fire engines; 17 chemical 
fire engines; 4 chemical engines and hose carts combined; 56 steam 
heaters; 26 hook and ladder trucks; 38 four wheel hose carriages; 23 
two wheel hose carts; 14 hose wagons; 8 supply wagons; 6 fuel wagons; 
21 fire marshals' wagons; 386 horses etc., etc. 

The total force consists of 41 civil officials and 820 uniformed 
firemen. The latter, divided into groups of from nine to twelve men 
each with a captain, form 56 fire companies; these companies again 
are grouped in thirteen battallion districts, each of which is in charge 
of an assistant fire marshal. The fire marshal controls the whole 
force; he is nominated by the mayor and confirmed by the city 
council. 

In 7889 the fire department was called out by 2,895 alarms. 
2,075 fires were suppressed, with a total loss of $2,154,340; 16 of these 
fires caused losses of more than $30,000; and 64 of them were incen- 
diary. 

The fire department has charge of not only the telegraph system, 
but also of the electric lighting of the city. The latter was first intro- 
duced in 1887, and there are now 4 power stations and 1929 double 
carbon lamps; their number however is constantly increased as the 
new lights are not only better but also much cheaper than the old 
gas lights. 

The expenses of the department for the year 1889 amounted to 
$961,201.54. 

8) HEALTH DEPARTMENT. 

The Dex>artme}it of Health is in cliarge of a commis- 
sioner and a staff of assistants. The sub-divisions of this 
department are (1) the Vital Statistics Division; (2) the Med- 
ical Division, with nine phj'sicians; (3) the Sanitar.y Division, 
with thirt3'-eight officials; (4) the Meat and Odor Division, 
with eleven officials; and (5) the Tenement, Factory and 
Smoke Division, with forty-two officials. 



CITY INSTITUTIONS. 191 

The total number of deaths in 1890 was 21,85G; that is, 
18.22 per thousand of the popuUition. Among the diseases 
of tlie j-ear 1890, the influenza in an epidemic form was es- 
jtecially noticeable, and was unusually severe in the months 
of January, February, March and April. The whole number 
of cases of sickness arising from it is estimated at 100,000. 
Although only 112 deaths can be directly charged to influ- 
enza, it nevertheless aggravated many cases of sickness, and 
certainly often hastened death, especially in cases of con- 
sumption, inK'umonia, and diseases of the air passages. 
Mortality-Statistics for the Year 1890. 

The most noteworthy Figures of the Total of Deaths are the following: 
Cholera infantum, 1058; Croup, 380; Dysentery, 356; Diptheria, 881; Typhoid 
fever, 1008: Phthisis Pulmonalis, 1972; Convulsions, 1263; Cerebral Meningitis, 571; 
Sunstroke, 152; Bronchitis, 769; Capillary bronchitis, 420; Pneumonia, 2073; Enter, 
itis, 436; Gastiitis, 207; Gastro Enteritis, 494; Burns, 46; Crushed 60; Drowning, 140; 
Kailroad accidents, 264; Elevator accidents, 18; Street car accidents, 35; Hanging, 
i: Wounds, fall 123; E.\plosion, 43; Run over by wagon, 27;. Murder, 10; Man- 
slaughter, 67: Suicides, total 206, of which by Drowning, 27; by Cutting throat, 16; 
by Shooting, 80; by Hanging, 32; by Rough on Rats, 16; by Morphine, 8; by Throw- 
ing self before cars, 2; etc. 

Nativities: — Chicago, 10,994; U. S. Elsewhere, 3,376; Germany, 2,632; Ire- 
land, 1,677; Canada, 329; England, 387; Other Foreign Countries, 2,231; Unknown 
227; Atlantic Ocean, 3; Total, 21,856. 

Sex; — Males, 12,034; Females, 9,822; Total, 21.856. 

Coi.or:— W'hite, 21,488; Colored, 368; Total, 21,586. 

Social Relatio.ns; — Married, 5,497; Widows, 1,143; Widowers, 617; Single, 
14,599; Total, 21,856. 

Still Births:— Premature Births, 695; Still Births, 1,491. 



VL 

Federal Institutions. 

TJ. S. Custom House and Postoffice,— The customs and 
postoffice officials occupy the lart^e govei'iiment building, 
which is situated on the block bounded by Adams, Clark, 
Jackson and Deaiborn Sts. 

It is a four story structure of gray sandstone, in Roman-Venetian 
style, erected in 1873 at a cost of $4, 125,000. But though so recently 
built it has already become so delapidated in consequence of its insuffi- 
cient foundation that the citizens are strongly urging its demolition 
and the erection of an entirely new building. The center is occupied 
by a closed court, covered near the level of the second floor by a glass 
roof. The Postoffice occupies the north half of the basement and the 
first floor, including the covered court. In the basement are the 
rooms in which the wagons discharge their loads, as well as large 
rooms in which mail is assorted. 

The second floor is occupied by the Internal Revemie Collector, 
Sub- Treasurer, Commissioner of Pensions and Special Mail Agents, 
etc. 

The third floor has the United States Courts, Lilerior Depart- 
ment, Law Department, etc. 

The Postoffice--History. The first reliable information con- 
cerning Chicago's postal relations is found in "Keating's Nan-ation 
of an Expediton to the Source of the St. Peter's River," 1823; the ac- 
count mentions the meeting of a mail messenger on the way from 
Fort Wayne to Chicago. After the frozen feet of the mail carrier 
between Green Bay and Chicago had to be amputated in the win- 
ter of 1832, a postal service on horse-back was introduced; in 1833 
there was one by wagon, and in 1834 there was a four horse mail 
coach. The Indian trader Bailey was (from March 31, 1831) the first 
U. S. postmaster, and had his office in a log house near the corner of 
Lake and South Water streets. After that the postoffice moved 
about until in 1855 ^'^^ government erected a home for the postal ser- 
vice at the corner of Monroe and Dearborn streets. 

Until 1832 only a monthly mail reached Chicago. Even in 1833 
when there was a weekly mail, the postal receipts aggregated only 
$15 or $20 a quarter. In those times ";;/«// day'''' brought people 
from all over the country, sometimes a distance of lOD miles, with long 
lists of names of those who expected mail. The postage, twenty-five 

192 



194 



FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS. 



cents a letter, was in those days frequently credited by the postmas- 
ter; this custom however was soon abolished. As early as 1834 there 
was a semi-weekly mail; in 1835, mail came three times a week; in 
1837, there was a daily mail connection with the east, and in 1839 it 
was mentioned with satisfaction that the mail had reached Chicago 
from New York in seven and one-half days. Thus the postoffice grew 




The Postoffice after the Great Fire, 
and increased the number of its employes until in 1857 it required the 
services of 56 persons. 

As a matter of course the development of the postal service kept 
pace with that of the city, and at the time of the Great Fire, the pos- 
tal business had grown to gigantic proportions, in spite of the fact 
that after 1865 with theimprovement of the railway mail service, much 



FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS. 195 

of the eastern and western mail that hail hitherto been delivered here 
for sorting, was no longer re-distrihutcd here. 

The Great Fire of 1871 was a heavy blow to the postal service. 
The fine I'ostofTice, which stood where the First National Bank 
Building now stands, went up in flames. But thanks to the energy 
of the postal-authorities, not a single letter, nor even a newpaper was 
lost; the mail that was on hand was promptly despatched, and even the 
delivery of mails that arrived during the confusion that reigned after 
the fire was accompli<;hed with a success that exceeded all expecta- 
tions. The postal service established itself in the branch stations 
that remained, the street cars were utilized for collecting the mails, 
and by the close of the year the main postoffice had found a tempo- 
rary home, adequate to its wants, in the Methodist Church at Wabash 
avenue and Harrison street. 

The growth of Chicago's postal business may be seen from the 
following figures, expressing ])ieces delivered, thousands: 1865, 217; 
1868, 1 180; 1870, 1875. 

In 1871 the postoffice in Chicago was the second in importance 
in the United Slates. In 1874 the number of letters delivered ex- 
ceeded 15 millions; the letters collected, 25 millions; in 1881, letters 
and postal cards delivered, 44 millions, newspapers, 9 millions; and 
ill 1885, 115 million letters and 20 million newspapers were deliv- 
ered; in 1890, 191 million letters and 37 million newspapers were 
delivered. 

The service at j)resent consists ttf a principal postoffice, 11 car- 
rier stations and 22 sub-poslotTices, employing ybg rt-gular mail car- 
riers, and .?oo subslittttc- carriers; Soo clerks and 75 substitute clerks; 
/'// all, 1,844 persons. 

The U. S. Sub-Treasury is located in the second story of the 
Custom House Building. It is the general depository for all federal 
officers and army paymasters in the west, and east as far as Ohio. 

It handles the receipts of 2,850 postoffices and pays 45,000 pen- 
sions annually. 

Its impoitance to the commercial world is particularly in the ex- 
change of ditVerenl kinds of currency and the redemption of such as is 
unlit for circulaticm. About $25,000 of mutilated paper currency is 
redeemed daily, besides a large amount of abraded and mutilated 
coin. 

The average "cash on hand" is about iji 15,000,000 divided as 
foHows: $6,000,000 gold, $1,500,000 silver dollars, $750,000 half 
dollars, $250,000 quarters, $15,000 dimes and nickels, $10,000 on§ 



196 



FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS. 



cent pieces, the remainder being paper money of diftercnt denomina- 
tions. A large part of the latter is in i,ooo, 5,000 and iu,ooo dollar 
bills, but these seldom get into general circulation and are used al- 
most exclusively in dealings between banks. A package the thickness 
of an ordinary brick, made up of these 10,000 dollar bills would rep- 
resent something like one and a half millions ot dollars. 

If part of a national bank note has been torn off and lost, the 
fragment or fragments presented for redemption must show three- 
fifths of the original surface of the bill and must bear the signature of 
at least one of the bank officers, in which case the note is redeemed 
in full. Mutilated coins are not redeemed at all; on the other hand, 
no deduction is made for natural abrasion. 




A picture from old Chicasn. The Scluittler Residence on West Adams St. 
Tlie Appraisers' Building, (Harrison and Sherman Streets, op- 
posite Grand Central Depot), containing the rooms and offices of the 
U. S. Appraisers, is a handsome eight story structure of fine Connect- 
icut brown-stone. In its interior arrangement it is substantial and 
well adapted to its purpose. 




Scenes in Washington Park. 



Business-Blocks and 
Buildings. 



The Auditorium Building which is bound by Michigan 
Ave., Congress street, and Wabash Ave., is the largest build- 
ing in Chicago, and one of the largest in the whole country, 
being in area inferior only to the capitol at Washington and 
the State House at Albany. 

The building which is partly in Romanesque style, makes 
a rather cold impression and gives no indication of its chief 
destination, which is that of a theatre. Its architecture has 
evoked much unfavorable criticism and frequent comparison 
with European theatres, from laic as well as professional 
circles who did not, however, take into consideration that 
the building was a product of private enterprise, and could 
not, consequently be compared and criticised by the same 
standard as buildings in Europe serving similar purposes but 
being erected and supported by public funds. The spirit of 
enterprise which created so immense a building from private 
means deserves, on the contrary, full recognition; and as for 
the structure itself, it must be said that it makes after all an 
imposing impression; that it is built in a very thorough and 
solid manner; and that much may be said in favor of its 
interior arrangements. 

The ten story structure receives, from the immense 
squares of the basement, a monumental character. Six 
large serai-circular arches reaching up to the second storj'^, 
form the entrances; the three on Michigan Avenue to the 
Auditorium Hotel; the three on Congress Street to the restau- 
rant. Adjoining this on Congress Street, is the tower which 



.BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 199 

projects above the biiildinsand contains in its lower part again 
three semi-circular arches which form the entrance to the 
theatre. On Wabash Ave., are the rectangular entrances 
flanked by massive polished columns and leading to the 
business offices and Recital Hall. Round this substructure 
and two more stories (with the loggia and the balcony oil 
Michigan Ave.) are ranged fnr'y large, round arches reaching; 
througli four stories. Above these follow forty smaller semi- 
circular arches reaching only through two stories, and one 
more story with a heavy crowning terminates the building. 
The tower overtops it by seven stories. 

The execution of the building was, in 1885, entrusted to 
Messrs. Adler & Sullivan, two Chicago architects, the former 
of whom, a German, took charge of the architectural part and 
the latter, an Englishman, of the interior appointment and 
decoration. 

On December 9, 1889, two years and eleven months after 
the laying of the foundation stone, the building was opened 
to the public with appropriate festivities at which were pres- 
ent Renjamiu llarrison, president of the United States, many 
men of national repute, well known personages from the 
state and the city and a verj' numerous and select public. 

To give an idea of the dimensions of the structure, we 
mention the following authentic figures: 

riio main facade on Congress Street measures 362 feet, that on 
Micliiijaii .\venue 187 feet and that on Wabash Avenue 162 feet. 
The building covers an area of 62,000 square feet. The foundations 
are constructed very carefully. On a floor of pine wood lies a coat of 
cement four feet thick. A great many steel rails of which for the 
tower alone four miles were used, materially increase the solidity of 
the foundation. The outside walls are constructed of Maine granite 
and dark yellow Hcdford stone. There were used besides 17 millions 
of brick, 60,000 scpiare feet of plate glass, 6,000 tons of iron and steel 
etc. The iron construction alone, including the stage, amounted to 
over $600,000. The weight of the wliole structure is estimated at 
110,000 tons, of which 15,000 tons must be attributed to the tower. 
The building has 15,00 wimlows, 2,000 doors, 10,000 electric lamps, 
13 elevators, 25 miles of^as and water pipes, 230 miles of electric 



200 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 

wire and cable, and other ntiaterial in corresponding proportions. 
Nearly 16.000 tons of porous terra cotta was used for the construction 
of floors and partitions. The latest improvements in making fire- 
proof buildings were utilized, so that the structure is in this respect a 
model. 

The entire cost of the building was $3,200,000. 

The structure is divided into three main parts: the Auditorimti 
Hall with entrance on Congress street; the //('/f/ with entrance on 
Michigan ave. ; Recital Hall and Offices with entrance on Wabash ave. 

The business part of the Auditorium on Wabash ave. contains in 
its ten stories and in the tower, a number of stores and 136 business 
offices; access to the latter is gained by three elevators. On the 
seventh floor is Recital Hall, a small, but very prettily decorated 
room seating about 500 persons. 

The Auditorium Hotel, with an entrance on Michigan ave. and 
bne on Congress St., is one of the best appointed hotels in the world 
and deserves therefore special mention. 

The vestibule with its five massive columns of scagliola (artificial 
marble), its walls lavishly covered with Mexican onyx and its beauti- 
ful floor of Italian mosaic, makes a charming impression. On the 
South of it is, at the corner of Congress st., the very prettily appoint- 
ed Ladies'' Cafe. 

On the floor above it are the Loggia, the Reception Room and the 
Ladies' Parlor occupying the whole width of Michigan ave. and being 
very handsomely fitted up. On Congress st. are, on the same level, 
several tastefully furnished parlors. 

In the upper stories are the 400 chambers containing very fine 
furniture, carpets, mantle pieces etc. 

On the uppermost (tenth) floor are the kitchen in which the 
only fuel used is gas; and the large Dining Room which is 175 feet 
long. All offal is thrown down into a tube connecting with the 
engine room in the basement and instantly burned. 

The other rooms connected with the hotel, such as billiard and 
bar rooms, barber-shop etc. are all in keeping with the luxury reign- 
ing throughout the entire building. As an illustration of this the fact 
may be mentioned that for smaller metal ware, such as locks, door 
and window knobs etc. alone, $50,000 were expended. 

Accessible from the foyer are also the two upper rows of boxes 
situated on the same level and usually partitioned off by a metal 
screen. _ 



BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 201 

An e/t'c/rifij/ a/>/>t!r(!iiis connects every room with the main office, 
transmitting the wishes of the guests for cold or warm water, a mes- 
senger, physician, laundry service and many other things. 

An admirably appointed laundry with a capacity of 12,000 pieces 
per day is in the basement. 

Seven elevators form the connecting link between the different 
floors. 

The main part of the building, Auditorium Hall, is reached 
through the entrance on Congress St., in the lower part of the tower. 
In the vestibule with its massive columns of scaglioia, are the ticket 
office, the bureaux of the general manager and the entrance to the 
elevators. Thence is reached, through six doors, the entrance to the 
theatre. The handsome stained glass paintings over these doors must 
be looked at from inside. The Entrance Hall has on each side a 
vaulted arcade, the one at the right leads, below the parquet, to the 
dressing rooms and the stairs to the parquet; while the one on the 
left leads, by three passages, to the foyer and the galleries. The 
passage between, straight to the North, terminates at the ladies' 
dressing room situated a little below. 

In this entrance hall we meet first one of the chief motives of the 
interior architecture of the Auditorium: a rather flat semi-circular 
arch resting usually on quadrangular pillars, both being smooth and 
simply decorated; showing more developed ornamentation only in 
more important rooms: gold lines and richly gilded capitals. This 
motive recurs with the variation necessitated by circumstances, 
throughout the house, in the entrance, the foyer, the boxes, the de- 
coration of walls and in greatest dimensions, in the four large arches 
spanning the auditory. 

.\scending one of the marble stair-cases on the left of the en- 
trance hall, we reach, on the floor above, the Foyer the floor of which 
is on a level with the highest seats of the Parquet whicii rises like 
an amphitheatre. Toward the auditory the foyer is completely open, 
and nothing but the few pillars supporting the balcony obstruct the 
view over the parquet to the stage. The two spaces between the three 
stair cases on the opposite wall are tastefully fitted up as niches from 
which the movements on the stage may be observed. A short flight 
of stairs leads from the south end of the foyer to the Ladies' Parlor 
which is furnished with fine carpets, plush furniture and immense 
mirrors. East of the ladies' parlor is the Smoking Poom with simple 
but tasteful furniture and wainscoting. 



202 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 

The forty Boxes are arranged in straight rows parallel with the 
length section of the building. On each side of the parquet are two 
raws reaching from the proscenium to the foyer. The upper set 
have in their fronts flat arches projecting but little and being deco- 
rated with plastic ornaments in a yellowish brown and gold. The 
lower boxes form charming flights of elegant, round arches, through 
which an interesting view to the interior may be gained. The 
lower boxes are separated from one another by low metal screens and 
portieres of golden brown silk plush ; while the two upper sets form 
an open succession of boxes with divisions indicated only by the front. 
The interior of the boxes is decorated in very delicate tones. 

The £a/cofij' is of considerable size and seats as many persons as the 
parquet. A flight of stairs leads from here to the Gallery with 526 
and the Family Cii-cle with 437 seats. Thanks to the excellent acoustics 
of the house even from the highest seats one may hear as well as 
see what is going on on the stage. 

A very ingenious contrivance is the movability of the ceilings of 
the gallery and the family circle. Resting on hinges, these vaults 
may, by the use of a windlass under the floor of the gallery, be turned 
in a half-circle. The capacity of the house may thus be increased 
(with the aid of the stage) to 8000. With regard to the eventuality 
of needing an adequate hall for a large political convention, special 
attention was paid to this contrivance by the architects. 

The seats are thus classified: 

40 boxes 200 seats. 

Parquet 1442 " 

Balcony 1432 " 

Family circle 437 " 

Gallery 526 " 

4037 seats. 

The dimensions of the theatre are as follows: 

Distance between the boxes (width of parquet) 90 feet. Distance 
from the stage to the last row of seats in the parquet no feet. 

The four large semi-circular arches above mentioned which tra- 
verse that part of the theatre next to the stage first engage the at- 
tention of the visitor. Their richly decorated fields and belts with 
gilded ornaments and the many electric lights are very effective. On 
the sides of the arches are also affixed sixty large gilded knobs in the 
form of hemi-spheres, for ventilation purposes. 



BlfSiNESS BlilLDtNOS, 203 

The central part of the theatre, l)egii)ning at the height of the 
first balcony, is an immense square space with a very large, rectangu- 
lar, colored sky light. The north wall of this section is adorned by^ 
a winter landscape, the south wall by a spring landscape. 

The walls between the stage and the boxes are filled with gilded 
lattice work in wood on which appear the portraits of famous mu- 
sicians and poets. The trellis on the left covers the large organ. 

Over the stage opening which for special purposes may be en- 
larged to 76 feet, runs parallel with the arch, a frieze with forty- 
five life size figures, representing the Power of Music. 

The stage is partitioned oft" by an iron curtain which is covered 
by one of golden brown silk with fine embroidery showing, sur- 
rounded by a laurel wreath, the American coat of arms and the em- 
blems of Music. 

The liuilders of the Auditorium, having endeavored to give the 
house the character of a popular theatre, it naturally lacks the splen- 
did entrances and magnificent stair-cases which adorn the large 
theatres in Europe. This also explains the decoration which is mainly 
architectonical. The vast interior, however, the elegant and very 
symmetrical arrangement of the seats, and the great number (4500) of 
electric lights placed very advantageously, produce a powerful im- 
pression. 

The endeavor, however, to use only one color in combination 
with gold in each room, makes some parts of the house appear al- 
together too simple (the corridor, for instance). The house, the stair- 
cases and the auditory are finished in old ivory with gold; the restau- 
rant, in brown with gold, Recital Hall in white with gold etc. But 
the quality of the material used in the building is throughout of the 
very best. As a whole the interior is distinguished by wealth and 
elegance. 

Behind the broken left wall of the proscenium is the Organ 
which, occupying a space of twenty-five by forty-four by thirty-four 
feet high is one of the largest in the country. It has 177 stops, 7124 
pipes, 69 bells and the latest improvements and inventions. The 
keyboarils are in the orchestra. The instrument cost $45,000. A 
second smaller organ, the echo-organ, stands above the gallery. 

riie Stage of the Auditorium is one of the finest in the world. 
It has no etpial in America, and but a few in Europe. Being modelled 
after the opera house at Buda-Pesth, in which the Asphaleia system 
invenleil by Mr. Gwinner, an engineer in Vienna, was first intro- 
duced, it leaves even that stage behind with regard to the latest ini- 



204 BDSTNESS BtriLBINGS. 

provements in the application of electrical, mechanical anjd hydrau- 
lical contrivances. Its dimensions are, as follows: width, 98 feet, 
height of the soffits 89 feet, depth from the terminal wall to the curtain 
62^ feet. From the curtain to the conductor's desk (foot-lights) 6>4 
feet, stage opening 47 feet, stage floor 6,862 square feet. The base- 
ment with its complicated hydraulic lifts has two stories and is 18 feet 
deep. The frame work of the stage is exclusively of iron and steel. 
The expenditure for the stage alone amounted to $175,000. The nine 
bridges, of larger or smaller size, and the four drops, of which the 
stage floor is composed, are moved by 26 hydraulic lifts with perfect 
security and ease. The whole stage may, with their aid, be lowered 
or raised. There are thirty dressing i-ooms. 

The Scenery of the Auditorium is varied and excellent, compris- 
ing, as it does, complete outfit for thirty operas, 125 back grounds 
(36x45) 300 movable pieces and elegant furniture. Among the largest 
are the tower in "Othello" (38 feet high) and the temple with the 
grave in "Aida" (24x36 feet). The cables of steel wire necessary for 
the transfer of the decorations, measure together 21 miles. 

The "panoramic horizon," a device introduced only in two other 
theatres, (Halie and Buda-Pesth), is a roll, fifty feet wide and 300 feet 
long, on which are painted by the hand of an artist skies in all sorts 
of weather and in all seasons. The facilities for the production of 
certain effects of light and the imitation of sun, moon, the stars, 
clouds etc. are such as to render the stage of the Auditorium justly^ 
famous. 

The entire appointment of the stage is the work of Mr. Kautsky 
of Vienna. The decoration of the house and the stage was in the 
hands of the painters Grover, Mige, Salvador, Fleury, Halloway and. 
others. 

The acoustics are excellent; heating and ventilation are in keep- 
ing with times. 

Banquet Hall. One of the most magnificent rooms of the Audi- 
torium, situated on the sixth floor, about in the middle of the build- 
ing. Access by hotel elevator. 

The hall is a rectangle, partly enclosed by simulated arcades; 
it has a gallery and two very elegantly furnished ante-chambers with, 
colored sky-lights. A rich decoration is displayed in order to relieve 
the heavy forms of the architecture. Walls and pilasters are sheathed 
to a hight of about six feet, with choice woods, partly in open work. 
Between the taper pillars are oil paintings which occupy the space as 
far as the semi-circular arched windows. The archivolts of the round 



206 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 

arches, about a foot deep, show gilded qnadratic ornaments, and the 
capitals of the pilasters bear rich carving in dark red wood. The 
ceiling is, by three beams running lengthwise and by seven running 
crosswise, divided into twenty-one panels bearing plastic ornamen- 
tation in olive green and gold. The electric lights are attached to 
twenty-one gilded fixtures of odd designs issuing from the crossings 
of the beams aud showing also rich ornamentation. There are ex- 
quisite stained glass paintings in the windows. 

The "Rookery." 

Thus is named the magnificent business structure occu- , 
pying the whole lot between La Salle, Adams and Quincysts. | 
and Rookery Court. Here stood formerly the old City Hall * 
which was after the great fire hastily erected in place of the 
one burned, and jokingly named 'Rookery' on account of the 
crowding necessitated by the inadequacy of its dimensions. 
This name was retained for the newbuilding which was erect- 
ed in its place and which is wholly unlike it. 

The "Rookery" is a building of twelve stories, is free on all 
sides and has about the form of a cube. The two lowest stories are 
formed by massive squares of grey granite whose heavy appearance is 
somewhat neutralized by ten large columns of polished red granite. 
From the second story up, tlie building consists of fire-proof brick and 
iron. The plastic ornamentation is almost exclusively executed in j 
ten-a-cotta. The two principal entrances in the facades on Adams 1 
and La Salle sts. are of imposing dimensions. They are formed by 
large round arches built of massive granite squares and filled in with 
fine lattice work of forged iron. The capitals of the columns and the 
portals show interesting ornamentation hewn in stone. The brick 
walls of the remaining stories are enlivened by plastic ornaments, 
wide bands and settings of terracotta which are for the most part in 
Moorish style. The central tract on La Salle street begins with the 
large semi-circular arch, then runs up bordered by pilasters and has 
there a small balcony. The part above it which is more richly orna- 
mented, is flanked by massive round structures resembling bartizans 
and ending in pinnacles. 

A rather uncommon ornament are the three chandeliers of 
wrought iron placed at the three outside corners arid holding electric 
lights. 



BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 207 

The vestibule liclweeii tlie entiance and the elevators gives an 
impression of luxury. The ceiling, walls and stair cases are exclu- 
sively of white marble which is adorned with a few grooved and 
gilded ornaments in Moorish style. The large quadratic court in the 
interior of tlie building is lighted from above. The floor of this as 
well as IIkU of the vestibule is covered with charming Italian stone- 
mosaic which, with its colored ornamentation, forms a pleasing con- 
trast to the marble slabs of the walls. Opposite the main entrance 
leads a wide stair case to the gallery of the first story. The material 
there is again marble and iron. It is illuminated by two beautiful 
chandeliers of wrought iron and bronze, each of which contains 
twenty-eight electric lights. The inner court is, at the hight of the 
second story, closed by a roof of glass supported by an iron frame 
which is painted white and gold. The vertical iron bars are below 
the glass roof coated with ornamented yellow tile, which harmonizes 
well with the rest of the court. The part of the court above the glass 
rocrf" makes a curious impression; the inside walls being constructed 
of glazed white bricks and the cross beams being coated, as in the 
first story, with gray and yellow tiles. A winding stair case of iron 
and marble leads from the first story to the top of the building. The 
view from the windows of the stair-case into the interior of the court 
is interesting. 

There are besides the stair-case eleven elevators which facilitate 
the access to all the floors in the building. 

The occupants are chiefly representatives of large, wealthy cor- 
porations: banks, railroads, etc. 

Rialto Building.— *S'/Vr.- 185 t<i 153 Van Buren st. 

Tlic hiiildiiiiT known by the name of Rialto is directly 
behind the Board of Trade, bein<? connected with the latter 
by a bridi:e from which the occnpants of the buildins; may 
pa.ss directly into the Exchanse Hall. 

The building which is very solid offers, in its exterior, nothing 
of great interest. The substructure is built of square stone with rough 
surface; the rest is of brick. The main facade, with a beautiful semi- 
circular arched entrance, is on Van Duren st. There are, besides, 
two other doors on the East and North sides. The five elevators and 
the two iron winding stair cases are in the centre, before the entrance 
from S'aeitic ave. The building contains only offices and is, accord- 
ingly, provided with the latest improvements. It is occupied by large 
insurance companies, railroads and banks. 



208 BUSINESS PUILDINOS. 

* The Royal Insurance Building is situated diagonally 
opposite the Board of Trade building, on Jackson st. (No. 165), 
extending to Quincy st. (No. 108). 

The ten story building, constructed of stone and iron, is con- 
sidered absolutely fire-proof. The main front on Jackson st. is, to its 
very top, of granite, and shows some sculptures. The English coat 
of arms is sculptured in the pediment. The two large semi-circular 
arched windows, above the basement, extending over two stories, are 
very effective. 

In the interior is a high rectangular court with 8 galleries. The 
railing of the stairs and galleries is of bronzed iron. The walls are 
covered with marble slabs of various colors. 

* Mailer Building.- *Sf/^p; 226 to 228 La Salle st. S. W. 
cor. Quincy st., opposite Grand Pacific Hotel. 

Among the new structures in the neighborhood of the Board of 
Trade towers Mailer Building with its twelve stories, overtopping all 
but the tower of the Board of Trade building. The first and second 
stories are constructed of gray granite with partly rough, partly smooth 
surface. The upper stories are of brick and terra-cotta. The only 
entrance, on La Salle st., is formed by a sculptured round arch sup- 
ported by granite columns and pilasters of the same material. A 
characteristic of this building is the bartizan on the corner, which 
p'ojecting at the level of the second story, is octagonal at its base and 
round in the upper part. It has many small windows resembling 
loop-holes. On each of the facades are two sets of wintlows which 
with their dark metal work and beautiful contours materially con- 
tribute to the good effect of the building. 

* Phenix Building.— A^iVf: 138 Jackson st. 

Phenix Building is the name of the large ten story 
palace situated East of the Board of Trade and opposite the 
Grand Pacific Hotel, on Jackson st. 

The structure whose massive facade attracts ot once the attention 
of the visitor, covers the entire distance between Clark st. and Pacific 
ave. and overtops all the surrounding buildings, except the Board of 
Trade. 

The basement and first story are constructed of red sand-stone, 
the other stories of brick and terracotta. The entrance is formed by 
a richly sculptured round arch fully 24 feet wide, Above it in the 



BTSINE^S Bni-l)l.\(iS. 2U9 

central part Uirce rows of windows with rich [jlaslic oniamenlation in 
terra-cotla. The pediment of this part, bearing a finely modelled 
phenix of terra-cotta, reaches licyond the base of the roof and is adorn- 
ed with finials. 

At the level of the eighth story a balcony runs around the building. 
The whole structure numbers among the most impressive buildings 
in this neighborhood. 

The vestibule and all passages and corridors are finished in white 
marble. The woodwork of the trimmings and furniture is in Cuban 
mahogany. The screens of the elevator shafts, the balustrades of the 
stair cases, galleries, etc. are partly of artificially oxydized wrought 
iron, partly of metal work bronzed by the galvanic process. 

The vie7i> from the window in the stair case on the top floor em- 
braces a part of the South side, from the break-water in the lake to 
the sugar refinery. From the roof, the view is unobstructed on all 
sides. The new structures in the neighborhood naturally first attract 
the attention of the observer. The tower of the Board of Trade 
building in the immediate neighborhood overtops the entire swr« 
roundings. 

* Insurance Exchange. — Site: 218 La Salle st. 

Opposite the llookery ris(\s the Insuranee Exchanf]fe, a 
teii-storj' building containing exclusively business rooms and 
offices. It extends from Adams to Quincj'^ sts. and has its 
main facade on La Salle st. 

The basement is constructed of solid granite squares; the other 
parts of the building of brick. The entrance on the main facade is 
formed by a large semi-circular arch with rich ornamentation. At the 
level of the fouth story is a balcony bordered by two massive structures 
resembling bartizans and terminating in cones crowned with finials. 
The remaining part of the walls is enlivened by numerous ornaments 
of terracotta and semi-circular arched windows on the first and the 
two highest stories. 

The vestibule is, in the ground plan, a square with two semi- 
circles at the sides. These semi-circles are semi-i'otundas crowned 
by a half-cupola. Walls and ceiling of the vestibule are covered with 
pretty terra-cotta ornaments. The stairs leading to the first story are 
in the two semi-rotundas. The passage under the stairs leads to the 
elevators. \n iron winding staircase projecting from the wall is m 
the background of the entrance hall, 



210 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 

* Temperance Temple.— Corner La Salle and Monroe sts. 

The Temperance Temple which, together with the Mason- 
ic temple, is to be completed on May 1st 1892, is another build- 
ing remarkable for its architecture. It is being built by the 
Woman's Temperance Building Association. The length of 
the La Salle st. front is 190 feet and of the Monroe st. front 
96 feet. 

The central structure which is to recede, on the West, i8 feet, 
on the East 30 feet from the building line, will be flanked, on the 
South and North, by two large wings 60 feet wide and in the whole 
width of Monroe st. front. The central structure is to be made ex- 
clusively of steel with a coating, on the first and second story, of dark 
gray granite, and from the third to the tenth story, of fine pressed brick. 
Above the tenth story will be the corona, and above this, three more 
stories in the terrace-like roof, which will, with its round finialsat the 
corners of the building, make a very picturesque impression. A large, 
round arch on La Salle st. will form the main entrance. On the roof 
of tlie central part will be placed a slender gilded structure 70 feet 
high, on the top of which a praying female figure will symbolize the 
destination of the building. The style is French Gothic. The build- 
ing, it is said, will bear a great resemblance to the well-known 
Pullman Building. 

The main part of the house will be let for business purposes. 
Three rooms on the first floor are already engaged by banks. On the 
first floor a large hall adorned with a fountain, statues, pictures etc., 
will be arranged for prayer-meetings for the removal of the liquor curse. 
The spacious entrance to the hall is likewise to be adorned with draw- 
ings and quotations referring to the temperance struggle. 

In the basement a large cafe will be opened. 

The interior decoration will be very sumptuous, and all modern 
improvements will be applied in the building. 

The cost of the whole structure is estimated at $i.000.000. 

Commerce Building. —'V/V^.- 14 and 16 Pacific ave. Ad- 
joining the Open Board of Trade building. 

The facade of this house consists almost exclusively of stone and 
iron pillars and wide windows. The entrance is formed by a large 
round arch extending over half the width of the structure. Three 
massive pillars i-esembling buttresses, made of square stone in rustic 
work divide the facade. The traverses are iron beams and narrow 



BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 211 

strips of biick masonry. There are a few sculptures at half-height of 
the building; the rest is plain. The eight-story structure is entirely 
taken up by ofticcs. 

Owing's Building. — Site: S. E. corner Dearborn and 
Adams sts. One of the latest business structures, on a corner 
lot, with some interesting architectural details. 

The spacious entrance with its large Gothic pediment reaching up 
to the third story and bearing rich ornamentation, is the most remark- 
able part of the building. The material of the substructure is stone, 
of the upper parts brick and terra-cotta, the whole appearing in a 
uniform gray tint. A steep roof and a bartizan picturesquely crown 
the structure. 

Adams Express Building.— <S^*Vr.- 181 - 189 Dearborn st., 
between Monroe and Adams sts. A large nine-story business 
structure of gray, square stone and brick. 

The entrance is formed i)y a large semi-circular arch which is 
divided into three sections. The interior is arranged plain but sub- 
stantial, having a marble vestibule, elegant elevators, electric illumi- 
nation, etc. 

The building contains, besides the offices of Adams Express Co., 
two banks, a telegraph office etc. 

Near by, 173-179 Dearborn St., on the S. E. corner of Monroe 
St. is the seven story brick structure of the Commercial National Bank. 

First National Bank.~<S'<Ve; 158-168 Dearborn street. 

The First National Bank owns the very solid building on 
the N. W. corner of Monroe and Dearborn sts., a seven story 
structure of stone and brick, fronting Dearborn st. 

The exterior is not remarkable. Entering through the gate 
flanked by massive granite columns, the visitor reaches the stair-cases 
and elevators. Directly behind the entrance is the bank, occupying 
the entire first floor. The numerous sections for the various trans- 
actions are grouped about a free central space antl separated from it 
by railings with windows. On the left of the entrance are the foreign 
correspondents and the foreign money-exchange. 

The banking room is covered by a glass roof above which are the 
offices of other firms. The interior thereby appears like a court border- 
ed by four galleries and covered at the top by a second glass roof. 



212 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 

* Tacoma Building.— Rivalling in height the Chamber of 
Commerce Building, the Tacoma rises on the N. E. corner of 
La Salle and Madison sts., a thirteen story structure of stone 
and iron, being numbered, on La Salle st., 129 to 133 and on 

Madison st., 149 to 157. 

The massive iron frame of the building is covered by brick mason- 
ry which is ornamented only by acanthus and other leaves. Seven sets 
of large bay windows, beginning on the first story and running up to 
the roof, break the front. The uppermost story has loggias. 

The interior is simple. Vestibule and corridors are coated with 
white marble slabs. The wood work is of oak. The disposition of 
the rooms is not very practical; but the lighting is excellent. Five 
elevators. From the uppermost window in the stair case a fair view 
may be gained toward the North East, extending to the lake. Still 
better is the view toward the West from the washing room (accessible) 
of the twelfth story. The fine bronze slabs on the ceiling of the stair 
case and the trellis-work and coating of iron and bronze deserve 
special mention. 

As an instance of the renting capacity of these large buildings, 
the fact may be mentioned that in the Tacoma every square foot in 
a room, nets, with the exception of the basement, $1.45 per year. 

** Chamber of Commerce Building.— /S/Ve: 134-142 East 
Washington st. One of the latest structures of gigantic di- 
mensions, situated opposite City Hall, on the S. E. corner of 
La Salle and Washington sts. 

The Chamber of Commerce building presents itself as a fourteen 
story structure of rather bald appearance, overtopping all of the sur- 
roundings. The basement and the lower stories are formed of the 
walls of the old Chamber of Commerce upon which rises the new 
structure of iron and hollow brick. The main entrance with its four 
massive columns is also a remnant of the old building. 

The interior contrasts favorably with the bald exterior. The 
floors all over the building are covered with beautiful Italian stone 
mosaic, each floor showing different designs. Passing the elevators, 
we reach the spacious inner court which, with its thirteen galleries, 
makes a wonderful effect. The railing oi the galleries is of bronze. 
The walls behind the galleries are, like those of all the corridors of 
the building, covered with white marble slabs to which are added, in 
the lower stories, wide strips of fine grayish brown and yellow marble. 



214 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 

The court is covered by a pretty glass roof supported by a system 
of iron beams. The galleries besides being joined to the walls, are 
supported by four iron columns reaching up to the very roof, in the 
round corners of the quadrangular court, and bearing beautifuU)^ 
ornamented bronze slabs. 

The stairs connecting the galleries, are constructed of iron and 
marble slabs an inch thick. The vertical parts are coated, like the 
pillars, with bronze slabs. — The nine elevators are screened by trellis- 
es of forged iron in Moorish style. The electric illumination of the 
building is very extensive. There are, in the galleries alone, over 
looo lamps. 

The view from the upper stories of the bustle in the two adjoin- 
ing streets, the colossal mass of the City Hall and Court House, the 
two entrances to the tunnel. La Salle ave, over Lincoln Park to the 
lake, the 'crib', and toward West, the numbeidess smoking chimneys, 
is very interesting. 

Chicago Opera House Building.— S. W. corner Clark and 
Washington streets., opposite the Court House. A ten story 
brick structure containing, besides the beautiful t Chicago 
Opera House, 300 offices. 

The building, well known lor its solidness, is absolutely fire- 
proof. Four elevators. Entrance to the offices on Clark street; to the 
theatre on Washington st. 

* The Masonic Temple, on the N. E. corner of State and 
Randolph sts. will be, when completed, the realization of a 
plan cherished for more than twenty years in Western Mason- 
ic circles. The dimensions of the building will be gigantic 
and the interior decorations most sumptuous; what will give 
the building a most characteristic air, is the fitting up of the 
first ten stories for stores. 

The structure which is to be completed on May 1st 1892, will 
have a front of 170 feet on State st., and of 114 feet on Randolph St., 
and be free on all sides. The frame is to be of steel, and the whole 
with its twenty stories to reach a hight of 265 feet. The first three 
stories will be coated with gray Wisconsin granite, and the others 
with gray brick, except the seventeenth which will be finished in terra- 
cotta. The plan shows a central main structure with two wings ler 
minating in steep gables and connected by the roof of the main part. 



BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 21,") 

The corona is on tlie seventeenth story. Above it are three more 
stories. It is planned to have on each side, up to the hfteenth story, 
three rows of projecting windows, and to finish each side in a homo- 
geneous style. A gigantic arch 42 feet high and 28 feet wide, in the 
middle of State St. front, will form the entrance. 

The sumptuous building will have an inner court with marble 
slabs of various colors, tasteful mosaic floors all over the house, a pro- 
fusion of onyx and oakwood, and beautiful bronze work on the stair- 
case will make an impression of great splendor. On the East side of 
the court will be placed fourteen passenger and two freight elevators. 
The house will be furnished with steam heat and the latest electric 
and pneumatic contrivances, 

A large cafe with accessory rooms will occupy the ground floor. 
The ten first floors will be, as was mentioned above, fitted up for 
stores; the middle section, from the eleventh to the sixteenth story 
is to be made into business offices; and the top part of the building, 
from the seventeenth to the twentieth story will be reserved for 
masonic purposes. A drill hall, a ro(mi for the blue lodges and a 
banquet hall are to occupy the seventeenth story. On the eighteenth 
story are to be a room for the consistory, the temple court of the 
Apollo Commandery and rooms for social purposes. The two last 
stories will be taken up by smaller chand)ers, refreshment rooms and 
a roof garden covered with glass. 

The estimated cost of the building is $2,000,000; the ground 
costs $1,500,000, and the entire expenditure will iherfore be $3,^00,000. 

Marshall Field & Co-Site: Adains st., Fifth ave., Frank- 
lin and Quincj' sts. This iniineiise warehouse which occupies 
an entire block, is one of the most strikin>^ buildings in the 
new wholesale district suggesting vaguely the castle-like 
palaces of early renaissance. 

It has eight stories, besides a high basement, ami is constructed 
of massive blocks of gray granite, eight feet long and several feet 
thick, and iron and brick. The surface of the granite blocks is rough 
which adds to the massiveness of the l)uilding. The windows of the 
seven stories, which are arranged in groups of four, show round and 
flat arches and rectangular form. For the rest, the building has no 
remarkable features. The main facade with the entrance is on Adams 
street. On the south side, on Ouincy street, freight is received and 
delivered. 

The basement serves principally for receiving room. In the first 
story are the offices and the shipping rooms, and in the remaining 



2in 



BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 



stories the sales and store rooms. The firm of Marshall Field & Co, 
is in its line, the first in the city and one of the first in the whole 
country, enjoys the reputation of being a model wholesale house, and 
has branches in the principal centres of commerce throughout Europe. 
The business of the firm in 1890 amounted to $35,000,000. 

The bustling activity in the interior of the house is of interest to 
the stranger. 




First National Bank Building. 



B. Letter's Building.— Zoc State street, between Van 
Buren and Congress sts. A large business palace of monu- 
mental appearance but monotonous exterior. It is set off 
effectively by the older buildings surrounding it. 

The eight story structure is made exclusively of iron and stone 
and has, owing to the large windows, a very light interior. The 
brick walls are, on the sides facing the streets, coated with large 
granite squares of a light gray shade. The interior is divided up into 
rooms by thin partitions. The larger part of the building is sup- 
ported by the iron frame work, the rest by the outside walls. 

Chicago Cold Storage Exchange. - Loc. South-west cor. 
West-Lake st. and Chicago lliver. The Chicago Cold Storage 
Exchange was called forth bj' the need in which the Chicago 
produce market, especially the fruit market, stood of a suf- 
ficiently large ice house. The double eleven story structure 
of brick and iron is most conveniently located, facing, on the 



ftUSINESS BlflLDlNOS. 217 

East, the river, on the North, one of the most frequented 
streets of the city, and beinj;; close to the tracks of the C., M. 
& St. p. 11. K. The dimensions of the building are as follows: 

East wing, 382 x 70 ft; West wing, 382 x 85 ft. Both parts are 
connected hy a court covered with a glass roof and named Cold Stor- 
age Arcade. It measures 36 x 382 ft. and is crossed hy a railroad 
track. 

The basements of the two wings which are directly accessible to 
vessels on the river side and to the railroad trains in the court, serve 
exclusively for receiving and shipping gooods. 

Each wing has, on the side facing the street, and on the level of 
the latter, three large stores; above them are offices, assembly rooms 
for brokers, commission merchants etc. The entire remaining part 
will serve at the same time for warehouse and refrigerator. 

The artificial cold is produced with the use of ammoniac, accord- 
ing to the system of the ammoniac ice machines; the evai)orating liquid 
ammoniac absorbing the warmth from the surrounding air. Hy spe- 
cial, simple contrivances the ammoniac is constantly kept in liquid 
form, so that the expenses of the plant are very inconsiderable. 
There is only an air-pump needetl for pressing the gas through the 
pipes, and a contrivance for regulating the supply of gas. 

The steam, ice and electric engines and the elevators cost $475,- 
000. There were 6,000 tons of iron and steel placed in the building. 
The entire cost of the establishment is estimated at $1,390,000. 

The immense storage rooms of the two refrigerators will be con- 
stantly filled by large quantities of fruit and produce. Eggs, butter, 
cheese and dried fruit arrive during April, May and June for storage 
for the fall and winter. When these articles are withdrawn, the space 
occupied Ly them is taken up by fruit, which is easily preservable, 
especially apples. There are besides stored all the year round, the 
various kinds of fruit from the North, West and South in the Chicago 
market. 

It is hoped that the moderate rates charged and the great capacity 
of these warehouses will greatly benefit the fruit and produce trade 
and cause a considerable reduction of the market prices. 

*Manhattan Building.— i/oc. 307 to 321 Dearborn street 
(near \'uii Biircn st). A massive sixteen stoiy building of 
striking architecture which favorablj' contrasts with the sur- 
rounding monotonous structures. 

The three lowest stories are built of large squares of gray granite 



218 



BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 



with rough surface; the remaining part of the building is constructed 
of grayish yellow brick and terra-cotta. The facade is enlivened by 
ihe nine bay windows which appear from the fourth to the eleventh 
story and are trilateral in the centre section of the building ; the 
others have two sides with the edges rounded ofl. The bay windows 
and the base of the twelfth and sixteenth stories are profusely decor- 
ated with terracotta ornaments. The remaining four stories are in 
simple taste. 

Home Insurance Building. 

At the N. E. corner of La 
Salle and Adams sts., is the 
large ten-story Home Insur- ( 
ance Building, erected in 1884 ^ 
and 1885. 

The first and second sfory are 5 
constructed of large squares of 
granite with rough surface, the 
rest of brick and reddish grey 
building stone. The walls are en- 
livened by rectangular ornaments i 
in terra-cotta. The most impres- 
sive part of the facade is the large 
entrance which has four double 
doors and is flanked by four large 
columns of polished granite whose 
acanthus capitals support a massive 
balcony. There are two other 
balconies in the central section of Tacoma Building. 

the building. The trellis of wrought iron behind the'glass window of 
the door is worthy of special mention. 

The vestibule and the two wide stair-cases leading to the first 
story are coated with marble. The ceiling which is gently vaulted is 
supported by four massive iron pillars. Four elevators run to and 
from the upper stories. An interesting view of the surrounding streets 
and buildings and the lake may be gained from the top sUny or from 
the roof, which is bordered by a balustrade. 

The Home Insurance Building is lighted by electricity and is 
generally acknowledged to be one of the most solid office buildings in 
Chicago. 




BUSINESS BUILDINOS. 219 

Pullman Building.— i^oc S. W. cor. Michigan Ave. and 
Adams St. 

The Pullman building, named after its owner, the well 
known rail road car manufacturer, i.s a solid, impressive ten 
^tory structure of granite and brick. 

Although the walls are smooth and the ornamentation is concen- 
trated upon a small part, yet the variously shaped windows, loggias 
and bartizans divide up the masses so as to produce a pleasing effect. 
Without having a pronounced style, the building suggests some old 
buildings of the North German cities. 

The basement is constructed of heavy squares of gray granite 
pvith rough surface. All the remaining part of the building is of brick 
with sparse terracotta ornaments. On the main facade on Adams st. 
:he granite squares in the basement are replaced by nine beautiful 
Init rather low pillars of polished granite which support on their pal- 
metto capitals, eleven round arches, thus forming pretty arcades, 
rhese arcades and the whole facade are in the middle interrupted by 
he interior court, which here opens into the street. The two halves 
are however, connected with each other by the vestibule which isen- 
:ered Ihrough a massive semi-circular arch reaching from one wall to 
lo the other. Another very effective part of the building are the 
Four rows of loggias placed above one another and showing partly 
^imple, partly interlaced arches. They begin on the fourth and fifth 
itories and are most effective on the facade on Michigan Ave. where 
hey form the upper half of the central section. 

The lower part is chiefly occupied by the entrance, a spacious flat 
>rch on massive pillars which is, at the level of the first story, overtop- 
)fd by a fine semi-circular arch. On the same side are, besides, two 
.mall balconies on the ninth story. 

The most striking part of the building are, besides the large arch 
)ver the entrance, the four bartizans of which some are semi-circular, 
ithcrs form three-quarters of a circle and distinctly project from the 
ivalls, with the exception of that on the North-west side. The two 
nner ones flanking the interior court, are covered with roofs of the 
ihape of a bell; the two on the outside have conic roofs. A further 
irnament on the uppermost jiarl of the Imildiiig are the moulding 
ind the fluted chimneys. 

The large arches over the entrance, which mokes an imposing 
mpression with its heavy crowning richly decorated with terracotta, 
esls on massive pyramidic granite blocks from which it is separated 
ay an interesting palmetto capital. The ante room is coated halfway 



220 



BUSINESS BTTTLDINaS. 



up with dull, greyish green granite slabs, the remaining part is decor 
ated with fine terra cotta ornaments. The double staircase of while 
marble, showing sculptures at various places, sets off effectively from 
that dark material. Glass roof. 

The interior is decorated in that ricli and solid manner character- 
istic to this class of new buildings. 

The view from the roof is very interesting. ( From the ninth 
floor through sliding door on west side along staircase and corridor. 
Free access.) 

The Hiram Sibley FireproofWarehouse.-iyw. Nos. 2 

to 8 Clark St. (between the river and the tracks of the Chi- 
cago and Northwestern R. R) 

The Sibley warehouse, erected in 1884, is a model of its kind, 
the finest warehouse in the country 
and as a whole surpassing even 
the renowned Manhattan warehouse 
in New York, and the Boston Storage 
Warehouse in Boston. The massive 
thoroughly fireproof structure is ad- 
miral)ly situated between the river 
and the railroad tracks, and faces at 
the same time, with its front of 190 
feet length, one of the chief thorough- 
fares of the city. The warehouse is 
constructed of iron and brick and hol- 
low tile, and bears on its main front 
plastic ornaments in terracotta. The 
forms of the facades are simple, show- 
ing round and flat arches, long pilas- 
ters etc., and a trellis crowning. 
The whole structure is divided into 
three parts, two of which ( A and B) 
contain each a basement and eight stones, 
house C" is only a low addition. 

In the Ijasement are the railroad tracks, the fireproof vaults and 
all the necessary machinery for receiving and shipping goods from 
and to railroad cars and vessels. Of the remaining eight stories, 
a part on the river front which extends over 240 feet, is reserved for the 
U. S. Bonded Warehouse; another part facing Clark St. is made into 
stores and offices, and the rest of the building is the warehouse proper, 
containing three light shafts, two skylights and seven elevator; I 




the third, the "Ware- 



222 



BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 



which that behind the main entrance on Clark st., serves for hoisting 
laden wagons. It has a capacity of 15,000 lbs. 

The house is constructed in such a manner that every square foot 
of the floor supports 500 lbs. The cost of construction amounted to 
half a million. 

All sorts of goods are received for storage, excepting self-ignit- 
ing or explosive articles. The rates differ according to location and 
extension of the space selected, and value and description of goods. 




Buffet Libraty Smoking Car, Michigan Central R. R. . 



Educational Institutions. 



The educational affairs of the city of Chicago have kept 
pace, in every respect, with the other phases of development 
(»f the cit3', and form a branch of the city administration of 
whicli it maj' well be proud. The first so-called school in the 
city was the Sjiroat School for boys, opened in 1833 in a 
church on Water st. near Franklin. Chicago 'was then still 
in its very infancy. "We heard," wrote a lady-teacher of the 
school to a friend, "the howling prairie wolves day and night, 
and met them on our way to school ; and we were not a little 
tiniioyed by the Indians. These could at last be borne with, 
but the greatest evil was the marshy condition of the ground. 
Hul)bers only served to stick the wearer in the mud ; and so 
I had to have a pair of high men's boots made to enable me 
to pursue my calling." 

In October of the same year the city allowed itself to be 
misled by the price of real estate, which had been raised by 
>peculation, into selling the largest part of the school lands, 
rhis was the most consequential financial transaction in the 
listory of the city, a thing that at the time, of course, could not 
DC foreseen. At a public sale 1-40 of the 144: blocks of school 
ands were disposed of, on one, two and throe years' time, 
■or the sum total of $138,619.47; the last four blocks the city 
)wns to-day, and they are valued at $3,000,000. The present 
,'alue of the above-mentioned 140 blocks is not appraised too 
ligh at $100,000,000. 

In 18^54 the Sproat School was transformed into a public 
school, and made a free school in 1835 by legislative enact- 
uent. At the close of the year there were three public and 
'our private schools. The first effort, made in 1865, to intro- 
iucc the (lornian language into the lower grades of the ])ub- 
ic school system was favorably received; the adoption of this 
nstruction. subject to the choice of the pupil, has increased 
jonstantly, and was shared in by 30,148 pupils in 1889. 



224 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

The public school system comprises three divisions, viz: 
the Primary School, the Grammar School and tne High 
School ^ each of which ehibraces the instruction in four grades, 
or twelve Rvndes In all. Each of the three divisions of the city 
has a ffifjh School. 

The instruction in the first eight grades brings the pupil 
to the close of an education sufficient for common life; the 
high schools seek to give the training of the preparatory 
schools for colleges. Then there are connected with the in- 
struction in the first eight grades, instruction concerning the 
human body and its functions, good manners, character-build- 
ing, obedience to the laws, etc.; and (for all the schools) gym- 
nastic drill, dumb-bell exercises, etc. The instruction in 
gymnastics, which was first introduced in 1885, has gradually 
become a part of the instruction in all the schools. 

In the primary schools the pupils are exercised in calis- 
thenics only. These exercises consist of simple muscular 
movements of the arm and foot, arm and trunk, trunk and 
foot, and marching and breathing exercises, The arrange- 
ment is such that all parts of the body are brought into play 
during the lesson. A number of the simple exercises used in 
the primary schools are executed in alternation in two in- 
stead of four counts. For instance, when one arm is raised 
the other is lowered. These counter and dissimilar exercises 
when executed by a class divided into two sections, present a 
beautiful picture, and the interest shown by the children is a 
source of much encouragement to the teachers. The primary 
departments are visited by the teachers twice each month. 

In the grammar schools smooth wooden wands an inch in 
diameter and three feet long, and wooden dumb-bells, shel- 
laced, having a combined weight of one pound, and eleven 
inches long are used as an aid to the physical training of the 
scholars. Wand and dumb-bell exercises are practiced once 
a week in all the grammar schools, and once a week the pupils 
are put through calisthenic exercises. 

The gymnastic training in the high schools ia similar to 
the above; but here the grown-up pupils bring mare intelli- 
gence \Q b^ar upon it, Qnjy the South Division High SqIiqoI 



EDUCATIONAL IXSTITI TIONS. 225 

has real apparatus, suili as ]iulliii,ii' luafhiues, rings, horizontal 
bars, etc., which are the private property of the jnipils. 

The irymnastic exercises have proved themselves very 
beneficial to the general instruction. The hitherto pale, thin 
faces show a healthy color, girls and boys sjain perseverance 
and desire, and love for study has everywhere markedly in- 
creased. 

The city moreover has a 3fannfil TrainuKj School, viXxo^a 
jilan of instruction is Tiearly tlie same as that of the (Miicaso 
Manual Training School, which is elsewhere described in 
detail. 

The system of free schools includes also twenty-five eve- 
ning kcJk mis /in which instruction is given principally from 
October till March; in these schools the teachers number 1!'5, 
and the average attendance of pupils is 3,150. There are also 
five schools for the deaf and dnwh. with five teachers and 47 
pupils. 

The city owns 98 school hin'ldhir/s, of which 58 have been 
erected since 1880. Nearly all are well adapted to educa- 
tional purposes. The building most recently erected is the 
Doiujlas School, at the corner of Forest ave. and 32d st. The 
08 school buildings are valued at $4,086,400, and the grounds 
belonging to them at |1.513.00(; ; or a total of |(!.199,40(j. To 
this must be added the school land mentioned in the opening 
of this article, valued at $8,000,000, and other property to the 
amount of $400,000, which together bear an annual income of 
over $500,000. Thus the total value of school properti/ xeaLdhes, 
the sum of nearly $10,000,000. 

A complete description of the broad and model system of 
the public schools is, of course, beyond the scope of this book. 
It may, however, be remarked here that the city of Chicago 
has always been generously mindful of her public schools. 

Indeed, the last annual appropriation reached $4,500,000. 
more than is devoted annually to educational puri)oses in any 
of the bordering States of Iowa, Indiaiui or "Wisconsin. 

The development of the system of public schools is shown 
in the appended table : 



226 



F.DTTCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



EXTRACT FROM SCHOOL CENSUS SHOWING COM- 
PARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



For year ending 



845 
850 
855 
860 
866 
870 
875 



Total En- 
rollment in 


Number 


the Public 


of 


Schools 


Teachers 


317 




1,051 


9 


1,919 


21 


6,8z6 


42 


14.199 


123 


24,851 


265 


38,939 


557 


49,121 


696 


73,881 


895 


79,276 


..296 


83,022 


1,440 


84,902 


1,574 


89,578 


1,663 


93.737 


1.768 


135,551 


2,842 



Total Amount 
paid for current 
expenses. 



2,277 


53 


15,626 


73 


49,612 


43 


162,383 


79 


414,655 


70 


552,327 


37 


583,037 


00 


917,182 


79 


1,023,358 


15 


1,121,722 


26 


1,254.837 


02 


1,361,650 


90 


2,021,779 


00 



3. 

6, 

16, 

69, 

219, 

527. 

662, 

691, 

967, 

1,037, 

1.135. 

1,888, 

2,244 

3.787 



413-45 
037-97 
546-13 
630.53 
198.66 
741.60 
093-47 
536-07 
387-74 
445-39 
307-74 
,678.07 
761.00 
222.00 



Besides her public schools, Chicago has a large number 
of private schools, part of which have become increasing]}' 
prominent during the last decade, part of which have been 
lately called into life by large endowments, or are about to be 
established. 

Thus, alongside of the gigantic material growth of Chica- 
go, there is seen a great intellectual progress, and the flourish- 
ing condition of her educational life is an object of just pride 
to the citizens of Chicago. 

Already Chicago possesses more theological schools than 
any other city in the United States, and they are all pros- 
perous and in possession of large means Beside the two 
great institutions, Northwt'.stern Unioersity and Lake F'oresf 
University, with their branch institutions ; the new Baptist 
U7iiversity, with a vigorous administration and an endowment 
of $5,000,000, is about to enter the held of education. 

The great need of the city, however, is the establishment of 
a polytechnic institution of the first rank. It is at present the 
intention of the Northwestern University to establish one, 



EDrOATlONAL INSTITUTIONS. 22 



Sli 



When to this is added the poli'tcchiiic institute that may 
soon be exi)ected from the rich i^ift (ll.OiKMHKI) of the Lewis 
brothers, Chieairo will be represented also in this respect, in 
a manner becoming to her importance in other respects. 

In 1889 a Compuhory Education Law went into cifect 
in Illinois, requiring parents and guardians to send all chil- 
dren between seven and fourteen j'cars of age to some public 
or private school at least sixti'cn weeks in the year. At the 
saHie time the law provided that no school shall be regarded 
as a school unless there shall be taught therein, in the En- 
(jli.sh htiKjiuuje, reading, writing, arithmetic, history of the 
United States, and geography. This last ])roviso found much 
ojujosition by the jirivate schools, especially those denomina- 
tioiuil schools that give their instruction in the language of 
tlicir nationality, and has since become an important factor 
in the State elections of this and other States. 

The number of teachers and i>upils attending the Kin- 
dergarten, i)rivate and parochial schools and business colleges 
of Chicago is as follows ; 

Tcacliers. Pupils. 

Kiiulcryarlcii 219 3)941 

I'livale schools 402 7»369 

Church or parochial schools 1,089 5°) 172 

Husiness colleges 144 3j534 

Following is a survey of tlie more noteworthy private in- 
stitutions : 

a) General Schools. 

Northwestern TJniversity. - *SV/r.- Evanston, 12 miles 
north of Court House. Accoix: Either the Chic. & North- 
western or the Chic, Milw. & St. Paul Klls. Trip: :^ min.: 
Round Trip: 6() cents. 

This University is ihc most iniiiortant educational institution of 
Chicago. Its difFercnt branches are located, partly in F.vanston and 
partly in Chicago. The Preparatory School, the College of Liberal 
Arts, the Garrett Bil'lieal Institute, \.\\g N^or7oegian- Danish Theolo- 
gical School and Swedish Theological Seminary, the Consei~vatory of 
Music and \hc School of Oratory a.ie in Y.\a.nsioi\; and the Chicago 



228 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

Medical College, the Union College of La7o, the Illinois College of 
Pharmacy, and the College of Dental and Oral Surgery, are In 
Chicago. 

The departments located at Evanston occupy ten buildings, in 
eluding the Woman's College building, which lies somewhat apari 
from the others, with the Ladies'" Cottage to the West of it for the 
female students; all in the midst of a luxurious growth of trees and in 
a charming situation on the shore of Lake Michigan. 

From either of the two depots, the group of university buildings 
is reached by passing- along the street called University Place in a 
north-easterly direction, and past the stately five story Woman's Col- 
lege building, situated to the left. Through the entrance at the 
southwest corner one reaches first the University Hall, an imposing 
four story Gothic structure with a tower that is visible at a great dis- 
tance. It contains the J\hcseut?i with i '5,000 botanical and 20,000 
zoological specimens, and fine collections in niineralogy, lithology, 
palaeontology and anthropology; and the biological laboratory, which 
is equipped with excellent microscopes. To the right is the I/all of 
Science, a fine two story building with two wings, containing the de- 
partments of physics and chemistry. Farther to the right is the Pre- 
paratory School, and directly north from this, by the lake is Xhegym- 
nasium. North of the University Hall lies Heck Hall, with rooms 
for the students. Still farther north comes Memorial Hall, with the 
library containing 24,000 volumes and 12,000 pamphlets, reading 
room and recitation rooms; and Garrett Biblical Institute, a fine 
structure of pressed brick, with a pretty tower. To the northwest 
and somewhat apart, is the Dormitory Building, occupied by stu- 
dents, mostly theologues ; and northeast of this is the ^tc'^(//V/^ //^t"^- 
logical Seminary. The astronomical observatory closes "up the group 
of buildings. 

The university in all its branches contained, in 1890, 100 pro- 
fessors and I960 students. By the investment of its means many 
years ago in real estate which has since then risen enormously in value, 
the university has been placed in possession of the large annual in- 
come of $125,000. The ground on which the west half of the Grand 
Pacific Hotel stands to-day, was bought in June, 1852, for f 8,000, and 
is valued now at more than $1,000,000. 

Preparatory School. This department of the university receives 
pupils wlio have reached the age ot thirteen years and have a common 
school education. The principal aim of this institution is to prepare 
young people of both .sexes for the university. There is, however, in- 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 229 

struction given in a shorter course for special cases. The regular 
courses in the preparatory school are the classical, the philosophical, 
the scientific, and the course in modern literature, 'iiie completion 
of any one of these courses, which occupy from three to four years, 
secures admission to the College of Liberal Arts a department of the 
same university; and equals the preparation required by the oldest 
colleges in the country. The students enjoy the free use of the library 
and the gyntnasiiitn. The large and valuable collections of the Uni- 
versity Mttsi'iiin are used tt) illustrate the instruction. 

The Woman's College is also a branch of Northwestern Uni- 
versity. Its aim is to make a college education accessible to women, 
who are admitted to all the undergraduate departments and to all the 
professional schools except the Rush Medical College. 

The (."ollege building is a handsome brick structure, which with 
the Coiiegc' Cottage \y\\\^ near by, furnishes a home for the ladies. 

Lake Forest University. — Site: Lako Forest, Illinois, 28 
miles north of Court House. Accvxs: See List of Suburban 
Stations. 

The Lake Forest University comi)risesan Uaderqrnduate 
I)i pnrtvitnt, located at Lake Forest, and Pro/essioiKtl Dejmrt- 
Diiiifs, located parti J' at Lake Forest and partly in Chicago. 

The UitdeiujrddiKtfc Dfjxirtnunf includes four distinct 
schools: Ldke Forest Collcijc, Ferry Ci>U('(je for Womni, 
Frrrfi Ildll Seminary, and Lalce Forent Acadrtny. 

The Professional Departments comprise three faculties: 
those of Law, Medicine and Philosophy. The Law and Me- 
dicine Faculties, located at Chicago, include the Chicago Col- 
lege of L(iH\ Rush Medical College, and the Chicago College 
of Dental Surgery. The Philosopliieal Faculty is located at 
Lake Forest, and has in charge the graduate courses intended 
to give preparation for the profession of Teaching, for Jour- 
nalism, and other Literary Work. 

The college possesses a working library, and additions are made 
as i)ooks are needed either for reference or for research. A notable 
addition of late is the Kcifferscheid library containing about four 
thcnisand volumes, anmiig which many works of rarity and great value 
to the specialist in the ancient languages, as well as a wide range of 
works useful to students pursuing other branelu-s. 



230 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

The college reading room is supplied with the best periodicals in 
English. 

The Physitiil Laboratory has a sufiicient supply of apparatus to 
enable the students to study, experimentally, the phenomena usually 
treated of in the best text-books. It has also a few pieces well adapted 
to more advanced work. The Biological Laboratory is furnished with 
the Lest microscopes (Zeiss's and Leitz's), microtoms, and a full set of 
appliances and re-agents for the treatment of tissues according to the 
latest methods. The Chemical Laboratory provides the student with 
a complete assortment of chemicals and chemical apparatus. 

The Lake Forest College requires for admission a high standard 
of preparation, and offers to students a classical and a scientific course ; 
each extending over four years. During the first two years, studies 
in both courses are prescribed; but during the last two, numerous 
elective and optional studies afford opportunity for a wide choice of 
subjects in accordance with individual tastes. 

The Ferry College for Women admits ladies only. It provides 
two courses, classical and scientific. The classical.course is almost 
identical with that of Lake Forest College, and leads to the degree of 
B. A. The scientific course corresponds in general with the scientific 
course of Lake Forest College, but gives more attention to the modern 
languages and the fine arts; it leads to the degree of B. Sc. 

The Ferry Hall Seminary prepares young ladies to enter Lake 
Forest College, Ferry College, or any other college admitting ladies. 
It provides, also, a seminary course, which leads to the degree of 
Bachelor of Letters, a course in music leading to the degree of Bache- 
lor of Music, and special courses for young ladies who do not wish to 
enter college. 

There are three Preparatory Courses, — Classical, Scientific, and 
Z/Vt';-rt;;', either of which prepares for admission to the Seminary course. 

A feature of some prominence -in the Seminary is a practical and 
theoretical course in art. 

Training in elocution is given to all students in the school. With 
physical culture as a basis, special attention is paid to voice culture, 
and also to the art of expression both in voice and gesture. The prin- 
ciples of Delsarte underlie all the instruction given. 

In connection with the seminary is a library and a well equipped 
gynmasitiiit. 

The Lake Forest Academy prepares boys to enter the best 
American colleges. 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 231 

It aims in general, at two points— teaching and training. To meet 
the ilitileient needs and tastes of students, it provides three courses — 
Chissical, l.atin-Scienlific, and Scientific. 

The students of the Academy have access to two Academy Read- 
ing-rooms; and to the Library of Lake F"orest College, subject to the 
regulations laid down by the Librarian. The students of the scien- 
tific department of the Academy have laboratory facilities in the 
Academy, as well as the privilege of using the laboratory and cabinets 
of Lake Forest College. 

Boys from out of town live either in the dormitory or Mitchell 
Hall, all being under direct charge of the Academy Masters. 

University of Chicago. -The University of Chicago, whose 
iniuiediate erection near the paric known as Midway Plaisance, 
is now impending, with its able nianajj;enient and extraordi- 
nary endowment of five million dollars, bids fair to become 
one of the most important educational institutions in the 
country. The university is to be opened on the first of Octo- 
ber, lSil2. 

The University of Chicago, it is believed, will fullfiU the highest 
expectations. Only its divinity school will be under denominational 
control. Its college of liberal arts, college of science, college of liter- 
ature, college of practical arts, law school, medical school, school of 
engineering and electricity, school of pedagogy, school of fine art 
and school of music will be opened as soon as buildings can be se- 
cureil. Its special courses of lectures in various parts of the city, its 
evening courses in college and university subjects, its correspondence 
courses, special course in the Bible in its original languages and trans- 
lations, its library extension plan and its generous practical proposal 
for aiding stiulents in the purchase of books and other expenses, com- 
mend it heartily to all classes of our people. Its ground plan is the 
broadest, most sincere and most democratic ever devised for a great 
public institution. 

Chicago Athenaeum.— .S/V^'.- 18-20 E. Van Buren street. 

The Cliiea!:;(» Atlien;euni is an institute, which has been 
in existenee for twenty years, and has for its object the train- 
ing of young people of both sexes in the fields of language, 
science, and many useful arts and accomplislnuents. Although 
it originated with the Chicago Young Men's Christian Asso- 



232 EDTTCATIONAL INStlTT'TIOjJS. 

ciation, the institution is conducted free from all religious in- 
fluence, and without reference to financial gain; its avowed ob- 
ject is to make the success of its students easier by physical 
and intellectual culture. Owing to this liberal and independent 
attitude, the Athenaeum enjoj's a large and continually in- 
creasing roll of students and members, which during the last 
year numbered over 1000, and were drawn partly from Illinois 
and the neighboring states. 

Instruction is given liy twenty-two teachers, five days in the week 
during the day and in the evening, and as far as possible is adapted 
to the individual capacity of the student. The following subjects are 
taught: reading, grammar, history, compositon, arithmetic, algebra, 
geometry, geography, penmanship, bookkeeping, correspondence, steno- 
graphy, tvpcwriting, English literature, German, French, Latin, 
rhetoric, (^declamation, public speaking and parliamentary practice), 
architectural, free-hand and mechanical draiving, music [vocal, piano 
and violin), turning, and fencing. And special courses in physics, 
chemistry, trigonometry and technology are arranged when there are 
at least seven applicants for work in those lines. Moreover, a number 
of associations of a social and literary character, such as the Shakespeare 
Class, the Goethe Club, and others, give the members offportunity 
both for the pursuit of special branches of knowledge and the culti- 
vation of social intimacy. 

The Athenteum has also under its control the inheritance of the 
Chicago Mechanic'' s Institute, and from an endowment of the latter 
called the 'Asel Peck Fund', gives yearly instruction to about 150 
students in chemistry, electro technology, technical drawing and re- 
lated subjects. And the Soper School of rhetoric, ?nusic anil decla- 
mation is connected with the AthenKum. 

Finally, the institution possesses special iacilities for preparing 
young women for the work of teaching and young men for the uni- 
versity. 

A large library and reading rooms provided with periodicals, 
(which are free for the use of visitors and friends), furnish an addition- 
al means of culture. 

Since March, 189I, the institute has been in possession of its 
own home, the Athenaeum Building, 18 Van Buren St.; one of the 
finest school buildings in the country. The seven story structure, 
erected at a cost of $280,000, is built principally of iron and pressed 
brick; and has a simple and elegant appearance. The floors and walls 



!||L,.;|!!,V[|||||j!j||||![l| 




234 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

of the halls as well as the stairways, are of marble; the woodwork is 
ol polished oak. The building is well lighted and ventilated and has 
two electric elevators. 

The rooms are grouped around a covered court. In the basement 
there are the s-iuimming and shoiuer bat /is, two howling alleys, a racket 
lourt (at the bottom of the covered court), \.\\e fencing rooms and the 
gymnasium. The latter is two stories high, and has, besides a com- 
plete outfit, a gallery at the level of the second story, with a circular 
running track five feet wide. 

In the first story are reception rooms, the ojjices, and a barber 
shop. The next three stories have large, well lighted rooms, a part of 
which are used as school rooms, and a part of which are rented. In 
the fifth story there is the school of music, (esthetic gymnastics and de- 
clamation, etc. ; in the sixth are the offices of the superintendent, the 
library, li'ritingznd reading rooms, recreation rooms, and the Athemv- 
um assembly hall. The seventh story is to be reserved for artists' 
studios. ?'or particulars address: E. I. Galvin Superintendent. 

Chicago Manual Training School.— /S'cYe.- N. 1^ . corner 
Michigan ave. and 12th street 

The Chicago Manual Training School owes its origin to 
the Commercial Club of Chicago. The school which has been 
in existence since 1888, has proved to be very practical, and 
is the forerunner of a large number of similar institutions in 
the United States, which were called into life by this one. 

The purpose of the school is practical instruction in the use of 
tools in connection with instruction in mathematics, dratving, and the 
English studies of an ordinary high school. The use of tools includes 
carpenter's and joiner's work, turning, modeling, soldering, and work- 
ing on metal in the machine shop. The manual training aims, not so 
much at a one-sided training for a particular trade, as at an all round 
technical training, by a varied use of instruments. 

The instruction embraces two courses of twenty weeks each, cost- 
ing 40, 50 and 60 dollars for the first, second and third courses re- 
spectively. Provision has been made, however, for the free tuition 
of gifted and indigent boys. One hour of the time is devoted to in- 
struction in drawing, two hours to work in the workshops, and the 
rest to the ordinary subjects of study. 

The pupils produce very acceptable work in wood and metal; and 
they have made a large part of their own tools, also a six horse power 
steam engine which is in use in the upper class. The annual ex- 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 235 

hibition of the work clone in free-hand and mechanical drawing reveals 
very praiscwortliy results. 

'Those seeking admission to the sciiool must have reaclu-d llu- 
age of fourteen years, must liave a common school education, and a 
good moral character. 

The school hours range from 9:00 a. m. to 3:40 p.m. with an inter- 
mis'^ion of 30 minutes for dinner. The attendance in 1890-91 was 155. 

Since 1884 the school has been in possession of its own building, 
a neat four story brick structure with a high basement and a large, 
slate-covered mansard roof. The main front is on I2th street, with 
the /urge' entrance designed by one of the pupils of the institution. 

The basement contains a dining room, the large forge, and the 
machine room; the first story contains the offices and school rooms, 
while the remaining three stories are taken up with more school 
rooms, workshops, the laboratory, etc. 

Cook County Normal School.— »S'/Vf^'.- Stewart ave. near 
(JTtli f^t. Acct&s: Vail Burcii and Sherman sts. depot. Round 
Trip: 80 cents. 

This is a county institution for the education of com- 
petent teachers for tlie i)ublic schools. Instruction is given 
free to those who live in the county, and outsiders are obliged 
to pay a small tuition fee. 

Minerva Institute. — Site: Ravenswood; 5.8 miles north 
of Court House. ^lrcv.s.v: Chicago & Northwestern RR. 22 min. 
RitKiul Trip: 80 cents. A boarding and day school for girls 
situated at n. e. corner Paulina st. and Berteau ave. Dlnx-tnxs: 
Mrs. Amalia Ende. 

This most favorably known school endeavors to equip young girls 
with a harmonious education for practical and social life. The regular 
course of study comprises the German and English languages, mathe- 
matics, natural science, history, literature, drawing, ]^ainting, singing, 
gymnastics, handiwork, with French and Latin forelectives. The musi- 
cal instruction under the direction of the well known musician, Mr. 
Hernhard Zichn, meets with honorable recognition even from the 
musical press. The pu])ils also receive instruction in dancing and 
house kee|)ing. 

The situation of the school in the quiet and plea'sant suburb is 
most convenient and from a hygienic point of view all that could be 
desireil. 



236 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

The German-English School for boys and ^irls, is located 
at 621 & 623 N. Wells st. A creation of the Grernian-English 
school association. Director: L. Schutt. 

The two story school-house is light and airy and excellently ar- 
ranged. Course of studies identical with that of the public schools. 
Special attention is paid to English and German which is taught after 
the German method. The pupils are, besides, instructed in German 
literature, French and, in the higher classes, in all the branches 
taught in the public high schools. Instruction in handiwork for girls. 
Six teachers of both sexes. 

St. Xavier's Academy.— »S/«e.- Corner Wabash ave. and 
29th St. A boarding and day school for young ladies. It is 
conducted by the Sisters of Mercy. 

It occupies one of the handsomest buildings devoted to education- 
al purposes in the city, built of brick willi stone trimmings and very 
spacious. No undue influence is exercised over the religious opinions 
of non-Catholic pupils; however, for the sake of order, all are required 
to conform to the external discipline of the institution. The course of 
study embraces a primary, grammar, and graduating department, in- 
strumental and vocal music, drawing and painting. 

St. Ignatius College. - Site: West 12th st., near Blue 
Island ave. A college for the higher education of the cath- 
olic youth of Chicago and vicinity. Conducted by Fathers of 
the Society of Jesus. 

The studies pursued in the college comprise the doctrines and 
evidences of the Catholic religion. Logic, Methaphysics, Ethics, 
Astronomy, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Mathematics, Rhetoric, 
Composition, Elocution, History, Geography, Book-keeping, Arith- 
methic, the Latin, Greek, English, German and French Languages 
and literature. 

The college is intended for day scholars only. The collegiate 
year is divided into two terms, the first beginning on the first Monday 
of September, the second on the first Monday of February. Students, 
hov/ever, are received at any time during the year. At the close of 
each term the several classes are subjected to a thorough examination 
in the branches studied during the previous half year. The annual 
commencement is held on the last Wednesday in June, when degrees 
are conferred and premiums awarded. 

On completing the studies of the Collegiate Department, those 
who prove deserving of the distinction receive the degree of Bachelor 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 237 

of Arts. Subsequently, by devoting one year more to the study of 
philosophy, or two years to any of the learned professions, they may 
obtain the degree of Master of Arts, if the Board of Managers be satis- 
fied with their proficiency and moral conduct. 

Though the government of the institution is mild rather than 
severe, yet, for the maintaining of order and discipline, without which 
good results are not attainable, strict obedience, assiduous application 
and blameless conduct are required of every student. Any serious 
neglect of these essential points renders the offender liable to effective 
correction and even to dismission. 

Illinois Military Academy.— >S^<7e: Morgan Park, Ills., 
13 miles south of the Court House. Access: Van Burcn and 
Sherman sts depot; Ride: 55 minutes; Hound Trip: 75 cents. 

The Illinois Military Academy is a boarding and da.y 
school for boys, with a military cast; it is strictly non-sect- 
arian. The academy occupies a tine three story building which 
contains the different school rooms. 

The aims of the Academy are to furnish adequate and thorough 
preparation for any of the colleges, for the scientific schools of the 
country, or for business life. 

To this end, there are four courses of study, each embracing four 
years. Tiiese courses are: i) the Classical, 2) the Latin-Scientific (no 
Greek), 3) the English J^cientific, 4) the English Commercial. 

The conditions for admission are a good character and an average 
preparatoiy education; the applicant must be at least 12 or 14 years 
old, acconling to the course he seeks to enter. 

The students, uniformed as cadets,' are subjected to a strict 
military discipline. Between the reveille at six o'clock in the morn- 
ing and the tattoo at nine o'clock at night the time is divided into 
alternate periods for instruction and military exercises, with inter- 
missions for meals and recreation; the regular school instruction pre- 
dominates, however, largely. 

The agreeai)le alternation of intellectual and physical exercise, 
the military order and promptness, and the habit of obedience, prove 
this method a desirable one in both tlirections; and the cadets by their 
straight carriage and neat uniforms, present a pretty sight. 

The prospectus of the association has a number of recommend- 
ations from prominent people. 



238 fiPTTOATTONAL INSTITUTTONS. 

The Jewish Manual Training School, situated in the 
southwest part of tlie eity, on Judd street, between Clinton 
and Jefferson sts., is a fine four story building, erected by the 
Jewish Manual Training School Society which, founded by 
Leon Mandel, counts now among its members about 500 of 
the most prominent Jews who support the institution by 
voluntary contributions. 

Theschool, situated in the mitlst of a very puor and illiterate 
population consisting for tlie most part of emigrants from the East of 
Europe, has, in the short time of its existence, exerted a most salu- 
tary influence and proven its needfulness by the number of applicants, 
of whom only about fifty per cent, or one thousand can be accommo- 
dated. 

On the ground floor are the carpenter and machitie shops and the 
xuashing and bathing rooms which are very practically arranged. On 
the second story, besides a large hall, the kindergarten rooms, the 
School rooms for the elementary classes and the office of the superin- 
tiiideiit. On the third story more school rooms, the music room, and 
the gyiiDiasitim; and on the fourth floor some class rooms, a room for 
instriiition in dress-making, physical and chemical laboratories. 
Heating and ventilation of the building are excellent. 

The instruction delivered to the three sections of the school, the 
kindergarten, the elementa/y and the higher classes, is almost exclu- 
sively oral, and constantly alternates between the common branches 
taught in school and manual training, a method which proves very 
successful and contributes to the physical development of the scholars. 
Although the main object of the school is a preparation for practical 
life, it endeavors to effectuate a harmonious development of the pupils 
by furnishing also instruction in the fine arts and in physical culture. 
An evening school connected with the institution and frequented by 
about 400 adults, makes the salutary work of the school available for 
larger circles. 

The Josephinum on the corner of Oakley ave. and 
Thompson st, not far from North ave., a non-confessional 
educational institution for girls, is directed by the order of 
Sisters of Christian Love (in (lormany known by the name 
of MaUinckrodt Sisters). 

The institution, at the same time a ioarding 3ind day school ha.s 
accommodations for 75 home and loo day scholars. Those day 



EBUCATTON.AL INSTITUTIONS. 239 

scholars whose homes are at !;reat distance from the school, may take 
their luncheon at the school. 

The stately school house consists of a central structure with two 
four story wings. Being situated, free on all sides, on a large lot, on 
high ground near Humboldi Park, far from factories and other busi- 
ness places, it is surrounded by ample play grounds, and has the ad- 
vantage of a quiet and healthy location. The interior appointments 
are throughout modern. There are spacious class rooms, a gym- 
nasium, small theatre, etc. 

The instruction is divided into an i:<<i(/riiiii -.xwd iiidiislrial course, 
I IK- former comprising the curriculum of a high school, singing and 
music, drawing, painting, needle work and wax-flower work; the 
latter a more limited course in English and Cerman with especial 
reference to house-keeping, coi)king in all its liranches, the keeping 
of a household book, etc. 

The discussion t)f religious, national and politicai topics is abso- 
lutely forliidden. 

Kurtiur particulars may he found in the prospectus of the insti- 
tution. 

2) THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. 

Chicago is considered the centre of theoh^gical education 
in the AVest, as the princij^al religious denominations have 
each a flourishing seniiiiaiy liere. which have received gifts 
and endowments to such an extent that they are able to give 
instruction and room rent to their students free of charge, 
and even pecuniary assistance when re(iuircd. (lerman and 
Scandinavian departments are included in addition to the re- 
gular course of divinity. 

Chicago Baptist Union Theological Seminary.— /S'^Vc; 
.Mor!.:an I'aik, 14 miles south from Court House. Acctaa: See 
'List of Suburban Trains". 

Tiie seminary comprises a group of buildings, of which Rlukc I fall 
anil the Library Buildiiig\\iM^ been but recently erected. It is the 
largest institution of its kind in the United States. 

The purpose of the seminary is primarily and chiefly to fit men 
to become, preachers of the Gospel. To this end students are instruct- 
ed in the principles of the Bible, in the chief facts and teachings 
of Church History, in the critical translation and interpretation of 
the Old and New Testaments, in the constitution and management 



240 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

of churches, in the composition and delivery uf sermons, and in the 
practical duties of the pastorate. 

The seminary is open to students of all denominations of Christi- 
ans. In order to obtain admission the student must present a certi- 
ficate from the church of which he is a member, approving of his pur- 
pose to devote himself to the work of the ministry; also his diploma 
of graduation, or papers of regular dismission from any school with 
which he may have been previously connected. 

There are in the seminary a number of married students. Their 
wives are permitted to avail themselves of so much of the course of 
study as they are prepared to receive, in order that they may there- 
by be better fitted for the important positions which they will be 
called to fill in churches. Moreover, now and then, during the history 
of the seminary, an unmarried woman, seeking for a broader culture, 
that she might be more thoroughly prepared for efficient Christian 
service, has heen admitted to the privileges of the lecture rooms. 
Some of these are now meeting great responsibilities, with marked 
success, on both the home and foreign mission fields. 

The library consists of 32,000 volumns. 

A Dano- Norwegian department (1890: 20 students); a Swedish 
department (1890: 34 students); are connected with the regular semi 
nary (i8go iii students). 

McCormick Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian 
Church.— iy"c. lOGO North Halsted st., bet. FuUertou and 
Belden aves., access by Lincoln ave. cars of the North side 
cable road. 

The seminary which owes its existence mainly to 
the late C. H. McCormick, comprises a number of buildings. 

(1) Ewing Hall, with 35 rooms for the students, reading room 
and gymnasium. 

(2) The Chapel, with library and two lecture rooms. 

(3-4) McCormick Hall and Fowler Hall, containing together, 
112 rooms for students, two lecture rooms and several business rooms. 

(5) Five dwelling houses for the professors. 

The rooms of the students are very conveniently and comfortably 
arranged, there being steam heat, gas light, hot and cold water, bath 
rooms, a bowling alley etc., all of which is at the free disposition of 
the student, except heat and light, for which a charge of $16.00 per 
annum is made. Instruction and use of the library are gratis. Board 
may be obtained for from $3.00 to $3.50 pei- week. Needy Students 
find special help. 



242 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

The seminary is open to students of all piotestant denominations, 
who are graduates from any college of recognized standing. 

The instruction is divided into three annual courses of seven 
months, each session lasting from September until March. Particu- 
lars may be learned from the prospectus of the institution, which is 
sent upon request. Many impecunious students usefully spend the 
five months vacation in missionary service. 

The conduct of the students is under the control of the faculty. 
Several prizes are annually offered in ordei to enhance the energy of 
the students. 

The library numbers 13,000 volumes, chiefly, but by no means 
exclusively, selected with regard to the aim of the school. 

The course 1890-91 was taken by 173 students, who came from 
23 states of the Union, from Canada, Scotland, Belgravia and Japan. 

Chicago Theological Seminary. Loc. Union Park and 
Ashland Boulevard. 

This seniinarj', located in a complex of four buildings 
was founded in 1858 by the Congiegational churches of the 
Northwest. The conditions for admission and rules of the 
institution are nearly identical with those of the McCormick 
Theological Seminary. 

The students may be boarded in the vicinity of the seminary for 
from $2 to $3 a week. The instruction is divided into two courses: 
the lecture term, comprising the time from April to Sept., and the 
reading term, lasting from June until August. 

The stately four and five story new dormitory building on Ash- 
land and Warren aves. has accomodations for 134 students, and con- 
tains besides lecture rooms, studies and business rooms, bath-rooms 
and a gymnasium. Keyes Hall and Carpenter Hall (between the two 
the Hammond library building) each accomodating 38 students are 
destined exclusively for the reception of foreign students. 

The seminary has had, since 1882 and 1885, a German, a Danish, 
a Norwegian and a Swedish section. 

The arrangement of these buildings is as perfect as that of the 
McCormick seminary. 

The Hammond library numbers 10,000 volumes, for the most 
part on theological subjects, and all the American and European peri- 
odical and religious papers. 

The seminary liberally distributes funds for missionary and other 



KDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



243 



religious work, lu-lpiny many an iiiipccuuioiis youth to a respectable 
situation, 

A number of prizes are annually otiered in order to spur the en- 
ergy of the students. 

TIk" Western Theological Seminary of the Episcopal 
Church. — //w. 1113 Wasliini^^tun l>ouli;vanl. 

This sciuinafy is located in two buildings, the tlioologi- 
fal hall and the dwelling house of the students. 

The main structure, called Wheeler Hall, is built in late English 
Ciolhic, the material being red brick, brown stone and terracotta, 












(. hiiaijo Manual Training School. 

the latter for the ornaments. The spacious lecture room is reached 
from the main entrance by passing through a hall flanked by 
(iolhic columns. On the east end of the building projects the pen- 
tagonal chapel which has on each side an altar window bearing im- 
ages of Christ and the four evangelists. A beautiful organ comple- 
ments the sumptuous appointments of the chapel. In the west end 
is the library which is lighted by a magnificent large Gothic window 
divided into four sections, showing on stained glass the portraits of 



244 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



several bishops. In the remaining part of the building are class 
rooms, the dinning room, the professors apartments etc. 

On the west is situated the four story dormitory building with 
sick chamber, gymnasium and every convenience for the inmates. 

The students pay $200 per year for room and board. 

Garrett Biblical Institute. Lor. Evanston. Branch of 
Northwestern 1 uiversitj-. 

This inslilution aims to give an opportunity for theological train- 
ing to young men who desire to prepare themselves for the Methodist 
Episcopal ministry and are in possession of the necessary preparatory 
training. Instruction and rooms are furnished free of cost. The 
Norwegian, Danish and the Swedish seminaries, branches of Garrett 




Western Theological Seminary. 

Institute, are intended to prepare ministerial aspirants for their call- 
ing in these languages. The former had 14 students in 1890; and the 
latter had 19. The catalogue of Northwestern University, of which 
Garrett Biblical Institute is a department, gives the particulars of the 
curriculum. The Institute has its own library of 5,000 volumes; and 
in 189:) had 1S7 students in all. 

The German Theological Seminary of the Lutheran 
General Synod was estahlishod in July, 1SS5. It i.s located 
un the corner of Augusta st. and A.shland ave. The number 
of students is 20. 



246 



EBUCATtONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



3) MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL COLLEGES. 
TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR NURSES. 

The nuujber and excellence of the medical colleges of 
Chicago have won for her the title of the " Vienna of Amer- 
ica." Most of them are located in the vicinity of the Cook 
County Hospital, Harrison and Wood sts., with its unsurpassed 
clinical facilities, and the handsome brick and stone build- 
ings of four celebrated medical colleges face the hosi)ital. 







Rush Medical CoUese. 

All are reached by the Ogden ave. or Van Buren st, cars. 
Each college has a free t/isjten.sarj/ attached, and all but one 
or two have a hospital adjoining, under their special manage- 
ment. 

Rush Medical College. —Xoc. Cor. Wood and West-Har- 
rison st. 

This college, situated diagonally opposite the Cook county hospi- 
tal, is a branch of Lake Poorest University, and the oldest medical 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 247 

school in Chicago, and one of the most prominent medical schools in 
the whole country. 

The three story building contains two large lecture rooms, each 
with a capacity of 500, besides the accessory rooms of such an insti- 
tution. The course of study is very comprehensive. The neighbor- 
ing hospitals: /V£.fAj'/£''''V'« Hospital, Cook Co. Hospital, ( 7,000 pa- 
tients annually,) the Illinois Charitable Eye and Kar Imjirmary offer 
very favorable opportunities for clinical practice; besides the Central 
Free Dispensary in the college building, with 13,000 patients annu- 
ally. Good and cheap board may be obtained in the neighborhood. 
Average attendance 500 students. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons.— Lot'. 818 West- 
Harrison St. e-or. Ilniiore. 

Tlie college is located in u stately' ft)ur stoiy building, in 
Queen Anne style. At one corner arises a tower KK) feet 

high. 

The first floor is occupied by offices and the West Side Free Dis- 
pensary in which 25,000 cases are annually treated. In the second 
story are the spacious lecture room, a large clinical operating room, 
patients'' room, etc. The library, chemical laboratory etc. are in the 
third story, and in the fourth are the amphi-theatre, with a capacity 
of 450, the dissecting room etc. Attached to the the college is a hos- 
pital. The students have, besides, opportunity for practice in Cook 
Co. Hospital and the 111. Eye and Ear Infirmary. 

The interior arrangements are remarkably practical. Course of 
study: three years. Conditions for admission and curriculum, as 
usual. The college serves especially for the further education of phy- 
sicians. 

Hahnemann Medical College, -iyor. 2818 Cottage Grove 
Avenue. 

This is one of the oldest homeopathic schools in the 
country. 

The four story college building contains ail the rooms and ap- 
pointments necessary for a medical school. 

The plan of teaching is largely clinical and objective, ihe 
college course being the complement of the daily drill in iho hospital. 

The college is open to b<ith sexes. 

Chicago Homeopathic Medical College.— Xw. Corner 
Wood and York Sts., opp. Cook Co. Hosjiital. 

The college building is a stately three stor5' structure 



248 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

which is said to be one of the bei«t appointed in the country. 

It has an amphi- theatre capable of seating five hundred students. 
It is well lighted. and ventilated, heated by steam and provided with 
comfortable opera chairs. There are also two large lecture rooms, 
furnished with opera chairs with desk attachment, for the regular 
classes. In addition there is a small lecture room for sub-classes, 
making four fine rooms for lecture purposes. 

There are four large clinic rooms, with separate waiting rooms 
for each, and one large general waiting room for patients. Special 
attention has been paid to the internal arrangement of these rooms so 
that patients may be readily introduced into either lecture room for 
clinical instruction, and important cases studied separately by sul>- 
classes with the clinical professors. 

The two large dissecting rooms are spacious, well lighted and 
airy, and supplied with everything necessary for the convenience or 
welfare of the students. 

The chemical and microscopical laboratories are large and well 
equipped; there is an extensive anatomical museum; a reading room; 
a reference library, containing several hundred volumes of rare and 
valuable books; reception and cloak rooms; offices and everything 
necessary for the convenience and comfort of students and teachers. 

About 1, 600 patients are annually treated in the various depart- 
ments of the college. 

The Chicago Medical College.— iy^c. Prairie Ave. cor. 
Twenty Sixth St. 

The Chicago Medical College, the medical school of the 
Northwestern University, belongs to the oldest and most re- 
spected schools in the country. 

The college contains two large amphitheatres for didactic and 
clinic instruction. 

There are departments for Anatomy, Operative Surgery and 
Bandaging, and laboratory courses in Chemistry, in Normal and Path- 
ological Histology, a pr.T.ctical course in Obstectrics, and a bacterio- 
logical laboratory. 

The college has a very rich museum of preparations for instruc- 
tion in anatomy and materia medica. 

A reading room with books and professional papers is at the dis- 
position of the students. 

The Sotith Side Dispensary in the college building, with about 
14,000 patients annually, serves for clinical practice; besides Mercy, 
St. Luke's and Cook Co. hospitals. 



250 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

The course of study lasts four years. The college was, in 1890, 
attended by 240 stndcnis. 

Bennett Medical College and Hospital. Zoc. Ada St., 

Northwest cor. Fulton St. 

This coUesre pursues aims similar to that of other medi- 
cal schools. 

The course of instruction in this college is eclectic, and 
open to both male and female students. 

Womans' Medical College. —i/oc. 335 South- Lincoln St. 
opp. County Hospital. 

The three story college buildin.o; contains two lecture 
halls, a museum, a laboratory, a disj.ensary etc., and is in 
every way practically appointed. 

Chicago Veterinary College- Lw. 2537 State St. 

This scluiol has for its object the education of veterina- 
rians. 

The faculty is composed of twelve teachers, and the attendance 

was, in 1890, 137. The school possesses a small veterinary museum, 
a chemical and microscopical laboratory, a pharmacy etc., and gives 
instruction in all branches of veterinary science. A hospital connected 
with the college gives the students opportunity for medical and surgical 
practice. 

Chicago Policlinic. Loc. 104 and 106 Chicago Avenue. 
This institution offers something like post graduate 
courses in surgery and medicine for practicing physicians. 

There are about 150 patients treated free, daily. 

About twenty physicians among whom prominent specialists. 

The Training School for Nurses founded in 1881, owes 
its existence to a lack of nurses experienced by the Cook Co. 
Hospital. 

The school located on Ilonore St., about half a block from the 
hospital and closely afifiliated with the county hospital, receives about 
80 pupils at the age of from 25 to 35 who must, before definitively en- 
tering the school, serve on probation for one month, with no other 
compensation than free board and room in the school. The majority 
of candidates withdraw before the end of the month, the strict discip- 
line, attendance during eleven hours, contact with patients of both 
sexes, proving too much for them. Only one-fifth or one-sixth of 
the number take the whole course. 

The pupils are instructed, either practically at the patients' beds 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 251 

or theoretically by lectures, in the accessories to medical treatment: 
Cooking for the sick, dressing wounds, drawing blood, ventilation and 
heating of sick chambers, observation of pulse, appetite, temperature 
of the body, breathing, sleep, effect of medicines etc. 

The month of probation satisfactorily passed, the candidate is 
admitted to the school upon signing a contract binding her to strict 
observation of ,the regulations of school and hospital, and to service 
in both for two years. 

The school thereupon furnishes her with a dress, apron and cap. 
The day nurses serve from 7:30 a. m. to 7:30 p. m., the night nurses 
the rest of the time. 

At the end of two years the pupil receives her diploma and one 
hundred dollars. The diploma, however, being limited, must be re- 
issued from time to time. The authorities of the school may even re- 
voke it, upon finding the bearer negligent in the discharge of her 
duties. 

The excellent work (lone l)y the school is best demonstrated by a 
constant reduction of the death-rate, ever since its establisment. 

Trained nurses may he engaged at the school for i^3 per day, or 
$15 to $20 jier w eek. 

Chicago College of Dental Surgery.— Branch of Lake 
Forest University. 

Lor. (.Vjrner Wabash Ave. and Madison St. 

The College has a well-lighted and well-ventilated lecture room, 
faculty room and museum, a large room for the infirmary, with excel- 
lent light, having a capacity for sixty chairs, a large and well fitted 
chemical laiioratory; a mechanical laboratory, and a complete histo- 
logical laboratory; also a dissecting room, patients' waiting room, 
students' cloak room and superintendent's room, together with 
toilet rooms etc. 

The Chicago College of Dental Surgery confers upon those who 
have satisfactorily completed its courses the tlegree of Doctor of Den- 
tal Surgery. Ciraduates in medicine may present themselves for final 
examination alter completing a special course of one year; all other 
students, in order to obtain the degree, must have studied Den- 
tistry three years, of which at least two shall have been spent in a col- 
lege. The Infirmary of the college, open throughout the year, af- 
fords students practical experience in dealing with every form of den- 
tal and oral deforniity and disease. 

College of Dental and Oral Surgery.— />orfr//o// 84 
Monroe St. 

This branch of the Northwestern University offers 



252 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

thorough instruction in dentistry. High qualifications for 
admission are required. 

The college owns a rich anatomical museum which serves for 
demonstration. 

The course of study comprises normal and pathological histology 
and Ijacteriology. The students have an opportunity for practically 
exercising their profession in St. Luke's and Mercy hopitals. A li- 
brary and reading room in which the professional journals are kept are 
at the disposition of the students. 

The course of study lasts three years. In 1890: 30 students. 

Illinois College of Pharmacy.— Xoc. S. W. cor. Lake 
and Dearborn Sts. 

This branch of the Northwestern University has for its 
aim a thorough education of pharmaceutists, and gives more 
attention to practical instruction than other schools of simi- 
lar character. 

In a great number of drug stores throughout the country there is 
little opportunity to learn pharmaceutical work. Young men learning 
the business simply get mercantile practice without any professional 
work whatever. For example, they do not learn to make perfect 
emulsions, pills, suppositories, and other typical extemporaneous 
preparations, nor to overcome difficulties such as constantly occur in 
stoi'es where a fair amount and variety of dispensing business is done. 
For this reason the Illinois College of Pharmacy gives special 
manual training in dispensing work to all of its students in a 
separate laboratory fitted up expressly for that purpose. This new 
feature in pharmaceutical education has proved to be of great value. 

The college being specially designed for the education of drug- 
gists, the requirements for entrance are such as will admit the great 
majority of drug clerks, apprentices, and persons preparing for the 
drug business. Thus a good common public school education is suf- 
ficient; but no person under eighteen years of age will be admitted. 

The principal branches taught are: Pharmacy, Chemistry, Ma- 
teria Medica, Pharmacognosy, Physics, Metereology, Botany and 
Microcospy. 

Four laboratories have been provided viz: A chemical labora- 
toi-y for work in experimental and analytical chemistry, a pharmaceu- 
tical laboratory for instruction in the methods of making chemical 
and pharmaceutical preparations, a botanical and microscopical la- 
boratory, and a dispensing laboratory. 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 253 

The studciUs themselves perform instructive experiments, make 
a great variety of chemical and galenical preparations, learn the be- 
havior and uses of re-agents by actual work, receive instruction and 
practice in chemical anlysis, make and examine microscopical sections 
of drugs and put up prescriptions, and pursue such other practical 
studies as are best mastered by doing individual work. 

Tractical exercises in the class-rooms are given in connection with 
the study of weights and measures, specific gravity, the use of hydro- 
meters; the application and transposition of the pharmacopoeial, and 
other working formulas, the writing of chemical symbols, formulas, 
and equations ; calculations of combining proportions; problems in 
pharmaceutical technology ; official pharmaceutical nomenclature etc. 

In the study of pharmacognosy the classes are subdivided, and 
the tlrugs placed before each student upon large tables, where they 
can be conveniently and thoroughly examined and compared with 
the official descriptions, and the students are also drilled in writing 
correct and systematic descriptions of drugs from the specimens be- 
fore them. 

A few prizes are annually awarde<l to the best students. 

The requirements for graduation are: Attendance upon two 
terms of instructions of twenty weeks each; a good average standing 
in the examinations in all branches; three years practical experience 
in pliarmacy and dispensing prescriptions. 

Chicago College of Pharmacy.— iyo«f^*o/t; 465 State St. 

Aim and c-oiirse of study similar to that of the Illinois 
College of Pharniaey. 

3.) SCHOOLS OF LAW, PHILOSOPHY AND TECHNO- 
LOGY. 

Union College of JjSiVf.^Loatfion: No. 40 Dearborn St. 

This colleiie, founded in 1879, is a branch of the North- 
western University and has for its object a thorough prepara- 
tion for the practice of law. 

The instruction consists in lectures delivered by the regular 
teachers and prominent lawyers of the city. The students undergo 
several daily examinations and enjoy the privilege of criticism at the 
hands of their teachers and of professional lawyers. 

Moi/: Srssions of Court held in order to acquaint the student 
with the difficulties encountered in practicing law, are a regular feat- 
ure of the course of instruction. 

Special cars is bestowed upon elocution. A practical instruction 



254 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

in the rules governing parliamentary assemblies is attempted by hold- 
ing mock sessions of legislative bodies. 

A number of prizes are annually awarded to the students of the 
highest standing. 

The course of study comprises two years of 36 weeks each. 

11\\^ library of the Law Institute \i\'Oi\'\\s> 18,000 volumes, is at 
the disposition of the students. 

Chicago College of Law. Branch of Lake Forest Uni- 
versity. Location: 78 La Salle St. 

This institution is open to all who possess the requisite qualifica- 
tions and ai'e desirous of availing themselves of its advantages, but it 
is conducted more especially for the purpose of affording young men, 
who are engaged in offices and business houses during the day, an 
opportunity to pursue a regular course of law studies, imder proper 
instruction. Its sessions are therefore held each week-day evening 
between the hours of seven and nine o'clock. 

Applicants for admission to the Junior Class must have at least a 
good common school education, and must be prepared to pass an 
examination upon the branches of learning usually taught in the public 
schools. No distinction is made in the admission of students on 
account of se.x or color. 

The sludcnls arc rocjuiied to carefully read and study the text- 
books included in the course, and instruction is given in the form of 
thorough examinations upon lessons previously assigned, coupled with 
such explanations ami illustrations of the various topics thus presented 
for consideration as at the time may seem necessary to their being 
properly and adequately understood. Lectures upon special subjects 
are also given. To this are added occasional exercises in the preparation 
of pleadings, and in the discussion by the students, under the super- 
intendence of the Faculty, of matters of pleading and practice, and 
other cases of Law, arising upon cases to be specially assigned. 

The Philosophical College. Branch of Lake Forest 
Universitj'. 

Location: Lake Forest. (See Suburban Stations.) 
The Philosophical Faculty corresponds in general to the Philo- 
sophical Faculty in the European Universities, and offers graduate 
courses of instruction in Philosophy, Science, Languages and Litera- 
ture, extending over two years of residence at the University and 
leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Candidates must be 
college graduates, and possess a reading knowledge of French and 
German, 



EDUCATIONAL INSTTTUTIONS. 255 

4) LIBRARIES. 

As in so many other things, the great calamity of the 
Fire of 1871 only served to stimulate the development of the 
libraries of Chicago. The universal sympathy which the 
terrible fate of the young city awakened also found expres- 
sion in the gift by English donors of a collection of 7,000 
books for the establishment of a {niblie library. This collec- 
tion formed the nucleus of the Public Library of the city of 
Chicago, which is described below. 

To the rich endowment which called the soon to be de- 
scribed Neirhcrrff Lihrary into life, there has recently been 
added anotlier-the 22 million dollar endowment of the late 
./"///( Crcriir for the establishment of a free public library. 
The Crerar library will be established only after the bequest 
made in the will has been confirmed. 

These extraordinary means lead to the expectation of a 
high development of library facilities in Chicago; the more 
so becau.se the administrators of the different libraries are 
agreed to make them complementary, and so judiciously to 
realize the common aim. 

Besides these, there are in Chicago, in connection with 
the public schools, churches, societies, etc., many small and 
some larger libraries, as well as a number of valuable private 
libraries with rare and valuable works. So far as these are 
of public interest and have come to our knowledge, they are 
mentioned below. 

The Public Library is located on the fourth story of 
City Hall (west wing of the Court House) and has entrances 
from La Salle, Washington and Kandolph Streets. 

It is best reached by the elevators which are always run- 
ning during the hours in which the library is open. 

The library consists of: 

(l) A Circulating Department, open only on week days, from 9 a, 
m. to 8:30 p. m. Every inhabitant of Chicago who is endorsed by 
a well known citizen, is entitled to the free use of this circulating li- 
brary. Application blanks are furnished by the library. Rooks (one 
volume at a time, two if part of a large work) may be kept two weeks 
and be renewed once for as long a period. A fine of three cents per day 
and volume is levied if books are not returned when due. For the 



256 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



greater convenience of the public, there are established the following 
stations of the public library: 

FREE DELIVERY STATIONS. 
The Chicago Public Library receives and exchanges books, free of charge, 
and issues Library Cards at the following places: 

NOKTH DIVISION. 



1 N. 

2 N. 

3 N. 
4N. 

SN. 
6 N. 

1 W. 

2 W. 

3 W. 

4 W. 

5 W. 

6 W. 

7 W. 

8 W. 

9 W. 

10 W. 

11 W. 

12 W. 



349 Division Street, 

199/^ Center Street, 

500 Lincoln Avenue. 

Ravenswood, 

130 FuUerton Avenue, 

341 Clybourn Avenue, 



WEST DIVISION. 



278 West i2th Street, 
547 West Indiana Street, 
817 West Madison Street, - 
513 West iSth Street, 
1204 Milwaukee Avenue, 
381 South Western Avenue, 
883 North California Avenue, 
4135 West Lake Street, 
335 South Halsted Street, 
405 West Van Buren Street, 
Irving Park, 
1264 West Madison Street, 



R. E. BURKE. 
MRS. W. L. MALONE. 
E. M. POPE. 

HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
A. B. WOLF. 
READING ROOM. 

FRANK KOTZUM. 
iMRS. S. IMBRIT. 
R. C. HOLLAND. 
ANTON JANES. 
READING ROOM. 
MRS. MARY ROOKS. 
MRS. E. AINSWORTH. 
E. Y. HORDER. 
READING ROOM. 
MRS. C D. SHIELDS. 
A. L. ADAMS & CO. 
J. T. SUTOR. 



1 S. 

2 S. 
3S. 
4S. 
5S. 
6 S. 



P. V. FITZPATRICK. 
GEO. W. BOULTON. 
MRS. ALEX. DARROW. 
READING ROOM. 
READING ROOM. 
L. E. DE GARMO. 



SOUTH DIVISION. 

154 East 22nd Street, - - . 

233 3iSt Street, 

3804 Cottage Grove Avenue, 

625 43rd Street, (Lake) 

134 53''d Street, - - - - 

353 63rd Street, ... 

Branch Reading Rooms. 
1204 MILWAUKEE AVENUE. 
625 43rd STREET, TOWN OF LAKE. 
341 CLYBOURN AVENUE. 
134 53rd STREET, HYDE PARK. 
335 SOUTH HALSTED STREET. 

(2) A Reference Room, which is open to every orderly person. 
Reserved space for ladies. All catalogues and books in them marked 
"reference" (all valuable works which are not given out) may here be 
inspected. The numbers of the books desired must be placed on an 
application slip furnished by the library. No more than five volumes 
may be inspected at a time. Fiction is not here delivered. A collec- 
tion of large maps of the most important countries is near the entrance. 

(3) Reading Room for Periodicals, open on week days from 9 



EmrCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 2r)7 

a. m. Itj lo p. m; on Sundays from g a. m. to 6 p. m. and open to all. 
There are here kept 587 periodicals, 390 of which are magazines, 71 
daily papers, and 126 trade journals. Of the 390 periodicals, 220 are 
American, 92 English, 50 German, 9 ?"rench, 7 Scandinavian, 6 Bo- 
hemian, 4 Polish and two Dutch publications. 

(4) }\itt-nt Department, containing works referring to patents. 
Open only on week days, from 9 a. m. to 5:30 p. m. 

(5) Card Catalogue Department, presenting the catalogue of the 
library in cards. Each book is represented by two cards, one bear- 
ing the title of the book, and the other the author. The cards are 
arranged alphabetically, and every new accession is at once entered. 
This very convenient arrangement is not only of great service to the 
public, but also to the librarian. 

The Officers and Attendants of the Library endeavor in every 
way to assist the public and are always ready to give information on 
subjects connected with the library. Librarian, T. //. Hild; Assis- 
tant Librarian, E. T. L. Gauss. 

The library numbers 156,243 volumes, 124,141 of which are in 
the English language, 17,351 in German, 6,682 in Lrench, 453 in Ital- 
ian, 163 in Spanish, 25 in Portuguese, 1214 in Dutch, 3732 in Bohe- 
mian, 1002 in Polish, 136 in Russian, 3944 in Scandinavian. 

These numbers comprise 16,364 volumes of periodicals with 
technical and scientific contents. A large number of them is com- 
plete from the first day of their publication. 

Some very rare and valuable books may be inspected by obtain- 
ing special permission. The library was distinguished by a gold 
medal, at the Paris Exhibition in 1889. 

A separate building for the library, on the corner of Michigan 
Ave. and Randolph St., is now contemplated. The necessary means 
being plentifully provided, the new library building promises, with 
regard, to architecture and interior appointment, to be one of the 
finest in the country. 

The Newberry Itihx^ixy.— Location: Cor. State and 
Oak Sts. 

The aim of this library is not LMitortainment but instruc- 
tion; honco it excludes all entertainiuent reading. It is fur- 
thermore a reference library, and does not loan out books. 

•The use of this library is free to everybody. The public reading 
room contains the periodicals and convenient tables and chairs. A 
library attendant who is always present, brings the books for the 



258 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

reader. The reading room is open from 9 a. m. till 5 p. m., and 
from 7 till 10 in the evening. 

The library at present contains 60,614 volumes and 23 958 pam- 
phlets; among these, 959 relate to biography: 2722 government doc- 
uments and sociology; 1,975 are historical; 737 relate to music; 2,992 
to religi(-)n ; there are 2,099 serials, I7)203 medical works etc. 

C)f very great importance to the specialist and scholar is the large 
number of, in part very expensive, chemical, technical, medical, his- 
torical, geographical, musical and other periodicals, (279 of which are 
medical) in all living languages, to which the library subscribes and 
which it preserves. 

The instituti(jn owes its origin to the old settler, U'a/U'r Loomis 
Nctabei'iy, who died on the 6lh of November, 1868, and bequeathed, 
in case of death of his two daughters, (one of whom died in 1874 and 
the other in 1876) without offspring, and of his wife, (who died in 
1885), the half of his great wealth for the founding of a library on the 
North Side. 

This hall is at present about two and one half mdlion dollars; 
but since the bequest consists of real estate, which is constantly in- 
creasing in value, the real value of the property is much greater than 
this. 

These vast means of course permit very liberal purchases. Hence 
a very valuable musical collection, many rare, old and expensive 
works, complete sets of the important scientific journals, etc., have 
been purchased, and thus form the nuc'ens of a library of the first 
rank. 

A new library building is in process of erection, on North Clark 
street, between Washington Square, Oak, Clark and Dearborn streets. 
It will be 300 feet long and 60 feet wide, and promises to be architect- 
urally noteworthy. 

The Library of the Law Institute, an association of 
raenibcfs of the Chicago Bar, is located in the Court House. 

It contains about 18,000 volumes, including the reports and 
statutes of the United States, and of all the States in the Union, as 
well as the English, Scotch and Irish reports and statutes, and a vast 
collection of elementary works, treatises, and digests. For the use 
of this library, practicing lawyers, members of the rnstitute, pay $1*00, 
besides an annual assessment of from $10 to $12. 



EnrOATIONAI. INSTITITIONS. 259 

The Chicago Historical Society. JjocAitinn: 142 Dear- 
born Avt'iiuf. is out" of the oldest and most noteworthy insti- 
tutions of the city. 

It was founded in 1856 l)y a number of jironiinciil citizens, and 
its purpose is the collection of historical material of every kind, and 
of every age and nation, but especially such as has reference to the 
Cily of C/iitago, \.\\e State' 0/ //linois :\ui\ tlic U^nited States. With 
this aim, there had been collected, at the time of the great fire in 1871, 
lCX5,ocx) books and documents, besides numerous curiosities of all 
kinds. Among these there was much valuable material bearing on 
the Civil War, as well as the original of the Prcjclamation that an- 
nounced the abolition of slavery. All this became the ])rey of the 
flames. 

The universal sympathy which the misfortune that befell Chicago 
III 1S71 aroused, extended alsi) to the Historical Society; and in a 
few years a very considerable nucleus for a new collection had been 
contributed. This collection, too, was lost in a second fire in July, 

1874. 

The repeated misfortunes could not, however, cripple the enthu- 
siasm of the members, and on the 15th of ()ctol)er, 1877, the society 
ninveil into the present library building. This building is however, 
in every respect inadequate to the wants of the society, and the erec- 
tion of a new building may yet be expected in 1891. 

'"'he society has in other ways promoted the interest of Chicago; 
and the city is especially indebted to its efforts for the removal of the 
cemeteries, and the creation of Lincoln Park: the finest ]iark in the 
city. 

At present tlie lilirary conlaiiis 18,000 bound volumes, and 40,000 
|)aiiiplilels. It is open from 9 a. m. till 5 p. rn. (closed on Sunday) 
and is free to all for the use of books; which however are not loaned 
out. 

The society holds monthly meetings, at which, historical and 
biographical subjects are treated before a select audience. 

The collection contains complete files of the newspapers and peri- 
odicals printed in Chicago, as far as these could be secured. And to 
this is added an extensive literature relating to the State of Illinois, 
and the United States. The prominent American periodicals are in 
the collection. Ami it contains a large number of pamphlets, illus- 
trated papers, clippings, photographs, stereoscopic photographs, orig- 
inals or facsimiles, interesting documents, maps, etc., especially such 
as relate to Chicago. And in various cases set up in the room, are 



260 KDITCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

contained all kinds of historical objects, of ethnographical, geological, 
palaeontological and archaeological interest; Indian weapons, imple- 
ments and ornaments, the contents of Indian graves — weapons, idols, 
pottery, etc. There are also collections of old coins, medals, paper 
money, etc. 

There are also in the library a number of portraits (oil paintings) 
most of them old settlers of Chicago; and a large oil painting, the 
snliject of which is the "Great Fire;" and a reduced imitation of the 
block house of Fort Dearborn, the first military station at Chicago, 
built of wood taken from the block house itself. 

The Young- Men's Christian Association Library, 148 
Madison st., containing aliuo.st 5,000 voltune.s. i.s open to mem- 
bers only. A reading room, with the leading daily papers, 
weeklies, magazines, etc., is open to all. 

The Union Catholic "Lihxdirj.— Location: 94 Dearborn 

St. 

The library contains about 2,800 volumes from all depart- 
ments, except such as conflict with the Catholic religion. 

Membership, 350; open from noon to 6 P. M. Sundays, 
3 to 6 P. M. 

Chicago Atheneum Library.— i/ocv/^'o^/.- 18 to 26 Van 
Buren st. 

The library contains about 2.000 volumes from all depart- 
ments of literattire, and is open on week days from 8 A. M. 
to 9 P. M. Connected with it is a reading room, provided 
with the Chicago daily papers and the leading weeklies and 
magazines. 

The Universities, Medical^ Pharmaceutical^ and Jjavo 
ColJe(i< >^. have nearly all more or less extensive libraries. 

(5) ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS- PANO- 
RAMAS, MUSEUMS. 

hxtlmiitVitQ.^ Location: S. W. Cor. Michigan avenue 
and Van Buren St. 

The museum of the Art Institute is a beautifully propor- 
tioned five storj^ structure, built of pink-brown sandstone the 
outer surface of the blocks being left rough. 

The main front, with its gable and'beautiful round arched portal. 
is on Michigan avenue. The windows of the second and third llnors 
are an-anged in a system of seven great round arches, the two tiers 



I 



ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 261 

of windows being separated by a frieze-like strip of stone work dec- 
orated with medallion busts of celebrated artists. Three similarly ex- 
ecuted portraits fill the point of the gable. The wimlows of the fourth 
story as well as those of the gable are plain rectangular openings in 
the masonry, but producing by their beautiful proportions a good 
effect. The tops of the fourth story windows on the Van Buren street 
side rise above the lower roof line, each window requiring thus a sep- 
arate roof, as a dormer window. The Van Buren Street facade is a 
repetition, on a smaller scale, of the one on Michigan Avenue. 

On the corners of the building are massive round towers, having 
their bases at the level of the third floor, and ending in conical roofs. 
Resting on a capital and surmounting the peak of the gable is a small 
torso. 

Interior. — In the arrangement of the collections, the lower rooms 
have been given to sculpture, casts, metal-work and ceramics, the 
rooms above being reserved for paintings, etc. In the description 
we have taken up the different rooms in their natural order, or that in 
which they present themselves to the visitor, and not as they are 
nund)ered. 

First Floor. — The first room on the right, occupying the north- 
east corner of the building, is devoted exclusively to plaster casts of 
classical works in Greek and Roman Art, the collection being among 
the most important in the country. Especially noteworthy are : Frag- 
ment from \\\& frieze v>{\\\.g. great altar of Pergamon (after the original 
in the Berlin Museum); Drum of column from the temple of Artemis 
at Ephesus, (original in the British Museum); The Dying Gaul; 
Niobe and youngest daughter (Florence); Diana as Huntress; Apollo 
Belvedere. On the west wall are beautiful models of columns of the 
different classic orders. Adjoining this room on the west are those 
containing the Eldridge G. iy<?// Collection of Sculptures. In the 
first room there is, in addition to two casts from ?>K7i'^\\&so{ Atigustus, 
and one of Minerva, a copy of the Laocoon group. In the next room 
are reproductions of specimens of Assyrian, Egyptian, and early 
Greek art. Of especial interest are: Colossal head of /'?f7/«('.r<'^ /// 
from the temple of Aboo-Simbel, in Nubia (same size as original); Plas- 
ter model of the Gate of the Lions at Mykenae; Assyrian and (!reek 
friezes. 

Adjoining this room on the south is another. No. Ill (reached by 
ascending a few steps), also devoted to casts. At the entrance, Her- 
mes and Dionysos, after the original discovered in 1877, in Olympia. 
mienos with Bacchus; Diskol>olos\ Eirene and Plautos. — Frieze from 



262 ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 

the iridnument of Lysikrates. Karyatid from Erechtheion. 

From here the next floor is reached hy the stairway. On the 
walls are plaster busts of Roman Emperors. 

Second Floor . Above, before the entrances, are original draw- 
ings for wood cuts that have appeared in prominent American maga- 
zines (Century, Harpers' and St. Nicholas). These drawings, executed 
by various methods, show remarkable ability. The room in the North- 
east corner is occupied by the Chicago Society of Decorative Art, 
which possesses a noteworthy collection of embroidery, specimens of 
, textile industry, etc. (Admission free at all times). The adjoining 
room. No. ii, contains a part of the collection of metal- work and an- 
tiquities. On the walls of this room are framed chromolithographs 
of frescoes, monuments and drawings by celebrated masters. In the 
middle of the room are three very interesting Japanese incense-altars 
of beautiful dark bronze, standing nearly ten feet high and covered 
with magnificent reliefs, statuettes, dragons and fret-work; also a 
gigantic (Japanese) bronze vase, supported by a dragon, etc. On the 
wall and near the exit are faithful reproductions of interesting armor, 
shields, etc. On the west wall are interesting reproductions of ivory 
carvings of much artistic value. On the north wall is a cabinet con- 
taining a collection of all the copper coins minted in the United 
States from 1793 to 1890, A bust of Dante, in bronze. A much re- 
duced copy of the Faniese Bull, also in bronze. In the five glass ca- 
ses in this room are arranged the following: (l) yapanese costumes, 
ivory carvings, pagoda-shaped vessels and urns of bronze (one taken 
from the temple of Kaga is at least 150 years old) hat of a Buddist 
priest, etc. (2, 3 and 4) Good models of celebrated masterpieces in 
the jeweler's and goldsmith's art. (5) Galvanoplastic fac similes of 
the Hildesheim collection (discovered in 1868), and similar reproduc- 
tions of the Bernay collection (69 pieces from the temple of JVIercur 
Augustus in Canetum; found near Bernay in France). 

In the next room are ten glass cases, four on the left and six on 
the right; an aisle separates the two rows. On the left: (i) Island 
terracottas, a collection of genuine miniature objects in clay, resem- 
bling the well-known Tanagra figures, and consisting of statuettes, 
heads, idols and various grotesque objects. Discovered near Smyr- 
na, in 1888. (2 and 3) Two great Greek-Italian vases of the so-called 
Amphora form. A number of smaller vases and shell-like vessels. 
(4) Prehistoric bowls, jars and pots, unearthed in New Mexico. 
Also vessels from Old Mexico. Especially interesting are those in 
which animal forms have been imitated. On the /-i^/// of middle aisle 



ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 263 

arc the following cases: (i) Crater-shaped Cneek-Italian vase and i8 
terra cutta lani[>s, (Roman). (2) CJreek-ltalian vases. A flat vase 
willr cover (rare). Terra colla groups, etc. (3) Interesting vases in 
the so-called Kylix and Prochoos forms. (4) Marble statuette of Her- 
cules, twenty-two inches high. Three terra cottas. (5 and 6) Mar- 
ble busts of Silene and Hirciiles. Fragments of lead pipes of the 
ancient Roman water-works. 

In the south corners of the room are two magnificent marble va- 
ses, four feet high. 

The next room, No. 9, contains the library of the Art Institute. 

The last room on this floor contains, among other things of inter- 
est, three Brussels Gobelin tapestries (woven), a model in cork of the 
Temple of Neptune, and the following plaster casts : Thor' s Battle 
with the Bull, by J. Gelert, one of Chicago's sculptors. King 
Arthur, of England, in full armor. John Harvard, founder of the 
Harvard University. Head of David. Colossal bust of Michael 
Angelo. There are many others almost equally interesting. 

Third Floor. The rooms on this floor are not yet open to the 
pulilic, being utilized at present for lecture purposes. Along the 
stairway leading to the floor above are autotypes of works in the gal- 
leries of Madrid, the Hermitage at Dresden, etc. Also, plaster casts 
of the. Aviades, yuno, Diana, Niohe and a Satyr. 

Fourth Floor. This floor 170 x 27 feet, contains six rooms, A 
lew rooms of the adjoining building have been arranged for use in 
connection with these in order to afford additional floor space. This 
suite of rooms contains the collection of paintings, 550 in number. 
In the hall at the entrance is a marble copy of the Victoria, from the 
Temple of Nike Apteros, at Athens; also a plaster cast of the bust ' 
Lucius ]'erus. 

The first room (at the front) contains at piesent the collection of 
the Society of American Wood Engravers. The specimens are se- 
lected artists' proofs, printed from the original block, and their au- 
thenticity is certified by the autographs of the engravers. A num- 
ber of these engravings were awarded gold, silver, and bronze medals 
at the recent I'.Tris Exposition (18S9). The room also contains three 
works in marl)le : a bust of Van Buren, Pandora and above ail, the 
Lost Pleiad, by Randolph Rogers, (in center of room). 

With room 17 begins the collection of paintings proper. The 
following deserve especial mention : No. 56. — Neal. "Interior of St. 
Marks." No. 55. — Ihidgeinan. "Negro Fete, Algiers." No. 57. 
Bridgenian. "The Terraces of Algiers." Also Nos. 32, 35, 36, 37, 
38, 40, 42, 48, 49, 50. 51, 58, 61 and 62. 



264 ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 

On the table in the middle of the room are three marVjle busts. 

Room i6. Works from the Collection of A. Hunger, (loaned). 
Twenty-six selected works of modern European artists, Makart, 
Neuville, Munkaczy, Meyer von Bremen, Wahlberg, Zimmerman, 
and others. 

Rooms 15 and 14 contain at present the Ellsworth Collection. 
Antique vases, medals and coins, lamps, tanagra figures, bronzes, 
etc. Specimens of oriental ceramics. Eight oil paintings 

Room 14 contains one hundred and three paintings in oil and 
and water-colors. The numerous landscapes by George Inness and 
Hasbrouck are worthy ot note, as are Nos. 69 and 70 (Moeller"), and 
Nos. I, 7, 19, 60, 77, 88, 100. 

The glass case in the middle of the room contains wonderful 
Chinese bronzes, and ivory carvings, colored stones, armor, etc. 

Room 13 contains thirty one pieces, among them the following: 
No. 22. — Pearce. "Beheading of John the Baptist." No. 19.— 
"Sacristy in Aragon." No. 25. — Von Marketi. "Marsh in North of 
Holland." No. 23. — Van Schendel. "Night-scene on a Market." 
No. 28. — Velasquez. "Philip IV of Spain." No. i.—Bridgeman^ 
"Arab Women at the Hand-Loom." 

Also works by Munkaczy, Zettel, Thompson, and others, and a 
genuine Rembrandt (loaned): "The Accountant." 

Dearborn Observatory. The building includes a dome 
for the great Equatorial, a Meridian Circle room, Library, 
and eight additional rooms for other purposes. The whole 
is arranged especially for convenience in carrying on astro- 
nomical work. 

The Dearborn Observatory forms the Astronomical department 
of the Northwestern University. Its objects are to make original re- 
searches in Astronomical Science, to assist in the application of As- 
tronomy to Geography, in communicating exact time, and other useful 
objects, and to furnish instruction in Astronomy to the students of 
the University. 

The principal instruments of the Observatory are : 

I. The great Equatorial refracting telescope, made by Alvan 
Clark & Sons, of Cambridge, Mass., in 1861. This instrument was 
the largest refractor in the world until a few years ago, and now has 
few superiors. The telescope is fitted with driving-clock, microme- 
ter, and other appliances necessary for first class work. The dimen- 
sions of the Equatorial are: 



ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 2G5 

Diameter of declination circle, 30 inches; reading by vernier to 5 
niiiuiles, and by two microscopes to 10 seconds of arc. 

Diameter of hour circle, 22 inches; reading by vernier to single 
minutes, and by microscopes to single seconds of time. 

Focal length of telescope, 23 feet. 

Aperture of object glass, i8_^ inches. 

2. A .Meridian Circle, of the first class, constructed in 1867, by 
Messrs. A. Repsold 6c Sons, of Hamburg. This instrument has an 
object glass of six French inches aperlun-, and a divided circle of forty 
inches diameter, reading by four microscopes. In plan of construc- 
tion it is like Bessel's celebrated Koenigsberg circle by 'the sume 
makers, but has some recent improvements in the mode of illuminat- 
ing the field of view, together with apparatus for registering declina-' 
tions. Hough's printing and recording chronographs are used for 
recording meridian observations and other phenomena. 

The Observatory has a chronometer (William Bond & Son, No. 
279), three mercurial pendulum clocks, and an astronomical library, 
containiTig about one thousand three hundred volumes and pamphlets. 
A late addition is a complete outfit for photographing. 

The Observatory is open to visitors on Thursday evening of each 
week by previous arrangement with the director, and at other times 
by making special arrangements with the president of the University, 
or the director of the Observatory. 

The Chicago Academy of Sciences, which has it: quarters in 
the exposition building on Michigan Avenue at the foot of Adams 
street, possesses the only public natural history collection in the city. 
A previous rich collection was destroyed in the Oreat Fire. The 
society owns a large library as well as an extensive collection ol the 
objects of natural history, such as stuffed and mounted mammals and 
birds, minerals, etc. 

The Kacvipfer Collection of American Animals, especially birds, 
owned by the taxidermist, Mr. Kaempfer, 259 F-lni St., must be nien- 
tione<l here on account of its completeness and the lHaut> of its speci- 
mens. The collection is open to visitors. 



VIII. 

The Press. 



The pioneers in Chicago journalism nearly all drank 
deeply of the bitter cup of woe which seems inseparable from 
such enterprises during the first years of their existence. At 
times the little sheets would be reduced to half their regular 
size, owing to scarcity' of paper; or a more pervading scarcity 
would compel them to suspend publication altogether for a 
few weeks, then to appear again, '" reorganized on a solid 
basis," till once more forced to suspend, or till they passed 
. into other hands. For a long time the papers changed owners 
about every two years, and though a few have survived to the 
present day and are now important journals, the short-lived 
ones were greatly in the majority. During the period 1883- 
1855 alone, about sixty papers were started, onlj' to i)ass, after 
a brief and inglorious battle, to their eternal rest. 

The first newspaper in Chicago was the Weekly Chicago 
Democrat. It was first i)ublished on Nov. 26, 1833, from the 
office of John Calhoun, and championed vigorously the cause 
of " Jacksonian Democracy." The young paper, beginning 
with 148 subscribers and a dozen advertisements, managed 
with difficulty to maintain its existence till 1836, when it 
passed into the hands of John Weutworth — later known as 
'' Long JoJin" — then but twenty-two j^ears old, who succeeded 
in bringing it into prominence. 

In the summer of 1835, a second paper, the American, 
representing the interests of the whig party, came into ex- 
istence. This paper, 11x16 in. in size, was made a daily in 
April, 1839. In July, 1840, the publisher complains of slow- 
ness in collections, and offers in several subsequent issues to 
accept butter, eggs, wood, etc., in payment of accounts. After 
October, 1842, the American appeared under the title of the 
Chicago Express. The name was frequently' changed (always 
simultaneously with a change of ownership), and in 1844 be- 
came the Chicago Daily Journal, which still exists as the 
Evening Journal. This is the Nestor of the Chicago news- 
papers, and has been tin; school in which nuiny of our fore- 

266 



THE PRESS. 



2crt 



most jiiunialists iccfMvctl their first training. Of those who 
W'lii their first hiurels on this paper, and are yet active in tlie 
journalistic Hehl. we may mention, anions; others: George R 
Uliton. Andre .Mattesoii. and J. (\ K. Forest. 




Tribune IJuiiain-, cor. M.ullsoii and DciiilMnn Sis. 



268 • THE PRESf^. 

Since those dajs, journalism in Chicaoo has made mighty 
strides upward. Among 24 daily pai)ers are several of the 
most influential in the country. In addition to these there 
are 260 weeklies, 36 semi-monthlies, and 19 monthlies and 
(juarterlies. So .threat is the circulation of these periodicals 
that their mail edition alone exceeds the entire combined 
circulation of all periodicals published in the 14 Southern 
states, with St. Louis included. 

The Evening Journal occupies the Evening Jounuif 
Bidlding, 159 Dearborn st. It is published dailj' (except 
Sunday) in two editions, issued at 3 and 5 P. M. 

It is decidedly republican in principle, and beine; the 
oldest paper established, has a strong supjwrt, especially 
among the older residents of the city. Its conservatism, 
trustworthiness and moderation give it a wide circulation as 
a family pa]>er. 

The Chicago Tribune, 8. E. cor. Madison and Deai-liorn 
sts., occupies a fine five-storj^ building of red sandstone. In 
the baseme.nt are the presses; on the ground floor, the busi- 
ness office; on the fourth floor, the editorial rooms; and on 
the fifth floor, the composing room. The editorial stafi" con- 
sists of about fifty persons, in connection with whom are the 
regular correspondents, numbering several hundred. The 
outlay for telegraphic desjiatches alone exceeds $125,000.00 
per year. 

The Clncafjo Tribune is the leading republican paper of 
the northwest, It was founded in 1847, and has since stead- 
ily gained in circulation and influence. Its able editorials, 
well-edited feiiilleton, and excellent financial and market re- 
ports, make the paper the most widely read and influential 
in the business world, as in cultured circles. 

The paper has a large circulation (over 90,000 subscrib- 
ers), and a very extensive advertising patronage. The num- 
ber and extent of the advertisements in the Sunday edition 
would api)ear to a European to be simi)ly enormous. 

The Chicago Herald occupies a building of noteworthy 
architecture at 154 Washington st.— the Herald Building. 



TIIK I'KKSS. 269 

This paper is mic nt' tlif youiigL-st in C^liieairn, and lias 
decided demncratic proclivities. It was f'nuiideil in 1S81. and 
has already reached 
a circulation exceed- 
ing 100,000 copies. 

The ably con- 
ducted i)aper con- 
forms to the jiopular 
taste with much suc- 
cess. It is very com- 
Iilcto in news, has an 
admirably conducted 
fvnllh'toii^ and is 
abundantly illus- 
trated. 

Th-e paper is a 
very efficient advi'r- 
tising medium. Its 
t y ]) ff r a p h i c a 1 
appearance is fault- 
less. 

The Daily News 
12:{ and Vl') 'jth ave., 
is one of the marvels 
of Chicago. It was 
founded in 1S75 as a 
one-cent paper, and 
during its short life, 
has attained an aver- 
age daily circulation 
of about 220,000 cop- 
ies. The paper, not 

The Chicas'i Her^iKl Building. 

pui)lishcd on Sunday, is issuc^d on week days in two editions 
-a morning edition, at two cents; and an afternoon edition, 
issued at 12. 15 and 5 o'clock, at out; cent. The News is one 
of the few papers that can truly be called iudepeudcnt. Its 




270 



THE PRESS. 



peculiarity ia suddenly bringing before the public remote yet 
interesting subjects, and especially the completeness, conden- 
sation and trustworthiness of its news, are the explanation 
of its enormous circulation. 

At the same time the paper is an excellent advertising 
medium. 




The Times (cor. Washington st. and 5th ave.) occupies a 
fine five story building of its own, in which are also located 
the Fre'iP Pri'tisc and Ahendpost. 

The Times, founded in 1854, ten years ago tho most in- 
fluential ])apei- in Chicago, is ikiw on the point of recovering 
its former prestige, which it lost for a time through a change 



THE PRESS. 



271 



in management, after the death of its distinguished publisher, 
Willnir F. Store;/. 

It is now, as years aso, one of tho most widely read pa- 
pers in the West, and one of the best known in the country. 











The Inter Ocean Building. 

Although adhering to democratic principles, the Times 
is not a i)arty organ in a strict sense, and is fearless in the 
publication of anything that comes under the head of news. 

The eiiuipment of the paper is very complete and prac- 
tical. 



272 THE PRESS. 

The Inter OceaJl— Location cor. Madison and Dearborn 
ets. — is a radical republican paper and one of the leading 
journals of the country. It has a daily and weekly edition; 
the latter probably enjoys the largest circulation of any sim- 
ilar imper in the west, estimated as high as 140,000. The 
paper is very conservative and has a large circulation in fam- 
ily circles. The Inter Ocean makes a specialty of suburban, 
club and society notes. 

The Evening Post, 164 Washington st., is one of the 
yoUhgest papers in the city (founded 1890). It is independ- 
lent in politics; has strong financial backing; and has been 
from the beginning well-edited and typographically note- 
worthy. The variety and repleteness of its news and miscel- 
laneous matter, apt illustrations, etc., have won for it a wide 
circulation during the short course of its existence. It is 
published daily, except Sunda^, and is sold for 2 cents. 

The Globe, 118 Fifth ave., is a recently-established daily 
of outspoken democratic i)rinciples. 

The Illinois Staats Zeitung, cor. Washington st. and 
lPif\\i ave., occupies the Illinois Staats Zeitung building, one 
of the finest newspaper buildings in the country. The struct- 
ure is in the style of the Italian Renaissance, and has 
entrances on both streets. At the level of the fourth floor 
are statues of Franklin (south fa9ade) and Grutenberg (on the 
Fifth ave. fa9ade). On the roof are five female figures (un- 
fortunately rather too small). 

The Illinois Sfaafs Zeitung is, aside of the New York 
Staats Zeitung, the most widely read German paper in the 
country; was established in 1848, and from a very small be- 
ginning has gradually risen to its present importance. A 
few of the early editors and founders, as Dr. Helhnuth, Geo. 
Schneider, the well-known banker, Lorenz Brentano, ex-mem- 
ber of Congress, are yet residents of Chicago. During the 
time of the first two above mentioned, the daily edition had 
70 subscribers, and the weekly 200. Now, the combined cir- 
culation of the different editions exceeds 100,000. 

The Staats Zeitung, while representative of the German 
element, is strongly American in spirit. Its great influence 



THE PRESS. 278 

ill public affairs is uiujiu'stioiicd, and extends far beyond the 
limits of the city. 

The Freie Presse, 90 to 94 Fifth avc., is one of the 
ohlest German pajiers in the West. It is strongly republican 
in i)rinciple, and has a wide circulation. It appears in five 
editions daily, and is published on Sunday' under the title 
"Daheim." The paper concerns itself much with socioloi?- 
ical questions, in which it advocates a temperate course. 
Ablj'-written leaders add to its interest. 

The National Zeitung, 87-91 Jefferson st.. is a recently 
established rejiublican weekly, and very outspoken in its sup- 
port of a protective tariff. This paper addresses itself more 
particularly to the cultured reader, and offers each week, in 
addition to its interesting editorial articles and a review of 
the domains of politics, art, etc., a number of carefully se- 
h'cte'd articles from German and American periodicals. 
Price, per number, o cents. 

The Abendpost, 187 Washington st., is a German daily, 
published evenings, and sold, for 1 cent. Although not yet 
two years old, it has reached a circulation of 30,000, its sub- 
si ribers being scattered throughout the entire West. In 
politics, the Abendpost is independent. 

Th(! Arbeiter Zeitung, 2S to 30 Market st., has attained a 
wide circiilalion among the laboring classes, whose interests 
it represents. It is issued in a Sunday edition, called " Ui'e 
Facker (The Torch). 

The Economist, 59 Dearborn st., is a weekly journal de- 
voted to financial and real estate interests. It is ably edited, 
and of much interest to all buyers of stocks, real estate, etc. 

The Graphic was the first illustrated weekly in Chicago 
to establish itself on a firm basis, although many attempts 
had previously been made in that direction. It is well illus- 
trated, and the reading matter interesting. Price, lOc. per 
numl)er. 

America, 180 and l-'2 IMonroe St., is a weekly whose 
principal object is the defense of the American national 
principle. It opposes any foreignism in American national 



274 THE PRESS. 

affairs, as well as church influence in the public schools, and 
attempts to arouse the interest in public aflfairs. Its peculiar 
field has secured for it a wide circle of readers. 

Hemlandet is the oldest Swedish newspaper in the city. 
This paper, which is republican in its bearings, is distin- 
guished by its moderation and trustworthiness, and is 
especially a family paper. Its extensive circulation through- 
out the country makes it a very effective advertising medium. 

Norden is " ~^ 

a Norwegian ^ . , I \ 

d e m c r a t i c '' ^^ J^ 

weekly paper. °- '^-^^^'^fe^^^iyi 

America is ' --riy.T^^^w^-iMrt^^ 
a Norwegian- 
Danish republi- 
can and relig- 
ious weekly. 

S V e n ska- 
American is an 
independent 

St. X i\ ii 1 s \ hIi iiu W il) ch a\<. , rnr 29th 

Swedish weekly paper with lepublican inclinations. Its cir- 
culation is mostly in the country. 

Svenska Tribunen is a Swedish republican weekly. 
This paper, conducted in a liberal spirit, gives much attention 
to social questions. 

Skandia is a Swedish democratic daily paper. It has 
been in existence only a year, and circulates mostly in the 
city. 

Svenska Kuriren is an independent Swedish weekly 
paper. 

Skandinaven is a Norwegian republican daily paper. 





J.^.WODLLKnnT, A*Wt>U 

FULLERTON AVE. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 



Fullcitoii five., cor. Larr.'xbee, 



CHURCHES. 



Chicago can not compare in point of church architecture 
with the older cities of this country, not to speak of the 
celebrated cathedrals of Europe, yet there are manj' buildings 
worthy of mention, particularly so by reason of their ex- 
cellent interiors and modern conveniences. 

The following list of churches is arranged according to 
the divisions of the city and as far as possible in the order 
of their location from the center of the city. To facilitate 
the selection of those particularly worthy of a visit we have 
prefixed the name of the church thus*. To the most noted**. 



Grace Church. — Penomination; Episcopal. 
Site: Wahaish Avenue, mar loth Street, north of Lihby Prison. 



A brick building with yellow sfjuare stone front, in French 
Gothic. 

The main entrance is on the West facade fronting Wabash 
Avenue. It is a large portal of sandstone with a pointed 
arch richly ornamented, flanked by six columns and project- 
ing far from the wall. Above in the pediment of the gable 
is a very large rosette of twelve divisions with stained glass. 
The square tower is rich in form; but it has only been carried 
to the height of the ridge pole. 

The interior makes a very pleasing impression. The high 
choir is pentangular and has large windows. The stained 
glass in these is remarkable, especially a crucifixion, xlmong 
the other windows in the main aisle are some memorial wirj- 

276 



CHURCHES. 277 

dows worthy of mention, for instiince that on tlie south wall, 
the third from the choir: (,'hrist bU^ssin^ the children. The 
rest of the windows and the msette contain mostly' (lothic 
ornamentation. On the wall of the choir are two frescoes 
representing Church Music. The lecturn of polished brass is 
a piece of fine workmanship. The baptismal font is of marble. 
The ors^an is placed in the N.-E. corner. 

St. Paul's Church.- -Denomination: 



Site: .)fic/ii(/iiii Av.. Iiffirem lOtli ((ml IJtli st., mi tJu'Eaat aide. 



A large Gothic structure of gra3''ish yellow square stone 
with rough surface. 

The transei)t is considerably lower than the nave. The 
West facade is of imposing form and dimensions. A large 
Gothic portal, above which a handsome rosette, both sur- 
rounded by an imposing triple pointed arch resting on a 
cluster of six columns. The steeple which rises from the 
South facade, has not been carried above the roof. It contains 
a second, smaller entrance. The exterior of the church is 
varied by massive buttresses which project far out and lack 
the finials. 

The ehurch is, at present, not used. It is in a rather ne- 
glected condition, and not open to tlui public. 

* St. John's Church. — I^enomiiiatioii: Roman Catholic. 



Site: Chirl,- ami IStl, strrrf.s. 



A Gothic building of yellow sand stone, with the school 
hi)us(> and ])arsonage adjoining. 

Tile main facade looking south is on ISth street and is 
flanked by two extensive substructures to the spires which 
are, however, carried hardlj' to the height of the roof. The 
portal lies between the two and consists of a lofty pointed 
arcn ])rotruding from the wall and supported by ten slender 
(■(dumns uf polished granite. In the middle of the arch stands 



278 OHtTRCHES. 

on a slender pedestal the statue of St. John. Above the por- 
tal rises a lar£i;e lancet-window with the rosette. 

The transept projects onlj' in its lower part from the nave; 
the upper half (the gable wall) lies in the field of the main 
wall and contains a large triangular rose window. 

The choir is a hectagon with five windows and a balcony 
leading round half way between the floor and the ceiling. 

Interior. The interior makes ahai-nionious,even a grand 
impression. The vaulted ceiling consists of a pointed arch, 
only broken by wooden ribs gracefully sprung and resting on 
pilasters, thus allowing the eye to wander from wall to wall. 
These ribs are of grayish brown color and tastefully gilded. 
The tone of the inside walls is a clear gray; that of the ceiling 
blue, enlivened by handsome borders and ornamentations. - 
On the walls of the transept under the rosettes are the pic- 
tures ofthe twelve apostles on golden ground. Of greater artistic 
value are the stations placed between the windows, represent- 
ing the successive stages of our Lord's passion: fourteen oil 
paintings about 3x4 feet in size, from the hand of an artist. 

The most impressive i^art of the church is, however, the 
choir, by virtue of its five windows of stained glass, which are 
decidedly of artistic value, being probably the most rennirkable 
in the city. — The stained glass of the rosettes is likewise 
worthy of mention. 

The high altar has dark wood carvings with eflFective 
gilding. There are, moreover, two side altars in the church. 
The organ is famous for its harmonious tone. 

Although the adjacent and dependent buildings in the 
immediate neighborhood interfere only with the effect of that 
part of the structure that is architecturally the most in- 
significant, leaving the church almost completely free on 
three sides, yet the site is rather too remote and the surround- 
ings are too poor to give full effect to this church which is in 
point of architecture and dimensions comparatively quite im- 
poitant. 



cniTRCHES. 279 

Second Presbyterian Church. Dcnoniinatidii: /^rrs/n/frnan. 
Siti": MicliKjiiii Accnin a nil -l>th str((l. 



Tliis is perhaps the finest Gothic church in Chicago. The 
structure owes a great deal of its effect to its verj' picturesque 
iiiatcrial: a somewhat jxirous, light stone having all shades 
from light gra}' 
t.i l.lack. Tiu- 
church is crect- 
e d in pure 
Gothic style and 
shows rich sand 
stone sculptur- 
ings. Above the 
main portal on 
Michigan A ve. 
is the large ro- 
sette, surround- 
ed bj' the em- 
blems of thef our 
evangelists. 

The most 
effective part 
of the building 
is the steeple at 
the South-East. 
Withasubstruc- 
ture of massive ^ 
buttresses, its*— . 
base a [» p o a r s f^' • 
strongandlarge; ^^■ 

but atthe lu'i"ht Second Presbyterian Church. 

(if the belfry a singularly light and graceful effect is obtained 
by the aid of sandstone arches and tower windows. These 
pniiited arches, divided in two bj' a slender column, occui)y 
almost the whole width of the tower wall, leaving only the folir 
ciu'ners as a support to the roof. The square part of the tower 
then ends with crenelated walls, making room for the py- 




280 CHURCHES. 

ramid. Tlie latter, in effective contrast with the gray walls 
of the main structure, is covered with red tiles and adorned 
with gablets. 

The church has three naves. At the West is a transept 
containing the minor compartments. 

The interior of the church corresponds with its beautiful 
exterior. The partitions of the naves are formed by hand- 
some pointed arches resting on tall, slender columns. The 
side naves support the gallery framed by a fine wooden ba- 
lustrade. On the west wall stands the large organ which 
with its tuagnificently carved Gothic case of dark wood ap- 
propriately complements the rich interior. Among the win- 
dows are worthy of mention the large rosette which is placed 
at a great height, and a fine memorial window on the south 
wall. 

Of especial interest is the rich and very tasteful deco- 
ration of the ceiling and the walls. 

Eirst Presbyterian Church. — Denomination: Presbyterian. 

Site: N.-E. corner Indiana Avenue and 21st street. 



Massive Gothic structure of dark red brick with rich 
settings and trimmings of brown square stone. The steeple 
with its octagon spire is one of the highest in Chicago. The 
twelve tall lancet-windows, divided into two parts and having 
a rosette in the gable, have sandstone settings and are sepa- 
rated from one another by high buttresses. The slate roof 
has eight jutties. 

The large portal on the West facade with its pointed arch 
leads into the interior, the general effect of which is one of 
solemn splendor. In froiit of the visitor, in the choir without 
windows, rises in an artistically carved Gothic case of dark 
wood the large organ with its magnificently gilded face. Be- 
fore the organ is the i)ulpit and the platform. Along the 
sides run the finely carved railings of the galleries. Through 
tlie large windows pour floods of light. Among the stained 
glass windows are esi)ecially noteworthy those of the west 
facade. 




Sinai Congrcgalion, ImJiana A 



Iwtnty-first St 



282 ciiTrRcriEs. 

The richly ctirsed woodwork of the rafters etc. foi'm an 
effective contrast to tlie si»leiidid decorations of the ceiling. 
The latter are mostl}' in the style of Italian renaissance and 
number amon,^ the finest in Chicago. 

* Sinai Congregation.-Denomination : Mosaic. {Reform. Jews) 
Site: S - W. corner of Indiana Avenue and 21.st Street. 

A rather simple temple of grayish square stone, in Moorish 
and Oriental style. Among the windows is especially notice- 
able the rosette which is surrounded by fields decorated after 
Moorish pattern. The building is distinguished by its four 
massive square cupolas which rise above the roof; the middle 
cupola of the main facade with its crowned top may be seen 
from a great distance. 

The interior with its rows of seats rising one above an- 
other, its gallery with a carved front and its large organ, is 
very quiet and in comparatively simple style. The decollation 
is Moorish, in harmony with the architecture. 

* Church of the Messiah.— Denomination: Unitarian. 



Site: Michigan Avenue and the S.-E. corner of 23rd /Street, 
diagonally oj)posite the Immannel Baptist Church. 

It is a peculiar structure, attracting attention less on 
account of its dimensions than its curious architecture. The 
side walls are so low that the windows project above the 
lower edge of the roof and are connected with the main roof 
by short dormer roofs. This latter is disproportionally large, 
giving the whole a heavy appearance. From the main roof 
project also ten small triangular roofs the fronts of which are 
filled by small rosettes. The style is a somewhat free adap- 
tation of the Gothic. A peculiarity of the building is the 
steeple which is drawn in in the middle and is thus readilj' 
distinguished from many similar ones. The church has, be- 
sides, two other tower-like projections, one on the ridge over 
the cross of nave and transept and the other over the vesti- 



CHURCHES. 283 

bule.— The transept is lower than the nave and projects 
clearly from the nave. The larjie m^^c nn the West facade 
must also he mentioned; it is formed hy three cusps. The 
material is yellow stone with sandstone for window trimmings, 
gable.5 and buttresses. 

The interior is a large space free of columns etc. The 
roof is supported by a system of semi-circular rafters and the 
connecting beams. Construction and ])ainting of this wood 
work, although somewhat unusual in a (Jothic church, are 
made to harujonize with the rest as' well as possible. The 
decoration is simple and quiet. Windows and rosettes are 
uf stained glass. 

Immanuel Baptist Church. Denomination: Brqjtisf. 

Site: Mir/n';/(iii Aif.. a liflh Sniit/i (>/'2:inf St. 

A i)rominent church in the Gothic of the lifteenth cen- 
tury, built of squares of native calcareous stone (Illinois lime 
stone) with a rough surface. The main facade on the East con- 
tains the large portal and three windows with rosettes. The 
steeple on the north-east corner begins as a quadrangular, 
becomes then octangular and rises with the slender pyramid 
to a height of 21(J feet. The buttresses terminate in free pin- 
nacles of sand stone. The canopies and gable ends are crown- 
ed with finials. 

The church has in an additional building on the West 
side a sei)arate room for the Sundaj' school. 

The decoration of the iiitirior is modelled after a chapel 
of Notre Dame in Paris. The 1800 seats are arranged in a 
semi-circle; the}' rise as in an amphi-theatre in the hand- 
somely curved gallerj'. The vaulted ceiling is painted blue. 
The West wall forms a very i)ictures(|ue, almost too the- 
atrical termination. Behind the handsomely wrought plat- 
form with the pulpit rises a Gothic arch, forty feet high, over 
which is a cross. A porti^re of green silk in the wide open- 
ing of the arch liides the baptismal font behind which stands 
a tower-like structure covered with a Moorish Indian cupola. 

Above it the large organ with a front decorated in colors. 



284 CHURCHES. 

Christ Church. Denomination: Reformed Episcopal. 
Site: Mic/u'f/aH Ave., S.-W. corner '^4th St. 

Structure in simple Grothic of yellow square .stone (Illinois 
Lime Stone) with rough surface. 

The church has no side aisle; the choir in form of a 
quintagon has no windows. Of the two steeples on the Michi- 
gan Avenue facade only the one on the North —an Italian 
campanile with a quadrilateral pyramidical pinnacle -is 
completed. In the field between the two is a large lancet 
window with a rosette. The vestibule receives light through 
rosettes on the North and South wall. From the middle of 
the roof rises a small turret. 

Interior: The decoration is quiet in tone. The choir re- 
ceives its light through a serai-circular sky light. Some of 
the numerous small windows have handsome stained glass 
donated by members of the church. On the West is a gallery 
supported by columns. The organ is placed to the left of the 
choir, in theN.-E. corner. -Worthy of mention are a baptismal 
font of marble and a fine tectum of polished brass. — 900 seats. 

St. Anthony of Padua Church.— Denomin.: Roman Catholic. 
Site: Hanover St. and S.-E. corner of 24th Place. 

This is one of the few churches in Chicago which are 
built in pure Komanesque style. The ground plan has the 
form of a cross. The church looks from East to West. The 
main facade contains the portal with three doors and several 
windows. Its ornaments are of sand stone. A large flyer 
leads up to the auditory. After passing through the inside 
doors of the vestibule, the visitor finds himself in one of the 
finest and most effective church interiors of Chicago. 

Interior: Eight beautiful semi-circular arches resting on 
slender pillars, separate the nave from the two transepts and 
bear the upper walls of the nave. Where nave and transept 
meet, rises a large cupola which with its well calculated di- 
mensions, is very effective. The finest ornament of the church 



286 CHURCHES. 

is the thoroughly artistic decoration. Romanesque fresco- 
paintings and ornaments in quiet tones harmonizing with one 
another, cover arches, walls and vaults. The two cross-walls 
of the transept contain at the hight of the handsome rosettes, 
four large mural paintings. In the semi-circular choir there 
are three beautifully executed fresco-paintings. The high 
altar is of marble; the two other altars (Joseph and Mary 
with the infant) of wood with rich painting and gilding. 
The organ is placed in the West end. 

This church is distinguished from many others by the 
rare harmony of its proportions and decorations; the latter 
ha])pily complement the construction. 

The cupola is surmounted by a quadrangular super- 
structure from each corner of which arise elegant sand stone 
turrets. It ends in a low, octangular tower with a cross. The 
buttresses reach considerably beyond the roof and are crown- 
ed by finials. The gable of the West side contains another 
turret. 

The material is, for the basement (Sunday school room), 
yellow stone; the rest is gray brick with sand-stone trimmings. 

Trinity Methodist Church.— Denomination: Methodist. 
Site: Indiana Avenue near 24th Street. 

The nave is on the West flanked by two substructures 
for the spires between which the portal. The East part of 
the nave is terminated by the transept in front of it. The 
material is yellow stone with a rough surface and sand-stone 
(for trimmings and sculptures). The most remarkable part of 
the structure is from an architectural point of view, the large 
portal which is divided into three parts. It occupies the 
whole width of the wall that terminates the nave and gets 
its division from two columns placed free in the portal. It 
terminates at the top in three narrow gables crowned with 
finials. The spires are only carried to the height of the roof. 

Interior: Stei)ping inside, we first pass the vestibule 
with the stair-case. Noticeable is the disposition and illu- 
mination of these parts as well as the perfect acoustics 



CITURCIIKS. 287 

if the lars^e hall. Walls and ceiling are tastefully and 
bocoiuiiigli' decorated. The grouiul tone is a liiiht red with 
izildiiii^. On the West, North and 8<>uth arc on the cross 
walls of the naves larj^e lancet windows divided in three 
parts and having stained glass in (rotliic style. The fine, 
large organ is placed at the West end. At the same height 
with the organ runs all around a finely carved wooden 
gallery resting on pillars. 

All Saints' Church. —Denomination: Roman Catholic. 
Site: .S'.- W. corner of 25th Place and Wallace StrcH. 

A Gothic church of gray brick. The steei)le in the N.-K. 
liiis nut been carried beyond the height of the gable of the 
loof. The bell is i)laced in a temporary wooden belfry at the 
top of the steeple. 

Interior: The church lias two naves and a transept. 
Sixteen free, round pillars support the jiointed arches on 
wiiich rests the weight of the upper walls. The transept has 
iiM each side a side transept. The masonry of the ceiling is 
>upporUtd by a system of rafters. 

The i)entagonal choir on the West contains a handsome 
high altar of marble, in Gothic forms and richly gilded. The 
columns, capitals, consoles, pendants etc. show beautiful 
sculpture. 

Plymouth Cong^eg. Church.-Denomination: Congregational. 

Site: Michigan Avenue, neor 2(itlt strict. 

The ground plan of this church is a rectangle with the 
front corners cut oif. The material is yellow stone and sand- 
stone for the stone-work. The middle space is flanked by two 
wide buttresses running up into an elegant roof supported by 
I'our slender columns. Between the buttresses is the large, senii- 
eircular-arched window, filling almost the whole wall. Where 
the corners are cut off are the portals. They are formed hy 
semi-circular arches flanked by six columns. These arches 



288 ciiURciiKS. 

support a cubic-shaped structure, which in turn is crowned 
by a small, pavilion-like super-structure. The ])ortals are 
connected by short double-arched arcades, with a stone 
balcony. 

The interior is comparatively simple but tasteful. The 
finely ornamented organ stands in effective contrast with the 
quiet deco- 
ration of the 
walls. The 
seats rise as in 
a n a m p h i- 
theatre. 

Among the 
windows of 
stained glass 
m ay be men- 
tioned the large 
west window. 

The church 
is noted for the 
ex CO Hence of 
its choir, and 
sustains a large 
Sunday school 
and local 
mission church, 
and in part a 
mission church 

and school. Plymouth Congregational Church. 

Seating capacity 1400 persons. 

Trinity Church. -Denomination: Episcopal. 

Site: Michigan Avenue and 26fh Street. 




An interesting church in English Grothic style. The ma- 
terial is the yellow Illinois lime-stone and sand-stone for the 
trimmings. The church has in addition to the main nave 
and two side naves, a large, somewhat low transept. East of 



CHURCHES. 281) 

the choir is a Ladj' Chapel, connected with the main structure 
by a covered jjassage. Between choir and transept a turret 
on the ridge of the I'oof. The main facade on the West side 
contains two rather large pointed arch windows and a rosette. 
The substructure of the tower which bounds the west facade 
contains also the two main i)ortals. The spires, as yet un- 
completed, do not reach beyond the ridge of the roof. 

* St. James Church. — Denomination: Roimni- Catholic. 
Site: Wdbdsh Avenue, near ^iOtli Street. 

A structure with three naves and a transept in early 
(xothic. The spire built into the main facade looking East, 
lacks the pyramid. 

Interior: The ceiling is supported by eight single 
and four triple pillars of polished gray marble. In the side 
aisles bounded by them are the fourteen stations of the 
passion. The transepts contain galleries. The side walls 
are almost wholly taken up by immense lancet windows with 
a rose placed in each of them. The ornamentation of the 
stained glass is Gothic. The trilateral choir added to the 
west wall contains a beautiful high altar of white marble 
with remarkable sculpture. On both sides of it, at the ter- 
mini of the side aisles, are the altars of Joseph and of Mary, 
with the pictures of the same on gold ground. On the East, 
oi)posite the choir, stands the organ. 

The bronze statue, three feet high, in the south of the 
side nave, representing St. Peter with the keys in a sitting 
attitude on a socle of yellow marble, is a little master-piece. 
The decoration of the walls and the ceiling are in light colors 
with moderate gilding. 

St. Paul's Church.— Denomination: Universalist. 



Site: Prairie Avenue, near 30th Street. 



St. Paul's Universalist church is a romanesque structure 
of not very considerable dimensions, but of very interesting 
architecture. The material is a reddish brown stone of 



290 CHrRCHES. 

charming effect. The luaiu dii'ectiou of the church is from 
West to East. On the crossing of nave and transept rises a 
short but very large octanguU\r tower with .small semi-circular 
windows. The two main entrances are on the Western main 
facade on Prairie Avenue. Two rather low doors above which 
rise handsome romanesque arches, lead into two small porches 
connected by the vestibule. The latter, a low room resem- 
bling a corridor, is secluded from the street by a wall slightly 
curved toward the street and having nine small windows. On 
the South of the main facade is, besides, a semi-circular arch 
which marks the entrance to the rooms in the basement. This 
richly broken exterior is still more enlivened by tasteful 
sculi)tures: Portal columns vfiih sculptured capitals, plastic 
bands hewn from the stone, ornamental window trimmings etc. 

Interior. With the characteristic exterior corresponds 
the beautiful interior. The most striking portion is the inner 
construction of the tower which rests on four large and 
powerful semi-circular arches which are in turn supported by 
eight short, massive columns. The eight side walls of the 
tower rest on the semi-circular arches, and as many triangles 
meeting at the top in a common spire form the final termin- 
ation. On the outside this part is covered by painted sheet 
iron and red tiles. Roof and walls of the steeple have small 
windows. The decoration of the ceiling is executed in very 
tasteful tones. The walls are covered with terra-cotta tiles 
on which charming ornaments. A chief attraction of the 
church is a memorial window on the South, representing 
Christ blessing the children. 

The organ is placed in the east end of the nave. 

First Baptist Church. — Denomination: Baptist. 

Site: South Park Avenue cDid Slat Street. 

The opulent temple of the First Bajitist Society is a 
stately Gothic structure with a tall steeple visible at a great 
distance. The main nave is connected with a chapel-like 
structure placed east of it, hy a short stair case crowned by a 
turret. The transept is low, supported by buttresses and pro- 



CHURCHES. 291 

triuliiif,^ but little from the nave. The steeple on the north- 
west corner is at its base quadraniiular and contains on its 
two sides, which are parallel to the streets, the two main 
portals. The l)clfVy is formed by pointed arches and free 
sanil-stone columns. The quadrangular part of the steeple 




First IJ.iDlist Church. 

is terminated by a balustrade of broken sand-stone. Then 
follows an octangular super-structure which forms the basis 
for tlie likewise octangular roctf of the steeple which is cover- 
ed with slates. 

The three large lancet windows on the main facade on the 
west side first attract the visitor's attention. These as well as the 
somewhat smaller gable windoAv are ornamented with sand- 
stone sculptures. The buttresses terminate at the top in 



292 CHURCHES. 

small, lofty tower roofs supported bj^ four slender columns; a 
circumstance which contributes materially to enlivening the 
facades. The southern extremity of the main front is flanked 
by the sub-structure for a second, as yet only projected 
steeple which likewise contains a portal. 

Passing to the Interior the large magnificent organ with 
its tasteful decoration and effective gilding presenting the 
finest appearance of any organ in Chicago, first attracts the 
attention of the visitor. The fundamental tones of the in- 
terior decoration are, for the ceiling, chamois and for the 
walls, a light terra cotta. The panelled ceiling is supported 
by pointed arches of wood which in turn rest on bronzed 
chaptrels and columns. A gallery leads all around the 
interior. 

The stained glass of the windows shows simple Gothic 
ornaments. 

Under the organ platform, separated from the rostrum 
by five protruding, richly carved pointed arches, is the loggia- 
like baptismal font, on both sides of which the pointed arches 
continue, leaning against the walls and forming an arcade 
the fields of which are ornamented with frescoes on blue 
ground. 

The whole appointment breathes opulence. 

The church is praised for its good acoustics. 

The additional building resembling a chapel, contains 
rooms for the Sunday school etc. 

Fifth Presbyterian Church..— Denomination: Presbyterian. 

Site: S-E. corner of Indiana Avenue and 30th Street. 

This church is a structure of grayish stone with a 
quadrangular belfry and a low transept. The main facade 
looks West toward Indiana Avenue. A few steps lead to the 
loggia enclosed by two large, but low semi-circular arches. 
From this loggia the vestibule on the base of the steeple is 
reached. The latter; being rather bare, has long and very 
narrow quadrangular windows, and, what is quite rare in 



i 



CHURCHES. 293 

Chicago, a clock. It is crowned by a low pyramid. The 

buttresses and the base of the steeple, being curved, grow 
more massive toward their foiuxlation. 

The iiifrrior is lighted by two windows in the west and 
north walls, composed of a great number of small S(iuares. 
The walls in light yellow, are tastefully decorated. Some of 
the windows are of stained glass. 

The chapel which also contains the Sunday school rooms, 
projects from the east wall of the church. 



South Park Avenue M. E. Church. 

(Denomin. : Method ist-Ep!sc(ip(d.) 



Site: iS.- W. cortiir of Soiifh Pdrlc Avenue and S3rd Street. 

Impressive structure of square stone with an effective 
sjiire; with a free use of Norman and romanesque forms. The 
entrance, a low semi-circular arch, is on the main facade on 
South Park Avenue. Another entrance is on 33rd street, in 
an additional structure placed before the tower and crowned 
with a balcony. The ten large semi-circular windows in the 
side walls are ornamented with stained glass and separated 
by strong buttresses reaching to the roof. The tower on the 
N.-E. corner, with its unique finial, reminds one of the bar- 
bicans of the medieval castles and boroughs. Rising from 
the angles at the top are four round turrets which are at their 
base encircled by a common wall. Each of the wails between 
lias two lower windows in front of which is a balustrade of 
open work masonry. The pinnacle of the tower is a low quad- 
rangular, pyramid with rounded corners. 

The int< rior has 150(1 seats rising as in an amphi-theatre, 
and a beautiful gallery. The wainscoting of the ceiling and 
the woodwork of the seats etc. is of oak and California cedai*. 
The walls etc. show simi)le decorations on a ground of light 
terra eotta. 



294 ciitiRriiES. 

**South Congregational Church.-Denomin.: Congregational. 
Site-jV.-TF. corner of Drexel Boulevard and 40th St ret t. 

A very picturesque and interesting edifice in Romanesque 
style. The characteristic impression produced by this church 
is due to its situation and its environment as well as to its 
original architecture. To the material, too, must be ascribed 
a not inconsiderable part of the effect: It is the gray prairi ' 
stone with rough surface. 

The acute angle in which the neighboring streets meet, 
necessitated the irregular form of the ground plan: A rect- 
angle (auditorj') with a right angled triangle (vestibule) 
attached to it. The main facade on the boulevard is flanked 
by two towers on the corners, between which projects the 
semi-circular arched portal with the heavy canopy. It is sur- 
mounted by a large Romanesque window with fine feather- 
ings. The vestibule is lighted by two small rose windows at 
the sides of the portal. 

On the southern facade is especially noteworthy the large 
semi-circular arched window with its feathering of rosettes 
and foiles, filling almost the whole cross-wall of the transejit. 
The most impressive part of the structure is the tower in the 
S.-E. corner. It is supported by four free massive columns 
with cubical base. The loggia-like basement of the tower, 
thereby become free, serves as a lobby to the vestibule with 
which it is connected by a few broad steps. The tower, first 
having the shape of a drum, is broken by five semi-circular 
arched windows. The quadrangular part above this is on 
every corner flanked by massive buttresses which enlarge 
toward their base and continue as free, round columns, on 
which are placed the four wide semi-circular ai'ches, that 
form the spacious belfry. The latter is suiTounded by a 
balustrade of stone in oiien-work. (In the ground plan a 
circle drawn through the four corner columns.) The yyinnacle 
is a quadrangular slated pyramid from the corners of whose 
base rise four small cones. 

The northern tower flanking the other side of the facade 



rnrurnES. 295 

is iuuch simpler and lnwcr. It is all the way cylindrical and 
ends in a cone. 

The interior is of simple but solid ele.trance. The pews, 
do(n-s and rafters show some tine wood cai'ving. Pulpit and 
oriran are on the Wf'st wall: on the East, above the vestibule, 
is the srallery. 

The ciiief ornament are the l)('autiful stained glass win- 
dows in the transept. 

Temple of the "Anshe Maarab" Congregation. 

Denomination: Reformed Jews. 
Site: S.-E. eomer of IndiaiKi Areime mid 33rd Street. 



This, the larj^est Jewish temple in Chicago, is a massive 
structure of gray material, presenting on the outside two dis- 
tinct parts. The lower part being constructed in sand stone 
squares with rough surface, resembles (ine half of a cube and 
makes by virtue of its unbroken surface a remarkably strong 
impression. It is built in the free Romanesque style. On 
this main part rises a superstructure with a hip roof cover- 
ed with slates and bordered by a stone balustrade. The 
walls of this superstructure are enlivened by plastic orna- 
uients in Moiu'ish style and broken by narrow windows ar- 
ranged in groups of three. The windows of the substructure 
arc jiartly rectangular, partly semi-circular arched. 

The main entrance on the west sidd (Indiana Ave.), form- 
ed by a very large semi-circular arch, leads into the basement 
which contains the various auxiliary rooms. The auditory 
l)roi)er occupying the entire building, is large and very high, 
looking from Kast to West and decorated in exclusively 
Moorish style. 

The interior is abundantly lighted by the eight lai'ge 
.semi-circular arched windows and the twent\-seven smaller 
windows of the sui)erstructure. The side walls incline above 
the large windows and meet in a half-circle, thus forming a 
ceiling resembling the one half of a cylinder. Some of the 
semi-circular rafters are decorated with gold. A spacious 



296 CIIlTRCIIES. 

gallery with seats rising as in an amphitheatre, runs along 
three sides of the interior. The front of this gallery is cover- 
ed with a coat of dark stucco painted in dark red. On this 
ground are executed numerous modernized plastic ornaments 
in Moorish style. A similar ornamentation showing repeated- 
ly the Jewish emblem, the so-called "Shield of David", is 
seen on a wide strip along the woodwork of the ceiling. The 
east wall is most luxuriously appointed. The pulpit stands 
in a large niche hewn in the wall and resembling a choir; 
above it is the organ screened by an open-work carving of 
wood with beautiful Moorish and Indian motives. This 
lattice work is surrounded by a large semi-circular arch, three 
feet wide, with charming oriental arabesques. The remaining 
part of the east wall is richly provided with colored stucco- 
ornaments after modernized Oriental motives (stars, bands, 
flowers, acanthi, symbols etc). All the wood work visible in 
the temple is of antique oak. 

Oakland M. E. Church. -^Denomin.: Methodist Episcopal, j 
Site: S. W. corner Oakicood Boulevard and Langley Ave. 

This church, built in 1886 of grey sandstone squares with 
rough surface, appears in the ground plan as a nave with 
transept crossing it at right angles and an addition placed in 
the corner, containing a small, open entrance hall projecting 
a little from the two adjoining front walls. The architecture 
is in free Romanesque style. Between the entrance hall and 
the cross wall ofthe nave (looking North) rises, in the middle 
of the facade, the steeple in form of a campanile. It projects 
a little from the front, has up to the second story a semi-cir- 
cular frontal addition, farther up long and ver^^ narrow win- 
dows resembling loop-holes, an open belfry with semi-circular 
louvre windows and a stone balustrade. It terminates in a 
slender, quadrangular pyramid covered with slate* 

The church is mainly lighted by the two large semi-circular 
arched windows in the front walls of the nave, eomi)osed of 
several quadrangular and one semi-circular arched window. 




First Presbyterian Church, In.iiaiia Avenue i:or. 1 wenty-tirst St 



298 CHURCHES. 

The Ulterior of the church is very simple. It consists of 
two vestibules and the quadratic auditory with the platform 
in the N. W. corner. Pews, wainscoting etc., are of light 
wood. The stained glass paintings are worthy of mention. 

* Forty-first Street Presbyterian Church. 

Denomination: 1* reshytcrlan. 
Site: S.- W. corucr of Grand Boulevard and 41st Street. 

One of the most modern churches of Chicago. The edi- 
fice in llomanesque and Norman forms, is erected of grayish 
red square stone with rough surface. The ground plan shows 
the form of a cross in the outside angles of which are placed 
the steeple, the vestibules, stair-cases etc. Most noteworthy 
is the steeple, a solid, quadrangular campanile with long and 
narrow quadrangular windows which appear almost like loop- 
holes, and with semi-circular apertures in the belfry. Its 
roof is a low slated pyramid. The church proper consists of 
a nave and a transept of equal length. The north, east and 
south walls are each broken by two rows of semi-circular 
arched windows. The lower of these are broad and divided, 
while the ujiper are long and narrow. At the corners low, 
round buttresses with sculptured capitals. 

The effect of the interior is simple but elegant. The 
wainscoting, the panelled ceiling, the front of the gallery and 
the seats are of bright oak wood. Tiie walls are light red. 
A gallery winds along the north, east and south wall. The 
wood work of the ceiling is supported by four round massive 
stone columns placed in the four corners. The church con- 
tains 1,600 seats, but has room for 2,500 persons. 

On the west side is added a structure similar to the main 
building, but in simpler forms. This contains the Sunday 
school rooms. 

St. Cecilia's Church. — Denomination: Roman- Catholic. 
Site: S.-E. corner of 45th and Atlantic Street. 

This is a new structure in the Eomanesque style. The 
foundation stone was laid in 1889. The ground plan is an 
octagon with a short space built out for the choir. The two 



CHURCHES. 299 

large niche-like semi-rotundas built in the walls adjoining 
the choir give the interior a unique effect. 

The portal on the north wall is formed by a number of 
round-arches diminishing toward the back, the foremost of 
which rests on four slender, free colums. 

The material for the substructure is a greenish stone 
with good effect, and for the rest greyish yellow tiles. 

St. Gabriel's Church. —Denomination: Konidn Catholic. 

Site: S.-E. corner Sltrrmou and 45tli Street. 

A new edifice of reddish brown bricks in pure Roman- 
esque forms. (On the foundation stone on the north facade: 
A(I Sniictioit Gifhrielent iiViVT.) 

Although the exterior of the church has, through its 
wide windows and low buttresses, a rather heavy appear- 
ance, it is partly redeemed by the high steeple on the 
N. W. corner, the only one in Chicago built entirely of stone. 
This is quadrangular and protrudes somewhat from the walls. 
Its three free edges are bordered by small, round bartizans. 
The walls are broken V)y windows resembling loop-holes. 

The pyramid being quadrangular is crowned by a finial 
and a cross. 

Interior. The church looks from North to South; the nave 
is divided into three aisles; at its south end is a septangular 
choir. The transept is small and shows but one aisle. The 
ceiling rests upon ten semi-circular arches sujqwrted by eight 
pillars with acanthus cai)itals of white stucco. 

Of the semi-circular arched windows aw especially note- 
worthy the two memorial windows in the transept, the live 
choir windows and the simple rosette in the north wall. The 
choir is remarkable, consisting of an arcade with seven arches 
forming the half of a polygon with fourteen sides and being 
supportet by six fine granite columns. 



800 OHURCHES. 

Hyde Park Presbyterian Church. 

Denomination : Freshyterian. 
Site: N. E. corner Washiugton Avenur and 53d Street. 

A new and interesting church (completed in 1890) in the 
fentre of the pleasant suburb Hyde Park. The edifice, built 
of gray sand stone witli a rough surface, is in the ground plan 
a rectangle. The main facade is on the West (on Washing- 
ton Avenue) occupying one of the longer sides of the 
rectangle. From outside the «3hurch appears as a nave look- 
ing from North to South, with two wings of transepts added 
on the West between which is placed a low quadrangular 
steeple resting on two columns. A staircase between these 
columns leads to the entrance. The South facade is formed 
by the cross-wall of the nave and a pavilion on the f]ast with 
aspire in form of a cone (containing the study of the minister.) 
.The cross-walls of nave and transepts have, with the sole 
exception of that on the North, each a large semi-circular 
arched window with Gothic foliations, whose semi-circular 
arch is on the outside encircled by an imitation ogee arch. 
On the sides the windows are bordered by two semi-circular 
buttresses showing, like the upper gable field, some light 
ornamentation hewn in stone (bands of foliage, finials, etc). 
The North wall contains seven lancet windows. The most 
eflFective part of the church is the quadrangular tower in the 
corner. It contains at its base the main entrance and the 
vestibule; further up the belfry with eight high louvre win- 
dows which are open at the base but show, in the upper half 
open work stone ornamentation. Here too, the semi-circular 
terminations are surrounded by imitation ogee arches. The 
whole is crowned by a quadrangular pyramid covered with 
■slate and having at each side a small bartizan covered with 
metal. Even the steeple contains stone ornamentation 
(buttresses, plasters, bands and poppy-heads.) 

The interior is separated in two parts by a corridor issu- 
ing from the western entrance: the Sunday school and the 



CHURCHES. 



3(11 



church proper. The hitter is an octagonal hall decorated in 
quiet colors and containing eight hundred seats. Organ and 
]iulpit are placed on the east wall. The ceiling is i.anelled in 
light oak, and the same wood is used throughout the church. 

The Sunday school room adjoining it makes through its 
effective stained glass i)aintings (especiall}' noteworthy is the 
memorial window on the east wall) and the pretty boxes on 
the gallery, a very favorable impression. 



Hyde Park M. E. Church.— Denomin.: Methodist Episcopal' 
Site: «S'. E. Corner d4fJi Street and Washington Ave. 



An edifice situated in the finest part of Hyde Park. Tt 
is built of massive squares of grey granite, in a combination 

of modernized 
Romanesque and 
Norman style. The 
east wing of the 
tra n se pt alone is 
finished. The facade 
of the nave is to be 
on the West, where 
it will be flanked by 
two q u a d r a n gular 
steeples, the lai'ger 
one of which, on the 
North East, will con- 
tain two semi-circu- 
lar a r c h e d portals. 
Its edges are in the upper half flanked by four tall, narrow 
turrets. The spire is a quadrangular pyramid. 

The walls and the ceiling (which latter is supported by 

an extensive system of rafters) are wainscoted in light oak. 

A spacious gallery runs round the interior. The stained, 
glass paintings are verj- effective. 




<3^^ ^-==1^^--" 

Hyde Park M. E. Church. 



302 



CHURCHES. 



WEST SIDE. 



Cathedral S. S. Peter and Paul. Denomination: Episcopal 



Loc; Washington Boulevard and Peoria Street. 
A small church without steeple, in the simple form of 




Cathedral S. S. Peter and Paul. 



early Gothic, built of yellow stone. The exterior being very 
plain, the harmonious and elevating interior surprises all the 
more. The church has a nave and a transept. The ceiling 



CHIKCHKS. 303 

with lacunars is supported by simply carved rafters forming 
pointed are-hes. The walls, havinj^- for a ground a dark brown 
and red, are covered with frescoes and lii^ht gilding. The 
choir is heptagonal and has five beautiful windows. The 
altar of white marble; a chair with rich carving placed in the 
choir; the stained glass of several windows and the baptismal 
font in the N.-E. corner, hewn in the finest marble (given by 
Helen Anderson Carter) are all donations in memory of 
deceased parishioners. The conception in graceful (xothic 
fiirins and the perfect execution make this font a genuine 
masterpiece. The cover is of polished brass in open work. 
Opposite the baptismal font, on the east wall of the transept 
are small figures of Peter and Paul, carved in wood and sur- 
rounded by Gothic wood-carving. The transept contains 
two rosettes. 

The church was the first stone building on the west side 
and stood for a long time solitary in the i)rairie. 



Centenary M. E. Church.— Denomination: Methodist 

J'Jj>is((>j)((/. 

Site: Wist Monroe St., near Morgan St. 

A Gothic church with a front of yellow stone with rough 
surface. The main facade looking South, is divided by butt- 
resses into three i)arts. A large portal with three doors leadsJ 
into the interior. The upper ])art of the central field is almost 
entirely taken up by a large window ornamented with stained 
glass paintings. The front is bordered by two large, round 
buttresses reaching beyond the roof and terminating in cones. 

Interior. The ground plan of the church is a rectangle, the 
southern part of which is taken up by the vestibule and the 
stair case. In the ground floor are the Sunday school and the 
auxiliary rooms. The auditory makes in spite of the presence 
of various styles (Tudor arches, pointed arches and semi- 
circular arches) a favorable impression, the eye being enabled 
to glance fmm wall to wall without encountering pillars or 



304 CHURCHES. 

columns. The length walls which contain each seven win- 
dows, support on four moldings projecting one beyond the 
other thereb}' forming an inverted terrace, the ceiling vaulted 
in form of a Tudor arch. Eight wooden rafters composed of 
quadrants and flat arches, and several others running length- 
wise enliven the ceiling. The gallery on the north wall rises 
like an amphitheatre; the seats there are reserved for the 
choir. Behind, in a niche bordered by a large Tudor arch in 
the north wall, is the organ painted in various colors. In 
front of and below the organ the tribune for the preacher. Of 
the stained glass paintings are especially remarkable those 
of the large window in the south wall. 

The wood work of the church is partly of black walnut. 

First Congregational Church.— Denomin.: Congregational. 



Site: Washington Boulevard and Ann Street. 



A stately Grothic church of yellow square stone and sand 
stone trimmings. The nave, looking from North to South, 
opens on the Boulevard by three portals, which are crowned 
by massive pediments projecting from the facade. 

The two extremities of the transept which joins the 
south end of the nave, are broken by two large windows with- 
in three widely carved arches. 

The edifice, erected in 1869, has no steeple. 

The appointment of the interior is simple but distin- 
guished. On the south wall is the pulpit, behind which the 
organ. The balustrades, the pulpit and the deacons pews are 
fine specimens of wood work in black walnut. The spacious 
interior is lighted by the rosette-like windows of the transept 
and b}' six immense windows in the nave, reaching from the 
floor to the roof. The ceiling, a flat vault is blue and the 
walls are in light buff; both are adorned with pleasing fres- 
coes. A handsomely curved gallery runs along the walls. 
The seats rise gradually as in an amphi-theatre. 



(MIURCHES. 

Union Park Congregational Church. 



:505 



Denomination; Q^iir/ref/'ttioiml. 
Site: Ashhtnd Are. timJ WanhliKjtoii Bid., near Union Park. 

(rotliir cliuich of yellow stone, looking from East to 
\Vest. The steeple on the N. E. corner terminates in a 
slender octanirnjar pinnacle. Through the ogive portal we 
I'caeh a s|)acious stair-case, which lca<ls to the auditory and 
the gallery. 

Iiiferior. The decoration is quiet and very simple. The 
ceiling is supported by painted rafters. The large organ is 
worthy of mention. 

** Third Presbyterian Church.-Denomination: Presbyterian. 

Site: Comer Ogden and As/i/mid AreiDteR. 

The temjile of one of the wealthiest congregations in 
Chicatro. Re-constructed after the fire in 18S4 which left 

the outside 



walls. The ground 
plan is a cross with 
the portal on the 
East. The two 
steeples are carried 
only to the height 
of the roof. Be- 
tween the two the 
portal with three 
doors and rich 
sculptures in sand 
stone. Above is 
- =.: ;.. . r,^ n^?^tari7.^r4 the large rosette. 
THIRD PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The interior is 

lighted chiefly through the large window in the transept. 
The decoration of the interior ci»nsists of simple but taste- 
ful frescoes. The panelled ceiling is supported by rafters. 
The decoration of the walls is effectively interrupted by 




306 CHURCHES. 

the ornamented fiunt of the large organ. The greatest orna- 
ment of the church i.s. liowever, the hirge window in the 
south side which cost over $4,000. It is b}' far the largest 
and finest specimo!i of that description in Chicago and well 
deserves inspection. (The subject is the husbandman 
represented as tiller, sower and harvester; above him an 
angel with aureola, the whole surrounded and interwoven 
with magnificent ornaments.) 

Of equal beauty is the large rosette window above the 
portal on the east wall. The church has rich resources, 
shows great activity in enlarging its congregation and sup- 
ports two city missions. 

Zion Congregation. — Denomination: Jcirlslt. 



Site: Washiiu/ton BoaJevo rd <iinJ Ogdcn An 



Massive structure in sinii)le forms built of brick and 
terra cotta. The foundation stone was laid in 1885, IMoorish 
motives are predominant. Main entrance and vestibule on 
the West. 

The interior makes a beautiful impression. Three semi- 
circular arched vaults form the ceiling. The walls are covered 
by plastic ornaments in charming Moorish motives and by 
beautifully gilded carved Avood. The light enters through 
twelve simple windows with stained glass. 

* * Fourth Baptist Church.— Denomination: Pxrptist. 



Siti': S. W. corner Aslihdid BiiiihcanI (unl W. Monroe Street. 



One of the latest churches in Chicago and remarkable 
for its architecture which is a combination of Norman and 
Komanesque styles. The material is reddish brown sand 
stone with a rough surface. The frontispieces of nave and 
transept, which both look upon the street, are for the most part 
taken up b}'^ semi-circular windows, which are arranged in 
three groups, of which the one in the middle is the largest, 
rising above the others. Groups of pilasters enliven the 



CHURCHES. 



80: 



walls. The large quadrangular steeple at the corner of the 
street contains in its first story two rather low ])ortals and 
the vestibule, also the staircase and, in the fourth stor^', the 
belfr}'. On each side of the quadrangular pyramid is a 
pretty luthcrn. The edge of the steeple is, at its base, 
adorned with an original bow, and, from the second story up. 




Fourth Baptist Church. 

with a round buttress terminating in a point. The south- 
west corner is, up to the middle of the steeple, flanked by a 
round bartizan. A one-story structure lighted by nine small 
windows, separated from one another by short pilasters, is 
placed before the Eastern frontisiiiece. Two other vestibules, 
with semi-circular arched entrances, and the additional 
structure in more modern forms, which looks West (toward 
Ogden Ave.) and contains the Sunday-school, etc., are the re- 
maining parts of the edifice. 



:}(I8 CHURCHES. 

The interior in the form of a cross nas a spacious semi- 
circular gallery. In the southern wing of the nave is, under 
a massive round arch, the pulpit and, above this, the organ, 
which is on both sides flanked by two lodge like openings. 
The ceiling is supported by a system of rafters. The wood 
work is of antique oak. Worthy of special mention are the 
stained glass windows in the church, and the fine stained 
glass painting in the Sunday-school (a donation). 

* * Church of the Epiphany.— Denomination: Episcopal. 
Site: Ashland Ave. and Adams St. 

This beautiful edifice looking from East to West, is in 
Romanesque style and built of grayish red stone. The ex- 
tremity of the nave, facing Ashland ave. has a porch with 
three gables, containing the vestibule with a semi-circular 
arched portal and window. The quadrangular steeple on the 
N. W. corner with rounded-off edges is richly sculptured 
at the height of the belfry. Quadrangular and semi- 
circular buttresses add to the massive efi'ect of the structure. 
On the South end is added a chapel in the style of the main 
edifice. 

The interior receives its light mainly through the 
three large windows of the transept. The ceiling is richly 
panelled and the walls are adorned with ornamented terra 
cotta tiles and beautiful frescoes. The altar wall on the 
East shows a relief in stone; the adoration of the magi; 
on both sides of the altar fine mosaics, representing praying 
angels. The central window of the transept is very hand- 
some. 

* Church of the Redeemer. 



Denomination : Universal ist. 



Site: N. E. corner Warren Ave. and Rohey St. 

The church, consecrated in the spring of 1866, is an 
interesting Romanesque structure of brick and terra cotta. 
The transept projects but a few feet from the facade and is 



CHURCHES. ;]((!) 

of the same height as the main roof. There are two side 
entrances on Kobey street; the main entrance with three 
doors, leading to the vestibule, is on Warren ave. In the 
centre of each fa9ade is a large semi-circular arch on each 
side of which are three rectangular windows. The pure 
Romanes(iue semi-circular arch alone is applied in the base- 
ment. A broad staircase leads to the auditory which 
materially differs from the usual pattern, being a large rect- 
angular hall with organ and pulpit on the Eastern long side 
and seats rising as in an amphitheatre. The ceiling is of 
natural pine, supi)orted by a system of rafters which are 
painted olive brown and copj er bronze. The whole adorned 
with trimmings and carvings. 

The beautifully decorated front of the organ and the 
elegantly carved pulpit in the center of the East wall 
harmonize well with the rest. 

The decoration of the walls consist in bronzed reliefs, 
terra cotta colored fields, a frieze in dull brown and olive 
green finials. 

The stained glass paintings are very ocautiful. The one 
on the North shows the biblical sower, that on the South a 
copy of the Sixtine Madonna (memorial). The finest of them 
are. however, in the three large windows on the western 
extremity of the transept. (Talcott memorial), especially the. 
central one, representing " Charity," displays fine effects 
in colors. 
Park Ave. Church.— Denomination: Methodist Episcopal. 



Site: Park Ave. and Rohey St. 



A fine modern structure of readish gray stone with 
rough surface. The wide but not very long transept is 
flanked by round buttresses reaching beyond the roof. Of 
the two steeples only the northwestern is finished. It is 
quadrangular, has circular windows and ends with a quad- 
rangular roof. The other steeple is not even carried to the 
height of the ridge of the roof and terminates with a plat- 
form surrounded by a balustrade. In their substructures 



310 CHURCHES. 

the towers contain the two main entrances formed by semi- 
circular arches placed upon massive columns. 

The interior is reached through the vestibule. It is 
partly wainscoted, partly decorated in quiet but warm 
colors, among which a light grayish blue predominates. 

On the south wall is a large niche-like space, set off by a 
double semi-circular arch decorated with gold and various 
colors. In front of this the platform. The ceiling is made 
of light wood and supported by rafters. The seats are 
arranged in a semi-circle. 

A part of the windows has fine stained glass. The 
church is well lighted and ventilated. 

Western Ave. Church.— Denominat.: Methodist Episcopal. 
Site: Corner Western Ave. and W. Monroe St. 

This is a unique brick building in simple Gothic, with 
four towers in the bases of which are the entrances. It 
looks from East to West. The steeple has only been carried 
to the height of the roofs and lacks the spire. Built in 
1884. 

The interior of the church makes a very pleasant im- 
pression. The light enters through three large windows and 
some small ones all of which contain stained glass. (Picture 
of the Good Shepherd in the west window.) 

The ceiling is simple, but very pleasingly adorned with 
ornaments on grey ground. The walls are somewhat darker. 
The beautifully decorated front of the organ effectively 
breaks the monotony. Elegantly finished pews, which rise 
as in an amphitheatre, and a gallery with bronzed iron 
balustrade complete the impression of home and comfort. 

* Church of the Holy Family. 
Denomination: Roman Catholic. 



Site: W. 12th St. near Crossing of Blue Island Ave. 

The ground plan shows the form of a cross. The nave 
has on each side an aisle. The pentagonal choir is on the 




CHRIST CHURCH. 
Michigan ave. and Twenty-fourth st. 



312 CHURCHES 

north side. The architecture is chiefly Gothic. The steeple 
which can be seen from a great distance, terminates in a sor* 
of cupola crowned bj- a cross. 

The iiitrrlny of the church is ostentatious and pompuous. 
Walls and ceilings are painted in dull yellow and red and 
decorated with rich ornaments. The pillars separating the 
nave from the aisles are likewise painted and crowned by 
richly gilded and bronzed capitals. 

In the choir and the ends of the aisles are placed the 
magnificent altars. On the left, altar of Joseph; on the right, 
altar of Mary. The high altar, in the richest Gothic, 
reaches up to the ceiling, is painted white and gold and 
adorned with a beautiful oil painting, representing the 
H0I3' Family. A painting of value is in the transept: The 
vow of Ignatius Loyola (size 6 x 12 feet), remarkable for 
composition and distribution of light. Less important is the 
pendant in the western transept, representing a crucifixion. 

The pulpit is a fine specimen of Gothic wood carving. 
Half way up on the pillars are gilded "stylites." On the 
platform to the South two organs are placed. On the walls 
between the windows the fourteen stations of our Lord's 
passion. 

The church seats two thousantl people and contains 
superb stained glass windows. 

Temple of the "Anshe Kanesse Yisroel." 

Denomination: Jewish. 
Site: S. E. cur. Jndd and Clinton Sts. 

A tall brick building with buttresses and a small turret 
on the ridge of the roof resembling a pavilion. The archi- 
tecture is Moorish (horse-shoe arches), especially in the 
main facade on the west side. 

Interior. In the basement, assembly and auxiliary 
rooms. The entrances on the West lead to the vestibule and 
the staircase. The temple proper is a high and i)leasant 
room, plentifully lighted by two rows of colored glass win- 



CHURCHES. 31;^ 

dows. Here, too, we find chieflj' Moorish motives (ceiling) 
alternating with the Jewish emblem of the so-called " Shield 
of David."' On the western half of the temple is a broad 
gallery; opposite, on the east wall, is the elevated pulpit in 
front of a tall structure of partly gilded wood with carving in 
oriental forms. 



NORTHWEST SIDE. 



* St. Columbkill.— Denomination: Roman Catholic. 
Site: X. E. cor. W. IndUina and Paulina Sfs. 

A structure of grand dimensions in Romanesque style. 
Material: yellow stone in layers alternatively rough and 
smooth. The main facade on the south side is flanked by 
the two massive quadrangular steeples, which are however 
carried only to the height of the ridge pole. The central 
field with the three semi-circular arches, protrudes a little 
and is crowned by a gableT There is a second entrance on 
the large aisle on the west facade. The semi-circular apsis 
on the North is of brick. The windows are high and 
narrow and have at the top a small rosette. Massive 
buttresses add to the grand impression. 

The interior of the church in consequence of its dimen- 
sions, makes a grand impression. On the walls are decorated 
wood carvings representing the stations of our Lords 
passion. The choir is covered by a half-cupola, its side wall 
is broken by .seven small semi-circular arched windows. 
The high altar has dark wood carving with rich gilding 
in Komanesque forms. At the side are two other altars. 

The low balustrade of dark carved wood, sejiarating the 
choir from the nave, is noticeable. The fields contain beau- 
tifully executed ecclesiastical and hierarchical emblems. 
The south end of the nave and the aisle on the west side 
have spacious galleries. 



>,14 CHURCHES. 

St. Stanislaus. — Denomination: Romaii, Catholic. 



Site: S. E.coruer of NohJc ami Inc/rahani Streets. 



The St. Stanislaus church is the centre of the " Polish 
^luarters" of Chicago, as the central part of the region 
between Milwaukee Ave. and the river is called. The edifice, 
which is of considerable dimensions, and in llomanesque 
stjde, has a nave with two aisles. The main facade on the 
West is flanked by two unfinished steeples. A wide stair- 
case leads to the three semi-circular arched portals that open 
into the vestibule. The exterior is enlivened by simulated 
arcades running over the entire west front, and a large 
-I rosette. The 

eighteen 
large, arched 
windows are 
separated 
from one an- 
other by but- 
tresses. The 
steeples are, 
likewise, 
strengthened 
by hi g h - 
reaching but- 
tresses. 
The interior 
of St. Stanis- 
laus churchy 
in pure Ro- 
m a n e s que 

bt btaniskus Church fomiS, makeS 

a harmonious impression in spite of the bare greyish white 
walls. Sixteen pillars with sculptured capitals support the 
eighteen semi-circular arches on which in turn rests the 
ceiling. Pillars and arches are repeated in the nave as thin 
pilasters and simulated arches. The ceiling of the nave and 




CHURCHES. 315 

the aisles is arched in a semi-circle and has neither transverse 
arches nor ornaments. In the apsis is tl\e high altar of 
niarhle" On tlie west side are two galleries, the upiter one of 
which contains tlie organ. 

Tn the immediate neighborhood of the church rises the 
large four-story building of *S'^ Stanislaus School, a new 
structure of greyish-yellow bricks and smooth sand stone. 
On each of the four corners rises a turret. A buttress in the 
central i)art of the building is crowned with the statue of 
St. Stanislaus. 

NORTH SIDE. 



Cathedral of the Holy Name. 



Denomination: Roman Catholic. 

Site: -iV. E. cor. Superior and A^. St(tte Sfs. 

The archi-episcopal "Cathedral of the Holy Name" is a 
tine structure in early Gothic. It was building from 1874 to 
1S82, on the site of the old church which was burned in the 
great fire, 1871, and is now surrounded by a group of build- 
ings, which likewise serve religious purposes and occupy an 
entire block: the Parochial School, the Academy of the 
Ladies of the Sacred ITeart, the Parochial Building, contain- 
ing the offices and apartments for the priests, etc. The 
edifice is made throughout of yellowish grey stone with 
rough surface; the sculptured ornaments alone are executed 
in sand stone. The ground plan is a cross with the shaft 
looking west. The buttresses on the Avails of the nave are 
insignificant; but where they adorn the edges, as on the 
steeple, or where they mark the joint of nave and transept, 
they appear as powerful pillars, reaching beyond the roof 
and terminating in small quadrangular pinnacles. The 
facade which looks west contains the main portal, the pedi- 
nictit nf which is crowned with finials. Above it are several 
nani)W lancet windows, and directly above these is the 



;-jl(j CHURCHES. 

rosette in twelve parts. The arrangement on the outside 
walls of the transept is similar; the portals there, are how- 
ever, placed in a porch, (containing the vestibule) which pro- 
jects from the front. The quadrangular steeple at the 
southwest corner of the edifice contains two more entrances 
and terminates in a slender octagonal pj'ramid covered with 
slate and crowned by a large gilded cross. 

The cathedral has a nave with two side aisles, and a short 
transept. On the east is added the pentagonal choir. The 
nave is separated from the aisles by twenty columns wifeh 
pointed arches supi)orting the upper walls of nave and 
aisles. The ceiling of the nave is vaulted, but the aisles 
have shed roofs. The walls of nave and aisles are enlivened 
by imitation triforia and small rosette windows. The lancet 
windows in the side walls are adorned with old stained glass 
paintings. Five large paintings representing scenes from the 
historj' of our Lord's passion distinguish the choir. The 
high altar is made of various kinds of marble. On both sides 
of it, at the extremity of the aisles, are the altars of Joseph 
and Mary. The wood carving on the archi-episcopal sedilium 
and the Grothic pulpit is remarkable. The organ with its 
front painted in different colors is one of the most i)owerful 
in the city. Under the organ platform, in a niche, is the 
marble bust of the late bishop Foley (died 1879.) The 
church has 1800 seats. 

East of the cathedral and connected with it by a gang- 
way is the parish residence which was built later but in the 
same style as the cathedral. 

* * St. James Church. 

Penoniination : Episcojxd. 



Site: 6''f.s.'* (tiul Huron St. 

One of the handsomest and most noteworthy churches 
of Chicago. The edifice is in Grothic style. It has nave and 
transejtt with buttresses reaching beyond the roof and 



^?"^ 




ST. JAMKS KllSCOPAL CHURCH, 
Cor. Cass and Hui<in Streets. 



318 CHURCHES. 

terminating in small pinnacles. The choir is pentagonal. 
The quadragonal steeple crowned by a ballustrade, is a 
curiosity. It is one of the few structures which braved the 
great fire, and still shows numerous cracks. The i)innacle is 
lacking. 

The entrance is made through the three portals with 
pointed arches on the main front to the West. Above these 
portals is a large Gothic window. The vestibule shows on 
its north wall a memorial in Gothic style, erected in memory 
of the soldiers killed in the civil war of 1861 — 1865. It con- 
sists of three pointed arches leaning against the wall and 
adorned with rich sculptures in sand stone, beneath which 
are placed the brass tablets with the names of the dead. The 
arches are supported by pillars of ]iolished gray granite. The 
ceiling is supported by a system of rafters. 

The transept, somewhat lower than the nave, receives its 
light mainly through the two large rosette windows. In the 
southern part is the handsome organ, a present from the 
young ladies of the congregation. The three windows in the 
choir as well as the ten in the nave, are all memorial win- 
dows. They are nearly all of artistic value and show beau- 
tiful colors. In the choir the twelve apostles; mural paint- 
ings on gold ground. The embroidered cover of the altar and 
a gilded cross are beautiful. The lecturn of polished brass, 
placed in the choir, is also verj^ fine. 

A master work and a real curiositj' is the baptismal font 
of marble which was executed in Italy. The richly orna- 
mented basin is born by the three genii, representing Faith, 
Resurrection and Immortalitj'. The decoration which was 
renovated but two .vears ago, is ver}' tasteful and effective. 
The rich decoration in gold of the choir, the picturesque 
front of the organ and the effective stained glass jiaintings 
combine to make the interior of this church one of the most 
beautiful and elevating in Chicago. 

The steeple contains a chime of ten bells. Numerous 
memorial tablets are placed in the interior. 



CHUKrHES. I^jg 

The New England Church. 

Denomination : Chri^tiutt 

Site: Cur. D(i(rJ>orn Ave. and Delauore PL 

The congregation, an oif-shoot from Pl3'mouth Congrepa- 
tidiial Church, wa.s founded in 1853. The old church, the 
foundation stone of which was hiid in 1865, was destroyed in 




The New England Church. 

the great fire. Onlj- a small part of the nortli wall remained, 
and some of the buttresses still show traces of the fire. The 
present edifice was erected between 1874 and 1876. It is a 
Gothic structure with nave and transejtt and a chapel added 
on the northeast. 



•^■2{) CHURCHES. 

The interior is lighted by three large rosettes and win- 
dows adorned with simple stained glass paintings. The 
main portal on the we.st facade is flanked by two fine columns 
of polished granite. Above it the rosette. Both portal and 
rosette are encircled by an immense pointed arch taking up 
almost the whole west wall. On both sides of the door are 
))laced two stones brought over from England, the one on the 
North from the year 1620, the other with this inscription: 
M. L. 15.95. 

The iitterior is not remarkable. Rafters of dark wood 
held up by the walls and two beautiful polished granite 
pillars constitute the support of the ceiling. The magnificent 
organ ($7,000) from Boston is placed at the east wall. 

A curiosity is the baptismal font of the fourteenth cen- 
tury, brought over from England from the old church of 
Scroosby. It is of most primitive form. 

The chapel-like additional building on the East contains 
the Sunday-school rooms and the residence of the sexton. 

Unity Church.— Denomination: Unitarian. 
Site: Dcarhorn Are. and Walton Place. 

A Gothic structure. The material is yellow stone with 
rough surface. The main facade is on the West, facing 
Washington Square. Of the two steeples only the northern 
is complete. It has an octangular pyramid covered with 
slates. The southern one, lacking the spire, is crowned by a 
stone balustrade. It has four rosettes which are however 
without glass. The handsome portal is bounded by a pointed 
arch. The fronton contains sculptures. On each side of the 
church eight buttresses. 

The interior is not very remarkable. In the east end of 
the church, in what may be termed the choir, stands the 
large organ, the front of which is decorated. The roof is 
rather flat. A gallery with a fine wooden front runs around 
the interior. North of the pulpit stands a remarkable bap- 
tismal font with sculptures in sand stone and granite. 



ciirRciiES. 321 

Fourth Presbyte lian Church.— Denominat: /'/Tifc/y^cr/aH. 
Site: Superior and Rns/i Streets. 



A Gothic structure of yellow stoiio with steeple on S. E. 
corner, not yet completed. The main portal on the east 
extremity of the transept projects from the walls. Above it 
a large rosette with fine stained glass paintings. 

The effect of the interior is odd. Walls and ceiling are 
decorated with simi)le ornaments after early medicCval motives. 
They are executed in dull gold with a coat of varnish. 

The seats and the three galleries are of black walnut. 
The organ is very powerful, and the church is noted for its 
excellent acoustic properties. 

Paulus Kirche. — Denomination: Lutheran-evangelical. 

Site: A' W. corner of N. Franklin and Superior Sts. 

This church, commonly named Wiinders-Kirche after its 
pastor, was destroyed in the great fire of 1871 and immediately 
re-erected after the catastrophe. The new building was con- 
secrated toward the end of 1872. 

The interior is very light and pleasant. There is a beau- 
tiful picture over the altar, representing a crucifixion. In 
the belfry are three bells. 

Chicago Ave. Church. — Denomination: Independent. 

Site: X. W. corner La Salle Ave. and Chicago Ave. 



A solid structure of stone with high buttresses and a 
round steeple with belfry at the meeting of the two facades. 
Tn the lower jtart of the steeple is the entrance from which 
a wide winding stair case leads up to the auditorium. The 
basement contains among others the Sunday-school rooms. 

The interior is an irregular, octagonal room. On its 
three sides looking West are the pulpit, the pews and the 
stair-case leading to the gallery. The walls are decorated in 
simple style. On the five remaining sides is a gallery sup- 
]iorted by iron columns. 



322 CHURCHES. 

* Grace M. E. Church. 



Denomination: Methodist E}>tsc(jpal. 
Site: S. W. cor. LaSalle Ave. and Locust St. 

Built in 1876. A Gothic church with its main facade 
Jooking P]ast toward La Salle Ave. The material of this is 
yellow Illinois lime stone with rough surface; the rest of the 
structure is of brick and sand stone. The basement contains 
the Sunda.y-school room. The main facade has four but- 
tresses which reach beyond the roof and terminate in 
pinnacles, two of which are on the corners and close the 
facade, while the two others bound the central section. 
The portal is formed by a pointed arch supjHjrted by sand- 
stone columns. In the upper part of the arch is a rosette, 
above which rises an imjjosing Grothic window divided into 
two halves, which is, like the portal, flanked by free sand- 
stone columns. Two other lancet windows with two rosettes 
light the vestibule and the gallery. The church has no 
steeple. 

Vestibule and stair-case are on the East side. The 
walls are decorated in a light gray. The ceiling, in light blue, 
is sujiported by rafters. The choir on the West is set off by 
an imposing pointed arch which is handsomely decorated 
and supported by clustered columns. The organ in the 
choir, the stalls in front of it and the pulpit harmonize well 
with the rest. The windows show stained glass paintings 
in simple Gothic ornaments. On three sides of the interior 
is a gallery. 

* English Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity. 

Denomination: Lutheran Ei-oiif/elical. 

Site: S. W. corner La Salle Ave. and Elm St. 

A church in Gothic style with a quadrangular steeple on 
the N. E. corner. The main facade on the East and the 
steeple are of yellow Illinois lime stone with rough surface; 
the rest of brick. 



CHURCHES. 



323 



The heavy portal which iirojects from the walls, is sup- 
)»orted )»y two fine columns of polished granite. Above it is 
a large lancet window with a 
losette. On the north wall are 
iiuttresses. The steeple ter- 
minates in a (|ua(lraii,srular 
|iyrami(l with tinials on the 
edges. 

The interior is very 
pleasant and elevating. The 
terra-cotta colored transverse 
arches of the vault set off 
effectively from the light 
walls and the blue, rather 
low ceiling. Above the ves- 
tibule, on the East, stands 
the organ. O|)i>osite, at the 
end of the west wall, under 
the large triangular window. 
is the altar and the plat- 
form. 

The stained glass i)ict- 
ures (mostly memorial win- 
dows), are very pleasing. 




English Lutheran Church of the 
Holy Trinity. 



Church of the Ascension. 

J)enomination : Episciqxtl. 

Site: S. E. cor. Lo Sailr Arc. ond Elm St. 

A structure of yellow stone without a steeple and of 
modest dimensions. The portal in the main front, facing 
LaSalle Ave., is in a porch which serves as vestibule. The 
windows are separated by low buttresses. In front of the 
rpiadrangular choir added to the main building, is, on the 
J]ast. the small chapel. 

The interior is simply but tastefully decorated. The 
ceiling, supported by rafters, is panelled in wood. The or- 
gan stands on the N. E. side, near the choir. 



324 CHURCHES. 

The chapel is distinguished by cliarming, small. Gothic 
windows and a fine mai'ble altar. 

La Salle Ave. Baptist Church. 

Denomination: Baptist. 

Site: La Salle Ave., North of Division St. 

Handsome edifice with characteristic front of grey 
square stone. Through an imposing semi-circular arch are 
reached the two winding stair cases, which from both sides 
of the entrance lead into the interior. Each stair-case is 
surrounded by a colonnade of six columns through which the 
light falls on the central part built in form of a curve. The 
church is remarkably well lighted in all its parts. 

The ititerior decoration is verj'^ simple. The organ is 
placed in the alcove on the east wall. For the rest nothing 
remarkable. 

St. Joseph's Church. — Denomination: Roman Catholic. 
Site: iV. Market St., N. E. corner HiU St. 

St. Josephs church is a simple edifice in early Gothic 
style, made of gray brick. The main direction of the church 
is from West to East; the heptagonal choir on the East end 
is of the same height as the roof. A low, quadrangular addi- 
tional building contains the sacristy. On each side of the 
church are seven tall windows, separated from one another 
by rather thin buttresses reaching up to the roof. The 
steeple, which projects a little, arises from the centre of the 
West facade. In its quadrangular lower part is the main 
portal. At the height of the ridge pole the octangular sec- 
tion of the steeple begins which is surrounded by slender 
pinnacles adorned with finials. The spire, likewise octangu- 
lar, is covered with slates and crowned with finial and cross. 

The interior of the church affords a rather pleasant and 
harmonious impression, which is, however, somewhat weak- 
ened bv the unsuitable decorationof the choir. The two side 



cm KciiEs. 32') 

aisles arc separated from the nave by flustered columns and 
terminate in cross arched vaults. 

The choir receives its light through seven narrow but 
high windows. Its roof is half of a stonj' vault which 
directly' continues the ceiling i>f the nave. The side altars 
on the Kast end of the aisles show tine wood carving and 
gilding. 

The windows contain stained glass ornaments in simple 
Gothic style. 

St. Michael. 

Denomination: Roiiuin Catholic. 
Site: (Jhrrldiid Are. tim/ Eiif/enie St. 

The 8t. Michael church is one of the largest church edi- 
fices of Chicago. The exterior is unobtrusive. The facade 
is enlivened by tall windows and the three porches on the 
North front. Very effective is the lofty steeple with 
its slender octagonal i)innacle that can be seen from a great 
distance. 

The church has a nave and two aisles. A transept is 
suggested in the interior, but it does not project from the 
nave on the outside. Ten fluted i)illars separate the nave 
from the aisles and support the ceiling. On the north wall 
two galleries, one placed above the other. Opposite, added 
to the South side, is the pentagonal choir. Among the 
richly adorned altars is especially noticeable the high altar, 
at the side of the crucifix, with the statues of Peter and 
Paul in gilded niches and above them the patron saint of 
the church, St. ^lichael. Be.-:^ides these there is in the 
northwestern vestibule an altar with the representation of 
the mdti r (/uloro.sti. 

The interior decoration with its gilding and its colored 
frescoes on light gray and red ground, is verj' attractive. 
The ceiling is adorned with a number of mural i)aintings, 
renresenting scenes from the sacred history. 



326 CHURCHES. 

* Church of the Covenant.— Denomination: Preshi/ferian. 

Site: Cor. BrJtlen Ave and lY. Hahted St. 



The foundation stone of this church was laid in August, 
1887. The building, on the outside very massive, shows in 
the interior a semi-circle with seats as in an amphitheatre. 

The only ornaments of the facades are the semi-circular 
arched windows in Italian renaissance. The belfry is not yet 
completed. P]utrance through the two semi-circular arched 
jiortals in the lower part of the steeples. The material is 
brick and terra cotta. 

Litcrior. Fifteen gilded pillars support the gallery 
running into beautifully decorated semi-circular arches, 
which in turn support the roof. The platform and the pulpit 
are placed in front of the south wall. Behind them, in an 
alcove-like room, is the beautiful and costly organ. The 
uppermost part of this wall is broken by a charming, 
so-called nun's gallery, a series of semi-circular arches sup 
ported by free double columns, through which falls the light 
from the windows behind. 

The wood-carving of the ballustrades is in antique style. 
Walls and ceiling are decorated in amber and brown. 

* Belden Ave. Baptist Church.— Denomination: Baptist. 

Site: iV. E. cor. Belden Ave. and N. Hahted St. 

A pleasing modern structure of gray square stone with 
an additional building on the North for the Sunday-school. 
On each of the two facades, square and semi-circular 
arched windows. On the S. W. corner the (piadraugular, 
rather low steeple. 

The interior makes a ])leasiiig as well as elegant impres- 
sion. The auditory is rectangular. The seats rise as in an 
amphitheatre and can be thrown back like opera chairs. The 
numerous windows admit a flood of light to the interior. The 
decoration, although simple, is very pleasing. Pulpit, bap- 
tisntal font and organ are placed in the N. E. corner. A 
gallery runs all around the hall. 



CHURCHES. 327 

* FuUerton Ave. Church.— Denomination: Frishi/trrian. 
Site: ^V. W. cm-. FnllertDU Av< . (iiul Ldrrahrc St. 



A Romanesque church in the t'oiiii of a cross, built of 
a gray and preen, ver^' i>icturcs<|ue .stone. On the North is 
added a chapel-like structure, in the style of the main edi- 
tice, containing sundry rooms. Especially developed are the 
walls facing the streets and ending the nave and aisles. The 
quadrangular steeple is placed between them in the corner. 
The two facades of e<pial dimensions contain each two semi- 
circular buttresses which are partly sculptured; between 
these are five small re<-tangular windows, above which is a 
large semi-circular arched window. The steeple which in its 
lower part contains the entrances, has a belfry with semi- 
circular arched louvre windows. It ends in a slender 
quadrangular ])innacle. 

The interior is simi)ly but tastefully api»ointed and 
makes a verj' pleasing impression. The western extremity of 
the nave is distinguished by a large, beautifully decorated 
and gilded semi-circular arch, under which are placed the 
pulpit and the oaken pews of the elders. Behind them, on 
the wall, the organ. From there arise the seats in a semi- 
circle. The ceiling is supported by rafters. 

Church of Our Saviour.— Denomination: KpiscopaJ. 



Site: Fii/li-rton Air.. Enst nf Lnrndjct' Sf. 

A handsome new church of light gray stone, with semi- 
circular arched windows. The main front on Fullerton 
-Vve., looks South. There are substructures for two steeples; 
l)ut only the western one is completed. It is quadrangular, 
low and covered with slates. The entrances are through the 
two steeples; between them the rectangular vestibule. 

The interiiir without containing anything remarkable, is 
very prejiossessing. The walls are wainscoted breast-high, 
the rest being covered with ornamented terra cotta and 



328 



CHURCHES. 



marble slabs. The ceiling is of wood, supported by rafters. 
One large arch and two smaller ones on the side at the north 
end, seclude a small elevated space, which contains the pul- 




South Park ave. M. E. Church, South Park ave., cor. Thirty-third St. 

pit, the organ, the baptismal font, etc. The chandeliers, of 
polished brass, are very fine. 

On the west and north sides, the church is bounded by 
buildings which serve for the Sunday-school, etc., and the 
residence of the minister. 



RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 



329 



The Armour Mission.— Zoryf/Zo//; ("onier Armour Ave. 
and S^A St. 

The Armour jMission is a fine three story building of 
lirick Mtid lirnwii s;m<lx((iii<'. Tt was built by the brothers, 




1 linMiii.i- :it I '.I ;.■ ■■ (.'luir. !i. Wal.asli :i\ x-. : ii,-ar i -,lh M 

Jo^ejili F. and I'hilip 1) Armour, and forms part of their gift 
of nearly a million dollars. 

The aim of the wholly unsectarian institution is to take an inter- 
est in the welfare of youth and their moral, intellectual and physical 
improvement. 



330 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 

The first story contains the day-children'' s room, where women 
who are obliged to work during the day may leave their children in 
good care; besides this there are the kitchen, kinder-garten rooms, 
reading room and the public dispensary in which medical advice and 
medicine are given by several physicians to needy people (about 15,000 
each year) free of charge. 

In the second story are the lecture room, eight school rooms, pas- 
tor'' s residence, library and Sunday school rooms. 

In the third story is the large, beautifully furnished lecture hall, 
with beautiful stained-glass windows, a gallery and a large organ. 
The hall will hold 2,500 people. The Sunday school numbers about 
1,500 scholars and 113 teachers. 

The Mission is wholly non sectarian and offers its advantages 
without distinction of race or religion. A large normal training 
school is in course of erection, and promises, when finished an excel- 
lent equipment. 



Cemeteries. 



Durin.i: the early beginnings of Chicago the burials took 
place mostlj' in the neighborhood of the dwellings. Thus the 
remains of John Kinzie were laid to their '"eternal rest" on 
the north side of the river, near the lake shore, east of Kin- 
zie s house; but that "eternal rest ' has had in the nieantinie 
to suffer several interruptions. With the establishment and 
subsequent removals of the cemeteries in 1835, 1842 and 1847, 
nientiojied below, John Kinzie had to move, too. The sol- 
diers who died of the cholera in 1832 were buried at the north- 
west corner of Lake street and Wabash avenue. In 18.35, on 
account of the spread of buildings, the first general disinter- 
ment of remains which were scattered over the whole settle- 
ment and whose origin, in many cases, could not be deter- 
mined, was decided upon, and two cemeteries were laid out. 
One of these common burial places lay on the lake shore, 
north of Chicago ave. and east of Water street, and included 
the ground now occupied by the water works. The other, ly- 
ing to the south, was also on the lake shore, in the region of 
the present 23d street. The growth of the city necessitated, 
in 1847. another removal of the cemeteries. A single burial 
place was then located near the lake shore, north of North 
avenue, and beginning at the southern boundarj^ of the pres- 
ent Lincoln Park, and the remains in the old cemeteries were 
transferred to it. This cemetery, too, had a short existence. 

Shortly after the Civil War the territory of the cemetery 
was selected for park purposes, and again there was a proces- 
sion of all the dead ; this time to the far away cemeteries of 
Graceland and Kose Hill, which, as is to be hoped, are for all 
time b('y<iii(l the reach of the gigantic city of Chicago. 

Graceland Cemetery. — »S^/^' .• Six miles north of the 
('ourtliousi'. within tlic boundary of the former city of Lake 
View, now City of Chicago. Acai^s: 1st -By railroad in 22 
minutes, by the local trains of the Evanston Division of the 



332 CEMETERIES. 

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad, from Union Depot, 
corner Canal and Adams streets, to Buena Park Station, the 
entrance of the cemetery; 2d — By street cars, via Northside 
Cable Road (Clark street, or Wells, and city limits, change at 
Clark and Diversey streets), as far as the entrance of the 
cemetery; 3d — By private vehicle, via Lake Shore Drive. 
Lincoln Park, Lake View ave.. Belmont ave. and Evanston 
avenue. 

This cemetery is one of the finest in America. It is bor- 
dered on the north by Sulzer street, on the east by the track 
of the Evanston division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
Paul railroad, on the south by (jrraceland avenue, on the west 
by Clark street, and covers an area of 128 acres. 

Located on an undulating tract of land, the cemetery pre- 
sents, especially in its eastern half, a specimen of most per- 
fect landscape gardening. It is crossed in all directions by 
good carriage roads and paths, and dlfords with its numerous 
groups of trees, its fresh, green lawns, its charming waters — 
WlUowmere, Hazdmere and Lotties Pond — its many cozy 
nooks shut ofi" from the world by dense foliage, ever-varying, 
ever-pleasing views. The visitor, although reminded of the 
solemn character of the spot by the many for the most part 
very costly monuments, is gently freed from melancholy re- 
flections by these delightful surroundings. 

The following route is recommended for the inspection 
of the cemetery. Passing from the gothic portal at the corner 
of Clark street and Grraceland ave., and following Main ave., 
we reach, at the forking of the road, the beautiful monument 
of Eli B. Williams, an allegorical female figure representing 
Faith. A little farther to the right is Ayres monument, an 
urn on a finely ornamented socle of gray granite ; to the left 
the spacious tomb of the Rietz family, simple but elegant in 
style ; and at another branching of the road Eddys monu- 
ment, a work of great originality ; on the left of it stands the 
tomb of the Huch family, and near by, in the form of a sarco- 
phagus, the monument of George R. McClellan, bearing the 
delicately sculptured emblems of the order of Freemasons to 
which the deceased belonged. Behind Eddy's monument in 



CEMETERIES. 333 

the divisions M and N of the cemetery, near the carriage 
road, is a great number of lofty monuments of once pi'omi- 
nent Chicago citizens, among which, on the right, that of 
Wood, a sarcophagus of gray granite with a sitting female 
figure. Turning northeast, we see, on Northern ave., on the 
right hand 11. Ahnns monument, and a few steps farther the 
obelisk, of Perry H. Smith, the highest monument in the 
cemetery. 

On Dell avenue rises, on the left, the tall Corinthian 
column of JJ. B. S/iijniKiii with a well-modeled female figure, 
and on the right the miniature temi>le of WiLsuit, resting on 
four massive pillars, and having a cupola surmounted by a 
large oak. Farther to the left is the granite obelisk of Mc- 
Kt'chney & Hill, the second highf>st in the cemetery. On the 
left of this we see the beautiful and stately mausoleum of the 
Ttn/lor fdinily, in form of a small chapel. East of this lies 
the Willotnmre, an ai'titicial pond with a small island which, 
as well as the shores of the pond, display an exuberant vege- 
tation. Openings in the foliage afford charming glimpses of 
the water and the landscape beyond. Following the Willow- 
mere in northea.sterly direction, we pass by a number of 
tombs. To the finest of these belong that of the WlUintu H. 
Mitchell family, surmounted by a female figure, and that of 
Martin Ryerson,hu\\t in p]gyptian style out of massive blocks 
of polished granite. Both of these are situated at the south- 
eastern end of the Willowmere. 

From the south end of the Willowmere we enjoy the view 
of a very charming scenery. On the one side appears the 
water, reflecting in its clear surface the trees on its shores; on 
the opposite side gently rises a green slope with groups of 
trees and shrubbery. This division of the cemetery, Belle- 
vuf, is one of its prettiest parts. Each lot of this division is 
completelj' separated from the others and the rest of the 
world by a rocky, vine-covered wall and dense shrubbery, thus 
forming a peaceful retreat in the heart of the great city of the 
dead. 

Southeast of this division is situated the Chapel of the 
cemetery, which is well worth an inspection. It is built in 



334 CEMETERIES. 

Gothic style from red and green Waupaca granite. Under it 
is a well-arranged morgue. A few steps northeasterlj' from 
the chapel, on Western avenue, rises the monument of Will- 
iam 31. Hoyt, perhaps the finest of the cemetery, representing 
an allegorical group—Faith, Hope and Love— on a tall pedes- 
tal of granite. Opposite this is a simple obelisk bearing a long 
inscription, indicating the resting place of the famous de- 
tective. Allan /*t«/.vr/o», who, among his other achievements, 
distinguished himself chieflj^ by saving the life of Lincoln in 
186L Passing thence eastward by the chapel, we reach, after 
an agreeable stroll through the newer parts of the cemetery, 
the gate at Buena Park Station and the pleasant building 
near by that contains the offices for the management of the 
cemetery, and is surrounded by magnificent pines. Thence 
we gain a very attractive view of the Hazelmere, a small pond 
encircled by dense shrubbery. 

On the south the German Lutherav Evangelical Ceme- 
tery adjoins Graceland Cemetery, separated from the latter 
by Graceland ave. This burial place, commonlj' known by 
the name of "Wunder's Cemetery," in honor of the Rev. Henry 
Wunder, has an area of 142 acres. 

It is adjoined on the south by the Jewish burial place of 
the society Chehra Gemilath Chasadim Uhikur Cholim. 
This is of but small extent, and contains for the most part 
only simple graves with plain marble slabs. 

Here are, besides, two other Jewish cemeteries, that of 
the Chehra Kadisha Uhikar Cholim, and the burial ground 
of the Hebrew Benevolent Society. 

*Rosehill Cemetery.— /S^Vf.- Six and one half miles north 
of the Courthouse, and one and a half miles west of the shore 
of Lake Michigan. Access: 1st — By local trains of the Chica- 
go & NoTthwestern RK.., Milwaukee division, from Northwest- 
ern BR. Depot, cor. Wells and Kinzie streets Ctrip, 26 minutes; 
round trip, 40 cts.), to the entrance of the cemetery; 2d — By 
street cars, via Northside Cable Bead (Clark street, or Wells, 
and city limits, change at Clark and Diversey streets), to the 
foot of the private driving road to the cemetery (reached 
in about an hour from the corner of Clark and Randolph 



CEMETERIES. 335 

streets); 3d— By jtrivate vehicle, throujrh Lincoln Park, and 
via Lake View ave., Barry street, Evanston ave. and Ridge 
street, to the cemetery. 

This burial ground compares in beauty with the most 
famous in the I'nited States. It extends between the tracks 
of the Chicago & Northwestern lUl. and the Western avenue 
extension, covering, in the sliajie of a quadrangle, an area of 
about 500 acres, lialf of which is not yet laid out. The ground 
is that of a rolling i)rairie and rises from 30 to 40 feet above 
the level of the lake. Like Graceland Cemetery, this burial 
ground is laid out in landscape style, rivalling the former in 
the charm of its scenery and the beauty and costliness of its 
monuments. 

7«."5/)Pc//o«..— Entering through the elegant gate, on the 
side of which are the offices of the cemetery, the visitor sees 
in the middle of the gently ascending road, a tall soldier's 
monument, representing a soldier with the flag standing on 
a slender column. The i)eaestal, which is adorned with re- 
liefs and trophies, bears the inscrijjtion: Our Heroes. Round 
about this monument are a number of soldiers' graves with 
special monunjcnts, whose inscri]itions give a fragment of the 
history of the Avar. Taking the carriage road to the north, we 
reach, i)assing the beautiful mausoleum of C/urrles K. Hop- 
l-iiisoii, the fine marble monument erected to the memory of 
the members of the Vuhintary Firemen s Division. It rises 
in a rondeau in the middle of the road, and is adorned with 
the emblems of the fireman. Not far from it is a slender 
obelisk of gray granite, erected to the memory of Hurry Fox, 
and a few steps thence, in northwesterlj' direction, one of the 
most remarkable monuments of the cemeter\', commemorat- 
ing George S. Bangs, the founder of the rapid mail trans- 
portation service in the United States, and representing, in 
sand-stone, a massive trunk of a tree, embraced b}' ivy; its 
top and branches broken by the storm. At the base of the 
monument appears a mail train, just entering a tunnel. We 
then i.ass the obelisk of Durid and Cornelia Cole, and that 
of Joh)i Woitirort/i, wIiIl-Ii latter is remarkable for its dimen- 
sions. Crossing thence the cemetery in a south we.-^terly direc- 



33G CEMETERIES. 

tion, we pass the fine family vault of Wright, and come upon 
the shore of an artificial lake, near which rise the tall obelisks 
0^ Amos Jerome Siull, William II. Ferry, Laflin, Goodrich and 
other well-known citizens. That part of the cemeter}^ situated 
farther to the west, is as yet uncultivated. Southeast of that 
portion the fine granite mausoleum of G. Faninan attracts, 
among the many sumptuous monuments the special atten- 
tion of the visitor. Southwest, near the gate, is the suhter- 
raiteau morgue, and north of the entrance the extensive <7reeH 
hoii.se. 

*Oakwoods Cemetery.— aS'<Yp.- About seven and a half 
miles south of the Courthouse, boi'dered on the north by 67th 
street, south by 71st street, east by the tracks of the Illinois 
Central RK, west by Cottage Grove avenue, covering an area 
of 200 acres. • 

Access: 1st — Jiy suburban trains of the Illinois Central 
RR., from the station at the foot of Lake street to 67th street 
in 35 minutes, round trip, 30 cents ; or by special train to the 
entrance of the cemetery; 2d— By the Southside Cable Road, 
Wabash & Cottage Grove aves. (Oakwoods line), from corner 
of State and Lake streets to the cemetery in about an hour; 
3d— B}' private vehicle over the South Park line: Michi- 
gan ave., Grand Boulevard, Washington I^irk, Cottage Grove 
ave. to 67th street. 

Being laid out after the model of the famous Spring 
Grove cemetery at Cincinnati, it is provided with all modern 
appointments, and offers, with its many artificial lakes, groves 
and lawns, the numerous beautiful monuments and the fine 
carriage roads and foot paths, great attractions. 

Inspection. — Entering through the simple gate at 67th 
street, we see on the right the granite building containing the 
offices of the cemetery, and on the left the dwelling of the 
superintendent. Behind the latter are the pumps which pro- 
vide the cemetery' with water. Near by the spacious green 
houses and diagonally' opposite the Cltajjel overgrown with 
wild vine, and the 'morgue. 

Following the main carriage road, we observe among the 
beautiful monuments that of Conrad Seipp, on the left. On 



CEMETERIES. 337 

the right, a slope toward an artificial lake, with its quiet 
creeks, green islands and nc^ks, affords an ^ittractive picture. 
Further on we reach, on the left, the sand-stone vault of the 
family C. W. Smith and the mausoleum of the family Stra- 
/lorti. Not far from that rises the obelisk of Alfred Cowlea. 
At a little distance is the present border line of the cemeterJ^ 
The whole lot adjoining it lies as yet fallow. Continuing on 
the same road, a group of shady trees is reached, marking the 
common grave of more than 6.(100 Confederate soldiers who 
died as prisoners in Camp Douglas. Turning thence north- 
west, taking the alley to the right hand side of the bifurca- 
tion, we reach a part of the cemetery strewn with mostly 
l)lain but tasteful monuments, among which that of William 
HickJiud is one of the finest. Turning to the left, we come, 
near the border line of the cemetery upon several remarkable 
monuments. The subterranean vault of t\\e Jennings family, 
the mausoleum of Borden, made of polished granite squares, 
and a soldiers' moniimenf, with the marble figure of a soldier 
leaning upon his gun and looking down upon about 60 graves 
of former inmates of the C/iiracjo SoI<fiers' Home. On each 
side of the monument are two large gun barrels, and in the 
midst of the marble slabs marking the various graves rises a 
pyramid of cannon balls. 

Further on, along the same carriage road in a southwest- 
ern direction, we reach a division of the cemeterj' that is 
taken up by a mass of single graves, simply marked by small, 
unpretentious stones. 

There is in Oakwoods Cemetery a number of graves of 
the oldest settlers of Chicago, among which, in a remote cor- 
ner, is that of James II. Woodworf/i. who was twice mayor of 
the cit\\ 

*Forest Home Cemetery. — Site: Ten and one-half miles 
west of the C<uirtliouse, adjoins south the cemetery Wald- 
heim, and covers an area of 86 acres. Access: By Chicago & 
Northern Pacific RR., from Grand Central Depot, cor. Fifth 
ave. and Harrison street (see list of suburban trains); or by 
private vehicle, driving over Wasliington boul. and Madison 
street, or Ogden ave., and 12th street A visit to the ceme- 



3:^ CEMETERIES. 

tery may be combined with an excursion to the finely situated 
village of Riverside, returning thence over Riverside boul. 
to Chicago, 

Comprising the finest part of the once famous Haases 
Park, it is, although of small dimensions, one of the finest 
cemeteries of Chicago. This charming spot which had been 
used by the Indians long before the arrival of the Whites, 
offered such natural advantages that the gardener's task was 
easy enough. The so-called lawn system having been rigor- 
ously applied, marking the graves only by small stones, doing 
away with grave hills and enclosures, this cemetery makes 
the impression of a park. 

Inspection. — Turning to the left from the elegant portal 
of the cemeterj', the visitor first reaches a vault under a hill, 
serving as a temporary receptacle of bodies for which a lot is 
either being selected or prepared. Further on, on the long 
hill, are several beautiful family vaults. Opposite the tem- 
porarj' vault, and at a small distance from it, 'is the well- 
jtroportioned monument of Edicard G. Uihlein, a little 
further on that of 0. II. Robinson and S. E. IIi(rJhi(t,he\ong- 
ing to the finest monuments in the cemetery. Continuing on 
the same path, we reach the bank of the Desplaines River, 
which is spanned by a pretty suspension bridge whose head 
on the left bank is formed by the fork of a large double tree. 

That part of the cemetery near the banks of the river is 
as yet uncultivated, being a shady gi'ove with tall trees. Pro- 
ceeding thence northwest, we come upon an artificial lake, 
which with its winding shores and a small island off'ers a 
charming picture to the ej'e. Not far from this is the part 
destined for separate graves. 

Waldheim Cemetery. — Site: Ten and one-half miles 
west of the Courthouse. Access: See Forest Home Cemeterj', 
immediately preceding. 

It is bordered on the north by Harrison street and Forest 
Home Cemetery, east by Desplaines ave., south by I'ith street 
and west by the Desplaines River, and covers an area of 80 
aci'es. In point of beauty of arrangements it compares fav- 



CEMETERIES. 339 

orably witli tlie larger ones, although its trees are still quite 
youiiu. 

IiisjiecfidH.—FoWowuii!; the main road from the entrance 
(if the eemeterj', we turn, after passing the two artificial lakes, 
to the hsft. We then reach at a distance of a few steps the 
graves of the five socialistic leaders who, November 11, 1887, 
died on the gallows in consecjuence of the encounter on 
Ila^niarkct square. The simple marble monument at the 
head of the five mounds bears under the date the inscription: 
'■/// imnioriitm.' and the names of Spifs, Fischer, Parsons. 
Enijrl and LiiuKi. The history of the unfortunates and their 
famous trial will bi' found in the i)ages devoted to the historj' 
of Chicago. 

With this exception the cemetery has but few noteworthy 
monuments. There nuiy bo mentioned in the avenue running 
ill a western direction, the monument of Joseph Fischer, a 
t^lendor marble column crowned by an urn; the granite obelisk 
of J/. Gottfried, and the red granite column of J. L. ILierher. 
In the central part of the cemetery rises the stately monument 
of the United Ancient Order of Druids. ha-Ax'wv^ for its sole 
inscription the initials, F. A. 0. D.\ not far from this is the 
monument of the Indrp, ndent Order of Odd Fellows. The 
cemetery contains besides a vault for the temporary abode of 
the bodies, situated on the maifi road ; several family vaults, 
among which may be especially mentioned that of Charles 

Illhher. 

Calvary Cemetery.— »S'/V<"; Ten and one-half miles north 
of the (.'ourthouse, on the shore of Lake ^Michigan. Access: 
See list of suburban trains. 

It is the oldest and most important Catholic cemetery of 
the city, situated on the beautiful driveway Sheridan Road. 
This beautifully laid-out cemetery presents a large number of 
elegant monuments. Especiall}' noteworth.y among these are 
the monuments belonging to the families of John D. Tulhi, 
Chorles J. 0' Neil, Philip II. Miirplijj. W. Dcvine, and that of 
the hero of Lexington, Colonel James A. 3fidligan, and the 
sarcophagus of J. A. Wolford, and the beautiful family mau- 
Boltnims of R. M. Hooleii and P. J. Se.rton. 



3^0 CEMETERIES. 

Mount Greenwood Cemetery .- *S'/V('.- Morgan Park, 1-4 
miles south of the Courthouse. Access: See list of suburban 
trains. 

Mount Olive Cemetery.— *S'/Vc.- Dunning Station, nine 
miles west of the Courthouse. Access: See list of suburban 
trains. 

A handsome Scandinavian cemetery, laid out in land- 
scape style, with fine trees, etc. 

Mount Olivet Cemetery,— aS/^c- Mount Olivet Station, Ki 
miles south of the Courthouse. Access: See list of suburban 
trains. 

St. Boniface Cemetery. —Site: North Clark street, cor. 
Lawrence ave. Access: Northside Cable Road. 
A German Roman Catholic Cemetery. 



A number of smaller Jewish cemeteries are located near 
the larger ones we have described. 

Near Waldheim — OAfiyey Emunah Cemetery; Moses 
Montefiori Cemetery ; Free Sons of Israel Cemetery; Cemetery 
of the Congregation of the Northside; Austro- Hungarian 
Cemetery. 

Near Oakwoods. — Beth Hamedrash Cemetery; Ohavey 
Sholom Cemetery. 

Near Rosehill. — Sinai Congregation Cemetery; Zion 
Congregation. Cemetery. 

Another Jewish cemetery is located at North Clark street 
and Belmont avenue, Anshe Maariv Cemetery, to be reached 
by the North Clark street cable line. 




PULLMAN LUILDLXG, 
Adam Street, S. W. Cor. Michigan Avenue. 



X. 

Charitable and Benevolent 
Institutions. 



The number of charitable associations, asylums, hospi- 
tals, etc., in Chicago, is very great. Nearly every form of 
human sulfei'ing or want can find a place for its remedy. A 
large part of these associations, however, have a strictly 
national character, or are in some way connected with lodges, 
unions, etc., and therefore beyond the range of this book. 
Following are the more prominent associations: 
1) AIL SOCIETIES: 

ChicagoAid and Relief Society. -0#c?.- 5 1&53 LaSallest. 

This is the foremost charitable society in the city. Found- 
ed in 1857, it has amply justified its existence, was the ad- 
ministratrix of the large sum of $5,000,000, which was con- 
tributed in 1871 for those who suffered from the Chicago Fire 
(details in the 'History of the City'), and has won universal 
confidence by its rational administration of the great gift. 

The resources which it distributes are derived exchisively from 
voluntary contributions. The special excellence of the association 
lies in its cautious distribution of the gifts entrusted to it. Emanating 
from the principle that the indiscreet exercise of charity is only an 
encouragement of laziness, poverty and vagabondage, that doing good 
is not an affair of the feeling but of judgment, the society has drawn 
narrow and definite limits for its activity. A number of experienced 
investigators under the direction of an elected superintendent most 
carefully examine every individual case, and seek to determine whether 
it is due to unavoidalale misfortune or to aversion to work. 

It is the plan of the society, especially, to assist the worthy poor, 
and to consider only cases of a temporary character; and on the other 
hand, to leave the cases that require continuous or peculiar assistance, 
to the care of the city poor house, the county authorities, the numer- 



(IIAKITAHLK AND BENKN OLENT INSTITUTIONS. 343 

OUS other charitable institutions and aid societies of tlie various 
nationalities. 

A few extracts from the annual rei^orl of the society for i8i^^ will 
serve to illustrate its principles anil practice; 

"INFOKMATION ACQIIKKI) CONCKRNIN(; THE CONDITION AND 

Wants nv the Poor of Chicago-" 
The general condition of the poor in this city is not materially 
changctl within the last few years. We wish to emphasize the fact 
that the percentage of what is known as the dependent classes or 
those requiring aid more or less constantly is less here than in any 
other great city. The average ability and disposition of our people to 
be self-supporting, and the proportion of those who are actually so or 
very nearly so, will compare favorably with any city in this or any 
other country. The number of tramps and beggars on our streets is 
comparatively very small. The number of unemphtyed persons of 
our resident population is never as great as generally supposed. A 
few vagrants who roam the streets or visit the homes of our citizens, 
usually in the evening, asking for something to eat or means to procure 
a lodging — two or three dozen strolling street singers and musicians — 
a few little girls who go about the avenues with baskets picking up 
cold victuals — a few hundred idle men besieging the employment 
offices give the impression to a casual observer that the city is»full of 
beggars and idle men. It must be remembered that many of these 
idle persons never work unless they can get an easy job at full wages; 
many others live by their wits or prey upon society, Jianging about 
free lodging houses and lunch rooms or gathering in squads, gazing 
at those who are employed. H in addition [here are five thousand 
men inquiring at shops and stores really anxious for honest employ- 
ment it would give the impression that half the men in the city were 
out of work. The extravagant and unwarranted statement too often 
made that thirty or forty thousand honest citizens are out of work is 
reckless and untrue. \t the worst a large proportion of the unem- 
ployed are single men and transients who come ])ouring into the city 
wlien navigation closes or work fails in the country. Not a few aban- 
don their families in other cities, throwing them upon charity while 
they go roaming about the country, passed from one place to another 
by charitable persons or societies. 

Many of those who swarm the County .\gent"s office, basket in 
hand, and besiege every Charitable Society upon the slighest provo- 
cation — often su\)plied with letters and endorsements from respectable 



344 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

people, \y\\u loo oficn give them in order to get rid of the applicant 
of whom they know nothing — are the paupers, adventurers and im- 
postors. Always prominent and ever present, they are in fact a small 
portion of the population, easily identified and resisted. None of the 
above are to be included in our estimate or treatment of the respect- 
able, usually self-supporting poor. 

Some kind-hearted people think that the office of charity is to 
give to everybody all they ask for. This would put a premium upon 
fraud and laziness and increase pauperism and vagrancy. 

On the contrary the prevention is to deny all who can and there- 
for ought to help themselves, and to give only in kind and measure 
as M'ill prevent actual suffering, teaching all persons that it is easier 
to earn their own living under ordinary circumstances than to depend 
upon charity." 

The money for distribution in 1890 reached the sum of $44,296.25. 

The German Society. - Otficc: 49 La Salle st. 

The (rerman Society i.s an association that especiallj' 
interests itself in Germans arriving in (Miicago. and endeav- 
ors to assist them in every possible Avay. 

It seeks to protect the new arrivals against abuse, fraud and ex- 
tortion, liy moral influence and when necessary by legal methods; to 
be helpful to them in securing work or continuing their journeys, to 
restore lost baggage, to assist the sick with gratuitous medical assist- 
ance and medicines; and to give to poor and needy resident as well as 
immigrant Germans as much material assistance as the resources of 
the society will warrant. 

Among (iernian immigrants are understood to belong not only 
those who come from Germany, but all who are of German extraction. 
As far as the powers and resources of the society warrant it, the assist- 
ance described aljove is given also to Germans already resident in the 
United States, and to immigrants who come from the countries bor- 
dering on Germany and find no other protection here, especially 
Swiss, Dutch, Bohemians, Poles and Hungarians. 

The society is supported by the voluntary subscriptions of its 
members, among whom are to be numbered nearly all the influential 
Germans in the city; and it possesses considerable property of its 
own. The expenditures for the year 189O were $14,078.12. 

The United Hebrew Charities.— /i?co»*.v.- 50 and 52, 161 

La Salle street. 



CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 345 

This is the most prominent Jewish charitable association 
in the city. It snpi)orts a cliaritable institution and the 
■-Michael Keese Hospital' (mentioned in another i)lace). which 
is open to the sick of all confessions. 

The very great influx of Jews in recent years makes large demands 
on the resources of the society. From October 1888 to October 1889, 
no less than 2,700 apjilications for assistance were made, of which 
1,366 were c<5nsidcrcd. 

The annual report of tlie st)ciety cliaracterizes its difficult position 
as follows : 

During the last twelve months two thousand four hundred and 
sixty residents, and two hundred and forty strangers, applied for as- 
sistance; total number of applicants, two thousand and seven hundred. 
Residents assisted, including two hundred and ten new comers, 
twelve hundred and eighty-five; strangers assisted, eighty-one; total 
numl)er of assisted cases, one thousand three hundred and sixty-six, 
nearly a hundred more than in the previous year. Fifty-seven resi- 
dents received transportation to other cities or countries at an ex- 
pense of $849.70. 

The sanitary condition of our poor is very discouraging. In the 
over-crowded districts, described to you again and again, sickness 
prevails to an alarming extent, antimatters are getting worse every 
day. Owing to the obstinacy of these people to cling to this district, 
only a few removals to healthier quarters have been effected during 
the year; and of the new Russian or Polish immigrants, at least 90 
jier cent, flock to the same localitici*. We know full well what at- 
tracts these masses, and it is high time for the adoption of stringent 
measures to abate the crying nuisance. Further indulgence will put 
matters beyond control. 

The Illinois Humane Society.— O/AVv.- No. 4o. Andi- 
loiinni Buildinar. Wabash ave. front. 

The Illinois Humane Society has for its theoretical task 
the defense of the principles of liumanity in their widest 
sense; and for its iiractieal task, tlie suppression and ]ninisU- 
ment of cruelty to children and animals. 

The society employs three agents, one of whom is stationed at 
the Stock Yards, to represent its interests there. Complaints, either 
in person or in writing, are received at the above-mentioned office 
between eight o'clock in the morning and six in the evening. All 
information is kept strictly confidential. 



34(^ CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

The society owns a little property; and from the income of this, 
the proceeds of the fines inflicted by the city on complaints of the 
society and from the contributions of members, most of them promi- 
nent citizens, the expenses are paid. The society appeals to the 
public for larger support, and richly deserves recognition. 

The work of the society can be judged by the following figures: 
In the year ending April 30th 1889: C'omplaints investigated 1631 ; 
children rescued, 1238; children put in charitable institutions, 502; 
horses rescued reprimand of drivers, 317; horses ordered laid up from 
work, 75; horses removed by ambulance, 112; disabled horses shot, 
133; persons prosecuted, cruelty to animals, 51; persons prosecuted, 
cruelty to children, 22. 

b) ASYLUMS. 

Cook County Insane Asylnm.— Site: Dunning. Access: 
See 'List of Suburban Stations'. 

The Insane Asylum is a three story building, 400 feet 
long, with a four story central structure. 

The asylum contained in i8go: 1080 insane people (512 men and 
568 women), who were quartered in the different sections of the 
building, the sexes being kept separate. Separate apartments are 
devoted to each class of patients, the harmless, the curable, the mad, 
the sick, etc. The institution is over-crowded; but the four two-story 
buildings that are now approaching completion will relieve the i^resent 
condition. 

Cook County Infirmary.— >S'/^e.- Near the Insane Asylum 
described above, constituting a complex of ten buildings in 
Grothic style, with a front of 460 feet. 

The poor-house, which can accommodate nearly 1200 inmates, 
is nearly always deplorably overcrowded, mostly by such as are com- 
pletely overcome by poverty. According to the reports of the ma- 
nagers, there is a very frequent change of quarters, on the part of the 
inmates, between the Insane Asylum and the Infirmary. Insane people 
who have recovered niove to the poor-house, and paupers who have 
become insane are removed to the asylum. Surely the inmates of 
the two institutions are to be numl)ered among the most pitiable of 
the city's inhabitants. 

St. Vincent's Infant Asylum and Maternity Hospital. 
Si'fc: 191 La Salle ave., cor. Superior st., is an institution, 



CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 



:U7 



founded and conducted by the Sisters of Charity; it 
has been established for the caire of infants and children 
under five years of age, who can be reclaimed by parents or 
friends at any time, unless they abandon them or desire to 
give them up for adoption. 

Tlie buildiiit^ is capable of accomodating 200 children. It is pro- 
vided with a perfect system of ventilation, all modern improvements, 
and is heated by steam, making it altogether one of the finest insti- 

tu tions in the 
Union. Two spa- 
cious rooms on 
the first floor, 
each 30 X 40 feet, 
; are devoted to 
'^ play room and 
2 K i n d e r garten 
J pu r poses, and 
g the exercise there 
'' obtained is sup- 
plemented by re- 
creation on the 
lari;e balconies 
1 attached to the 
playroom. 

There are also 
large nurseries 
St. Vincent's Infant Asylum and !\Iateinity Hospital. where mothers 

are accommodated with their infants, free, on condition that each 
woman will nurse another infant. 

Arrangements can also be made to have infants wet-nursed. 

A portion of the building is fitted up as a lying-in department, 
which is entirely private. Patients can be accommodated according 
to their means. 

In the wards the terms range from $5.00 to $8.00, and in the 
private rooms from $I0,0(,) to $20.00 per week, according to the room 
selected. 

Old. People's Home.— »S'//^.- Indiana avc., near .39th st. 

The home, founded in 1861, aifords shelter to elderly 
women without means. There are at present 74 inmates in 
the three story building which is calculated to receive 80. 




348 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

Conditions for admission are a good character, age of 60 years 
(exceptionally 55)' $300 entrance fee and furniture for the 
room to be occupied by the applicant. 

The home, being richly endowed, rests on an excellent financial 
basis. Prominent business people contribute, further, to the support 
of the institution by giving annual donations. A committee formed 
by thirty ladies of the wealthy class provide the inmates with suitable 
reading matter and endeavor in every respect to render theii sojourn 
in the home as enjoyable as possible. 

Chicago Nursery and Half Orphan Asylum.— ^SV^c 855 

North Halsted and 175 Burlini;' sts. 

The institution takes care of orphans and of the children 
of poor women in order to give the latter an opportunity for 
going about their work. 

The children are schooled and instructed in handiwork. Only 
girls under I2 and boys under lo years are admitted. Girls are dis- 
cliarged from the institution at the age of 14 years, boys at 10. 

The average number of children at the asylum is from 130 to 150. 
The institution is supported by members who pay an annual contri- 
bution, by charitable gifts and, chiefly, by the revenue from its 
numerous endowments. 

The asylum is open to visitors: on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and 
Thursdays, from 10 a. m, lo 4 p. m. 

Uhlich's Evangelical Lutheran Orphan Asylum. ->S'/Vr; 

Center and Burling sts. 

This orphan asylum, consisting of several buildings, 
stands on grounds of considerable extent, which furnisli 
aiuple play-grounds for the children. 

In 1889, at the same time that a new building was erected, the 
old ones were thoroughly overhauled; and now the institution can 
lake care of 160 children. The number at present is, however, 
only 85. 

The asylum owes its existence lo an endowment established by 
the old settler, C. J. Uhlich, who in 1867 gave for that purpose a 
)Mece of ground containing 48 lots on Wentworth ave. and La Salle 
street. To this there was later added a supplementary gift of $24,000 
from the Chicago Aid and Relief Society. 

Chicago Home for Incurables. — Site: Cor. Ellis avenue 
and 5Gth street. This institution has been in existence since 



CHARITABLK AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 349 

1881, and now occupies (since March 1890) a new building, 
well adapted to its purposes. 

It is designed to care for the worthy ]ioor of Cook County, who 
are afflicted with an incurable disease, and can accommodate 150 
])atients. Inmates May 1891: 77. The institution is mainly sup- 
])orted by voluntary contril)utions. 

Newsboys and Boot-blacks Home. - »SV^ .- 1418 Wa- 
bash ave. 

The purpose of this institution is to furnish newsboys, 
boot-blacks, and other homeless boys a temporary stopping 
place, as well as to be helpful to them in their search for work. 

It entertains, during the year, nearly looo i)oys, and lodges, on 
an average, 150 of them. The charge for supper, lodging and break- 
fast is 15 cents; sometimes boys are entertained without charge. An 
evening school is connected with the home. 

The Illinois School of Agriculture and Manual Training 
for Boys. — Sitr: Glenwood; Access: by the Eastern Illinois 
Railroad; Ride: 74 minutes; Roand Trip: $1.42. 

The institution stands on an elevation and consists of seven 
buildings arranged in a semi-circle; a principal building and to the 
right and left of it cottages built in (jothic style. Each of these cot- 
tages, substantially and neatly arranged within, contains six sleeping 
rooms, besides school-rooms, etc. 

There are at present 150 pupils; and the institution is conducteil 
on a plan very similar to that of "St. Mary's Training School for 
Boys", which is elsewhere fully described. 

The Chicago Orphan Asylum.— *S'(Vf.- 2228 Michigan ave. 

Although bfingii protestantasylum. children of all creeds 
are received in this home whose aim it is to bring up and 
generally assist destitute children. 

A school and a kindergarten are connected with the asylum. The 
children are either given away for adoption, or sent into apprentice- 
ship, after they have reached their twelfth year. 

The home has accommodations for 250 children, and is most of 
the time taxed to its full capacity. It is supported by the income from 
real estate owiu'd liy it, by beipiests and voluntary contributions. 

House of the Good Shepherd.— aS'jVc: 340 North Market 
street, Hill, Sedgwick and Elm streets. The house of the 



350 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

good shepherd, oecupyiii2;the entire block between the streets 
named, is an asylum for fallen girls. 

The large foui-stoiy brick building which was erected in 1872, 
lies opposite St. Joseph's church and is surrounded by a lawn. The 
reception rooms and parlors are in the projecting central structure, 
and the two wings, together with the low addition on the south-east 
corner, shelter the inmates and the thirty sisters who are in charge of 
the asylum. 

Over the entrance to the central building is, on the level of the 
second story, a niche with a pointed arch, containing the figure of 
the good shepherd. 

The institution, l)esides clothing, feeding and sheltering tlie 
inmat s, procures suitable positions for them. Their number is, on 
the average, 350. 

The Foundlings' Kome.—JSite: No. 114 South Wood st. 
It was founded in 1871 and has from that time until now re- 
ceived 6000 foundlings, about 1200 of whom were given 
away for adoi)tion and about l.oOO restored to tlieir parents 
or friends. 

Childless couples may adopt children from the home. They are 
not, however, given away unconditionally. Unless the children be 
properly taken care of, they must be returned to the home. 

Of 56 children received in 1889, 33 were brought to the home by 
their mothers who promise upon making an application for their 
children, to leave them at the home for a month. After this time the 
mother may either take it home again or leave it at the home for 
adoption. In the latter case she renounces all rights to the child. 

Of the 56 children mentioned, there were in March 1890, 55 
adopted (25 boys and 30 girls). The demand for girls is greater than 
that lor boys. 

The home, nof receiving any funds from the community, is 
wholly supported by voluntary contrilnitions, some of which are given 
by Ibrmer inmates. 

Chicago Home for the Friendless.— *S'<7e: 1926 Wabash 
avo. The Home of the Friendless is one of the oldest chari- 
table institutions in the city, having been in existence since 

1858. 

The buildings consist of a neat four story principal structure, and 
additions. They contain about loo rooms : work-rooms, bed-rooms 



CHARITABLE AND BKNE\ OLKNT INSTITUTIONS. 351 

school-rooms, play-rooms, children's rooms, hathiii;^ and wash-rooms, 
sick-rooms, a dispensary, etc. 

The object of the institution is to afford protection and employ- 
ment or assistance to wortliy destitute women and children, until 
other anil perniancnl hontes and means of support can lie secured to 
them. 

The institution has several schools : the Home School, 1890, 40 
pupils; Burr Mission Industrial school, 1890, 70 girls and 40 boys. It 
is nuiintaineil mostly by the income from its jm; iperty, and by volun- 
tary gifts. 




Hcjinc of the Friendless. 

Girls wlio enter the home at or above the age of twelve years 
may, with the approval of the Home Industrial School Committee, be 
assigned to the "Industrial Class." Tlie girls of this class are trained 
in the various i>ranches of household work, including cooking, sweep- 
ing and dusting, making of beds and laundry work. They are also 
taught to sew and mend neatly, and to cut and make their own 
dresses and underclothing. It is the aim of the board that every girl 
who enters this class shall receive such training in these various de- 
])artments that she will, on leaving the home, be competent to secure 
a tirst-class position at service in a good family. 

In addition to being so trained, these girls are taught in the 
Home School reading, writing, arithmetic and geography. If any 
member of this class shows talent for any special branch of study, in 



352 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

music, art or science, which by cultivation will enable her to take a 
higher place in any other department of labor, she may with the ap- 
proval of the Refei-ence Committee, have the opportunity to develop 
that talent. 

It is the policy of this institution to retain in the home the girls 
belonging to this class until they are capable of self-support, except 
in cases where it is deemed wiser by the Reference Committee and 
Industrial Girls' Committee for them to go to permanent homes. 

The institution does not accept foundlings. 

The Home for the Friendless is under the supervision of a Board 
of Managers, representing the various protestant churches of the city. 

Produce of every kind, clothing — especially for children — and 
money always needed. 

The number admitted to the home during the year has been: 
Adults, 711; children, 724; total, 1,435. 

Washingtonian Home.— -S'*Ve.- 566 to 572 West Madison 
St., cor. Ogden ave. This is a correctional institution for 
drunkards and opium eaters. The asylum located, in a stately 
live story building, accommodates about 100 patients and con- 
tains, besides the hospital, rooms designed and specially 
arranged for delirious patients., rooms for the amusement 
and entertainment of the convalescents, and a complete 
household. 

The inmates usually pay a small fee; although in special cases 
they may be admitted free. The asylum is supported by an annual 
contribution of $15,000 by the city, (the money coming from public 
bar licenses), and by about an equal sum received from the inmates, by 
store-rents, interest of bequests etc. 

Good food and appropriate treatment, are the means employed 
for curing the patients. 

Tliie attendants endeavor by frequent lectures and amusements 
to restore to the patients confidence in themselves and self-esteem. 

The asylum being taxed far beyond its capacity, the treatment of 
the patients must be shortened to 20 days, and thereby loses its effi- 
ciency. To relieve the present strain, the authorities are planning a 
considerable enlargement of the home and recommend the exclusion 
of criminals and the transfer of incurable drunkards to a special 
asylum. 

The home publishes a monthly sheet, called 'The Washingtonian'. 
The statistics published therein give the following information: 



niAHlTAULK AND BENEVOLENT INSTlTl'TloNS. 353 
AdKj NATIVI IV ETC., OF INMATKS. 

Betvveei! 15 and 20 - 15 Between 50 and 60 184 

Between 20 and 30 2<S5 Between 60 and 70 58 

Between 30 and 40 552 J]etween 70 and 80 7 

Between 40 and 50 395 

Total - ... 1,496 

Single 628 

793 



Married 

Widowers 75 

Total 1,496 

Total born in the United States 868 

Total foreign born - ■ 628 — 1,496 

Residents of Chicago ■ . f>3(>9 

Industrial School for Girls. -Sfff. Sodtli Kvanston. 
Acn'fis: Si'c "Jjist of Suburban Trains'. 

The purpose of the institution is to care for poor and ne- 
glected girls wherever found, whether on the streets or in the 
countj'^ poor houses; but ruined girls, and such as have al- 
ready served a sentence of imprisonment, are excluded. 

The institution is controlled i)y women, of whom one is appointed 
by the state for each of the twenty congressional districts. It is their 
duty to seek out the girls, in their resi:)ective districts, who are with- 
out proper control and care, who are without a real home and wander 
about on the streets and highways idling and begging, and are sur- 
rounded by evil influences. 

A lady superintendent and a number of teachers give the girls 
instruction in all household accomplishments: sewing, dress-making, 
washing and ironing, and in special manual arts if there is a special 
talent for them. .\nd there is given regular school instruction and 
instruction in vocal music. The older girls are held to take a part in 
the household affairs. The girls find a home here until the age of 
eighteen years, if they are ni>t sooner returned to relatives or ])laced 
in families. 

St. Mary's Training School. AV/r- Feehanville. Cook 
Co.. 111. May be readied by \\'i.seoii.<in Central 1\. R. 

This institution offers neglected children a home and en- 
deavors by judicious treatment, by giving them instruction 
and providing suitable occupation for them, to make them 
useful members of society. 

There were at the close of 1890, 299 boys at the school, of whom 



354 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

I lO were sent there and supported by Cook county; 2 were trans- 
ferred from and supported by neighboring counties ; 75, for the most 
part unmanageable boys, were sent to the home and supported by 
their parents, and 112 were supported by the institution. 

Although there has been of late much discussion about the estab- 
lishment of a municipal industrial school, in which the youths who 
are frequently still susceptible to improvement, would no longer be 
exposed to the evil influence of the older and confirmed inmates of 
the county jail and house of correction, but might be elevated physi- 
cally, morally and intellectually, the project has not been realized be- 
cause it is feared that the practical results gained by keeping the youth 




Washin5;tonian Home. 
in the school for the short period of his term, could in no wise com- 
pare with those reached by the Feehanville institution where the 
inmates stay for years and where his thorough correction is aimed at. 
A boy sent to the Feehanville school is first cleaned and then as- 
signed to his place. For the first days he may enjoy himself on the 
play grounds in company with the other 300 boys. After having had 
time to choose a trade, he must work at it regularly in the hours not 
assigned to instruction or recreation. The boys learn printing, tailor 
ing, cabinet making and horse-shoeing. A part of them are employed 
on the farm, which is 440 acres large, in the bakery, creamery, poul- 



BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 355 

try-yard and in the stables. Almost everything needed for the boys 
themselves and for the institution is produced by the inmates. They 
make their own shoes, clothes and bedding, and they do all the car- 
pentering and painting, and all the work in the laundry, bakery, 
creamery, poultry-yard, farm and garden. The neatly printed annual 
report of the school, set up by the pupils, gives a complete description 
of their activity. 

The institution, which is composed of a number of extensive 
buildings, is at present unable to meet the requirements placed upon 
it, and therefore addresses itself to public charity for the necessary 
funds. It certainly deserves hearty support. 

German Old Peoples' Kome.—Locatioti : Altenheim, 111. 
(see Suburbs.) 

The object of the association is to maintain a home for 
aged Germans in needy and destitute circumstances. 

The admission is conditioned as follows: the applicant must have 
reached the age of 60 years; must give evidence of good character; 
must be incapable of self-support, free from chronic diseases, and a 
resident of Cook county; and must assign his (or her) property and any 
future inheritance to the Altenheim. Such as are without property 
are received on one payment of from $200 to $300. 

In return, those who are accepted are assured of a healthy home, 
good food, the necessary clothing, care and nursing until the end of 
life, and a decent burial, besides the payment of interest until death 
on the property that has been assigned to the institution. 

The association consists of gentlemen and ladies among whom 
many of the most prominent German citizens of this city, of whom 
some have made various large contributions. 

In November, 1889, the inmates numbered 24 men, 24 women 
and six married couples. The property of the association amounts to 
!J!45,Ouo. The expenses of the establishment are paid from the in- 
come on this property, from voluntary contributions and from the re- 
ceipts at Altenheim. The institution owes its prosperous condition 
mainly to the untiring eftorts of Mr. .-/. C. Hcsing. 

Martha Washington Department of the Washingto- 
nian Home. Jjofntion: in the suburb Lake A'iew. 

This branch does for female inmates what the mother institution 
does for its male inmates. Several buildings on a large lot dotted 
with trees and adorned with flower beds, offer rooms simply and 
elaborately furnished according to the means of the patients. There 
is also a sewing and a reading room. The sojourn in the country 



356 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

and the judicious Ueatment the patients receive at the hands of the 
attendants, are very favorable to their improvement. 

Chicago Home for Incurables.— Zom^/o??.- Cor. Ellis 
Ave. and 56th St. 

The home, in existence since 1881, is in a new building, which 
it occupies since March, 1890. It has a total capacity of 150 patients. 

Erring Woman's Refuge.-— Locdioii : 5024 Indiana Ave. 

The fine three story building, with four wings, was first 
put to its present use in the fall of 1890. 

It contains a chapel, library, gymnasium, hospital rooms and 
everything necessary to a complete home establishment. The insti- 
tution was established for the protection, care and reform of fallen 
women who may voluntarily apply for admission or who are com- 
mitted to it by law. The inmates, numbering 100 in 189I (of which 
43 were 16 years old or under,) are required to do household work, 
sewing, etc. A part of the support of the institution is derived from 
the fines imposed by the city on women of their class. 

3) HOSPITALS. 
Cook County Hospital. — Location: Cor. West Harrison 

and W«od Sts. 

The large buildings and grounds of the Cook County Hospital 
form the centre of a regular medical district. Not fewer than six col- 
leges and hospitals stand opposite the sides of the Cook County Hos- 
pital and have connections with it, while the hospital itself has devel- 
oped within 25 years, from small beginnings into a model institution of 
its kind, the fame of which is firmly established not only in Chicago 
and the Northwest, but throughout all America. 

The hospital buildings stand on a rectangular, 12 acre plat, 
bounded by West Harrison, Wood, West Polk and Lincoln Streets. 
They form an extended group of several-storied structures connected 
by covered ways and partly surrounded by plats of ground. They 
are grouped in the form of a cross, the arms of which are the already 
mentioned covered corridors, with which the different buildings are 
connected. The material is pressed brick and light colored stone. 

The principal front on West Harrison Street has the main build- 
ing as its center. This is the Administration Building, about which 
the others are grouped. This five story outstanding structure makes 
a marked impression. Its tower built out at its front-center, and 
overtopping it, with its flight of steps and the portal, is a striking 
piece of architecture. 

In the first story of this tower are the elevator and the entrance 



CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 357 

to the Administration Building. The latter contains, on the ground 
floor, the office of the hospital, the custodians' rooms, examining 
rooms for patients, the drug room, coroner's room etc. The next 
floor contains the office of the warden and other offices. On the 
south side of the Administration building there is a two story addi- 
tion, which contains the bath rooms, wash room etc., on the first floor. 
The upper story contains the Amphitheatre with 600 seats, where 
the medical lectures and surgical demonstrations for the students of the 
surrounding institutions are given; and the richly furnished instru- 
ment room, the microscopic laboratory and the nurses' office. 

From here a covered way leads to the l)uilding in the rear, which 
contains the kiii/un, bakery, laiDuhy, electric lighting viachines, and 
tiiuiug rooms. The two upper stories of this building contain the 
io(jms of the hospital servants. The patients' kitchen is divided into 
three sections, for milk diet, general patients' diet and common diet. 

The two pavilions to the east and west of the Administration 
Buildings have each 14 carefully ventilated wards, for men, women 
and children; each ward has 42 beds. The cleanliness of the institu- 
tion deserves special mention. It is heated throughout by steam and 
lighted by electricity. 

This hospital is the only institution in Chicago which receives all 
patients without regard to race or religion and free of cost; chronic 
cases however are turned over to the County Infirmary. 

On visiting days, Wednesdays and Sundays, the patients have 
all sorts of delicacies brought to them by their friends, though the 
quality of these things frequently falls below that of the substantial 
hospital food. 

The hospital has an average of 500 patients, and a staff of 200 
physicians, nurses and employes. 

Chicago Emergency Hospital. — Location: 194 Supe- 
rior St. 

The ]iurposo of tlii.s liospital is to receive patients that 
have sickened or been injured suddenlj', and whose condition 
will not iicrniit tlu'ir transfer to the more distant hospitals. 

Mercy Hospital. — Locarion: Cor. Calumet Ave. and 
2Gtli St. 

This hospital, conducted by the Sisters of Mercy, is the 
oldest and largest in the city. 

The building consists of a basement and three stories; and con- 
tains an amphi-theatre, wards for male and female patients, and the 



358 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

other usual hospital rooms and arrangements. The patients are as- 
signed to particular departments, according to the nature of their di- 
seases. In the medical department, all ordinary diseases are treated, 
except those which are contagious; the latter are not admitted. In 
the surgical department, all patients requiring surgical operations 
are treated, as well as other surgical cases, including deformities, spi- 
nal diseases, joint diseases etc. 

Paying patients are received for from $7 to $15 a week, accord- 
ing to rooms etc., without distinction on account of race or religion. 
This includes board, medicines and nui-sing. However charity pa- 
tients are also received. 

The Chicago Medical College is located near by, and is closely 
connected with the hospital. The capacity of the hospital is 303 pa- 
tients. The numbers for 1890 were as follows: patients paying full, 
635; patients paying partly 600; charily patients, 285 ; total, 1,520. 

The Presbyterian Hospital.— i/ocaA«o».- S. E. cor. Con- 
gress and Wood Sts. 

This is the largest and finest hospital building in the 
city. 

It adjoins Rush Medical College and forms part of the so-called 
medical district. The internal arrangements of the hospital, which 
was built in 1884, are modern throughout, and exceedingly well 
adapted to its purpose. 

About a fourth of the patients are charity patients. The num- 
ber of patients in 1889 was 135 1; average number of inmates, 140; ca- 
pacity of the hospital, 250 patients. 

With the wings, the hospital has cost nearly a quarter of a mil- 
lion of dollars. 

The hospital, although under the direction of the Presbyterian 
Churches of Chicago, has been constructed and furnished by inter- 
ested friends for the purpose of providing medical attendance and 
care for the sick, without reference to religious belief or race. 

It is open for the treatment of general as well as special medical 
and surgical diseases. Contagious diseases are excluded. 

TJ. S. Marine Hospital. — Location: N. E. of the crossing 
of N. Halsted St. and Graceland Ave., in the former suburb 
Lake View, (now part of this city). 

Access: North Chicago City Limits Cable, connecting 
with horse car line on Evanston Ave. 

The U. S. Marine Hospital, about five miles North of the Court 
House, has existed in its present form since 1873. It is very favora- 



CHAKITABLE AND BKXEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 359 

biy situated near the lake shore in quiet and beautiful surroundings. 
The extensive structure has a length of 340 feet, is built of yellow 
Illinois lime stone and consists of a four story central section with 
two three story wings terminating in verandas. 

In the central part are the office, a dispensary, instiutncnts and 
operating room etc., in the wings six sick chambers {^%wx^\c2iS. and 
medical wards), which have a capacity of 150 patients. The hygienic 
conditions are excellent, all rooms being well lighted and ventilated 

The whole establishment cost nearly 500,000 dollars. 

The beneficiaries of the U. S. Marine Hospital, are those "em- 
ployed in the care, preservation, or navigation, of any vessel of the 
United States." Special provision is made for seamen taken from 
wrecks, and those of the various Government services. 

Sick and disabled seamen whose diseases and injuries are of 
such a nature that they can properly be relieved by medicines, dress- 
ings, or advice, without admission to the hospital, are treated at the 
Marine Hospital Dispensary. 

The number of patients treated in this hospital since its opening 
to January, l8gi, is 10,830; and 34,463 in the dispensary. 

The hospital is in charge of a staff of medical officers of the Ma- 
rine Hospital Service, who are commissioned by the President of the 
United States, and subject to change of station. 

The attendants are selected with a view to their proficiency, and 
their appointments are free from personal or political influence; they 
are uniformed, and a strict observance of rules recjuired of them. 

The expenses of the hospital are paid with money derived from 
the general tonnage tax collected from vessels returning from foreign 
po'ts, and no money is expected or received in anyway from patients 
admitted. 

The hospital is open at all times to visitors interested in its con- 
struction or management, and to the friends of the patients. 

Alexian Brothers Hospital. — Location: 539-569 North 
Market St. 

The hospital is conducted by the order of the Celite or 
Alexian Brothers, founded in the 14th century to check the 
distress caused by the plague raging at that time. 

The order is only intended for the nursing of the sick, taking 
care of lunatics and the burial of the dead. 

The hospital is for men only, but at the dispensary both men and 
women are treated, the poor always free of charge. 

The hospital is constructed on the best sanitary principles, and 



360 



CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 



has all the modern improvements of a fnst-class hospital. It is di- 
vided into private rooms and general wards adapted to the treatment 
of surgical and medical cases, which are in the hands of an able and 
skillful staft of physicians and surgeons. The nursing and general 
housework is done by the Brothers, who devote their whole time and 
ability to the care of the sick. 

The patients are admitted without reference to their nationality 
or creed, the poor always free of charge. 

The institution is entirely charitable, as the income from the pay 
patients is applied only to the wants of the poor, and there is abso- 
lutely no salary whatever paid to anybody connected with the institu- 




Alexi.-in Brothers Hospital. 
tion ; besides this, the Brothers depend entirely on the generosity of 
the public for the support of the institution, and the records show 
that the citizens of Chicago and vicinity answer generously the calls 
of the Brothers for such a noble cause. 

The number of persons cared for during the year is about 1,500. 
The building is a long, handsome four story structure with wings, 
and makes with its well kept grounds an agreeable impression. 

German Hospital.— Zoca^io??; 754 and 756" Larrabee St 
Acccsa: Lincoln Ave. Cable Cars. 

The German Hospital seeks to provide a refuge for Ger- 



CHAKITAULK AM) BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 361 

mans of both sexes without distinction of sect, who are sick 
or have suflfered injur3\ 

The hospital has a handsome building of its own, with room for 
85 patients. The arrangement antl furnishings of the hospital are 
thoroughly modern. 

Pay patients are received for ^5.00 per week; in private rooms 
for from $8. 00 to $15.00 per week. Free treatment is provided for 
patients without means. Contagious diseases are not received. 
Congregations, societies, associations or individuals can endow a free 
bed, by a single payment of $100, which bears the name of the donor 
and admits one patient free for five years. A payment of $500 is a 
perpetual endowment for one l)cd. 

Chicago Hospital for Women and Children.— Location: 
West Adams ^St. , >.. \\ . Cur. ut I'auiina Jit. 

The hospital facing Paulina Street, is a handsome four story 
brick structure, with basement and mansard roof. There is room for 
eighty patients. The insiiiuiiun receives women .approaching con- 
finement, as well as women and children suffering from diseases that 
^are neither incurable nor contagious. Patients who are unable to 
pay for treatment are admitted upon recommendation of the Relief 
and Aid Society or one o( the directresses. It also undertakes the 
training of nurses. 

The management of the hospital is in the hands of a number of 
prominent women of the city; and the physicians and personnel of the 
hospital are also exclusively women. 

Michael Reese Hospital. — Location: Cor. 29th St. and 
Groveland Park Ave. 

The hospital is a three story structure consisting of a 
l)rincipal building and two wings. It is excellently arranged 
and owes its existence to an endowment by Micliad Reese 
who.se name it bears. 

Although it is a Jewish institution, patieiUs of all religions are 
admitted. None of the nurses at present are Jews. Of the 582 pa- 
tients fcr the year 1889, only 276 were of the Jewish faith. A free 
dispensary for the poor is connected with the hospital. 

Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.— Xoca^<o?i; 
N. V\'. Cor. Adams and i'euria ."^ts. 

This i.s an institution supi)orted by the state for the pur- 
pose of providing the pour witii eye and ear treatment free of 
cost. 

The large four story structure is well arranged for its purpose, 



362 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

but is old, and far too small ; so that a new building and the removal 
of the hospital are now in view. The attending physicians, among 
them the best specialists in the city, receive no pay for their services. 
The total number of patients treated at the infirmary during the years 
1889 and 1890, was 1539, with an average at any one time of about 
140; cases treated in the dispensary 10,090; operations performed on 
eye, 1559; and on the ear, 73- 




Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. 

Augustana Hospital.— iyoca//<j«.- 151 Lincoln Avenue. 
Access: Lincoln Ave. Cable Cars. 

The hospital is an isolated three story wooden building, 
with accomodations for 17 patients. 

It was founded and is supported by the Swedish- Lutherans ot 
the city. Patients are admitted to the wards at f 6.00 per week and 
to private rooms at from f 10 to $15 per Meek. 

The Lincoln Park Sanitarium. — Location: Lake Shore, 
North of Fullerton Ave. Pier. 

The purpose of the Sanitarium, an open hall built out 



3(34 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

upon the lake, is to furnish pure air to weak and sickly 
children. 

The structure is directly over the water, being erected on a great 
platform, 90 feet wide, projecting into the lake over two hundred feet, 
and supported by substantial piles. The broad i^oof with overhang- 
ing eaves covers a floor space of nearly eighteen thousand feet, over 
which hundreds of infants' hammocks may be seen swinging in the 
hot season. 

The wide verandas and the open-air court at the lake extremity 
furnish accomodations ior the mothers and the older children. 

y At the shore end are groirped the necessary offices. On the 
right of the entrance is a commodious receptioti room, from which 
the guests pass to the doctor's office for examination and for medical 
attention when required. Thence the guests are registered in the of- 
fice and the matron gives them in charge of trained nurses, who will 
assign them suitable quarters, provide hammocks, chairs, etc. The 
viatron^s room, communicating both with the office and the physi- 
cian's room, is a large dormitory for the care of critical cases which 
it may be necessary to keep over night. 

On the opposite side of the entrance is the kitchen, with pantries 
and storerooms, and beyond is a range oibath-rootns, closets, etc. 

The west front of the sanitarium is connected with the park by a 
broad bridge, with a gentle ascent for baby carriages. Being in 
close proximity to. the zoological department and other features of in- 
terest in the park, the older children who, in many cases must be 
brought with the baby, will find enjoyment and pastime without en- 
croaching upon the sanitarium proper. 

The building is of the most substantial character, but without 
any attempt at elaboration or ornament. Its architectural effect is 
secured by simplicity and the manifest adaptation of every feature to 
its intended use. 

This very worthy undertaking is supported by generous gifts. It 
owes its existence as well as its continuance especially to the efforts 
of the Daily Nezvs, which also advanced the greater part of the cost 
of construction. 

Hahnemann Hospital.— Zom/^'ow.- 2811 Groveland Ave. 

This is the only exclusively hoineopathic hospital in the city; and 
is connected with the Hahnemann Medical College. The new am- 
phitheatre connected with the hospital is excellently furnished. Be- 
sides paying patients the hospital also takes in others without charge. 
The Iving-in hospital receives women free of charge from September 
till May. 



3fi(^ CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

St. Joseph's Hospital, Garfield Ave. and Burling *St., 
near Halsted St., is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. 

1 1 is a fine, large, four and and five story building, easily recog- 
nized by its numerous dormer windows and pinnacles. Being on 
high ground, near Lincoln Park and Lake Michigan, its situation is 
excellent from a sanitary piont of view. 

The hospital is, in large part, a new structure, and has superior 
facilities for ventilation, heating etc. It has a great number of well 
furnished rooms for private patients, the prices varying according to 
the desirability of the rooms. Patients without means are not refused 
admittance. Special attention is given to chronic diseases of children, 
where an extended treatment is necessary. The hospital possesses 
an excellent staff of physicians; physicians however, not connected 
M'ith the hospital, are also allowed to treat private patients. 

St. Luke's Hospital.— Xoca</o».- 1420 to 1434 Indiana 
Ave. 

An extensive four story building, and one of the best 
known hospitals in Chicago. 

It is under the charge of the various Episcopalian societies of the 
city. They choose annually a board of twelve trustees which, in turn, 
appoints the director of the hospital. Impecunious patients are re- 
ceived free of charge without regard to color or religion ; those oi 
means, however, pay their way. There are, on an average, about 80 
patients at a time, the entire annual number of patients amounting 
to about 1,100, 600 of whom are taken care of without charge, the 
rest pay. 

The financial conditions of the hospital have been greatly im- 
proved of late by munificent bequests and the endowment of several 
beds by wealthy friends of the institution. Private charity, besides, 
manifests its interest in the hospital by sending in all sorts of neces- 
saries. Connected with the hospital is a dispensary, in which about 
3,000 patients are treated annually. In 1890 the number of cases 
was: Surgical, 1,239; Medical, 661; Gynaecological, 725; Eye and 
Ear, 455; Total, 3,080. 

Another dependency of the hospital is SL Luke' s Hospital Train- 
ing School for N^urses which is managed on the same principles as 
the similar institution connected with Cook County Hospital. From 
ten to twelve pupils partake of the instruction. 



Commercial Exchanges. 



Chicai^o is proverbial for the speed, concentration and 
compactness witli which business is transacted here, and this 
is due in a jrreat measure to tlie numerous exchanges in which 
business men meet at some central point and discuss matters 
relating to their trade, instead of seeking each other at their 
places of business. Every branch of trade has its separate 
exchange, but of chief importance is the grain and jn'ovision 
exchange, or Jimi r'l of Tradr. 

The Chicago Board of Trade is not only famous, but its 
influence is felt throughout the whole civilized world. It is 
one of the most characteristic institutions of the city. Origi- 
nally a merehants' exchange, where all kinds of merchandise 
were bargained for, bought and sold bj' sample, the enormous 
proportions which the grain and provision trade soon assumed 
caused all other trades to be crowded out, and it is now the 
grain exchange p<7)' excellence of the world. 

The Board of Trade consists of about 2,000 members, and 
this number is meant to be the limit. The mmnbership fee 
is ^Itl.OUO, but membership certificates can be i)urchased for 
half this amount or even less from retiring members. 

No purchases of less than 5,000 bushels of grain or 250 
packages of pork or lard are allowed on the board. The ses- 
sions of the board are from 9:30 a. m. to 1 p. m. and from 2:00 
to 2:30 p.m. daily. About noon is the most interesting time 
for spectators, as the excitement is then usually at its height. 
No resident of the city, unless he is a member, is admitted on 
the floor, but non-residents introduced bj' members are wel- 
come as visitors. 

Turning from the present to the past, we find that the 
Board of Trade was organized in 1848 with 82 members, but 
was of so little importance until 1856, that a lunch of craekers, 
cheese and ale spread at noon was found to be the onl}' means 
by whieh the members could be induced to attend. A leaf 

3G7 



368 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGES. 

from the secretary's note book in 1851 (before the lunch was 
provided) shows a curious contrast to the busy throngs of 
to-day : 

July lo. Present, C. Walker, J. White, J. C. Walker. 

"12. " O. Lunt. 

" 13. " none, 

" 14. " none. 

" 15. " C. Walker. 

" 16. " none. 

"17. " J.C.Walker. 

The board occupied leased quarters until 1859 when a 
building was erected for its accommodation, corner of South 
Water and Lake streets, from which it moved, in 1865, to the 
Chamber of Commerce, corner of Washington and La Salle 
streets, destroyed by tire and rebuilt in 1871-72, and forming 
to-day the basement and lower stories of the present i Cham- 
ber of Commerce Buildhu/. 

Within a few years, however, the accommodations of the 
new building were found to be insufficient, and as early as 1877 
thequestionof enlarging the accommodations had been raised 
and discussed, when finally, in 1881, a change was decided 
upon. In 1885 the present Board of Trade Building, one of 
finest structures of the kind in the world, was formally de- 
dicated. 

Three regiments and a battery were organized and main- 
tained by the boai'd for three years during the war, at a total 
expense of $150,000, and in the fields of finance, benevolence 
and the general welfare of the cit^' and nation, the influence 
for good of this body of prompt, shrewd, practical and enter- 
prising business men has often been felt. 

** Board of Trade Building.— The imposing Board of 
Trade building is situated on Jackson st., a few minutes from 
the City Hall, opposite La Salle st. (which here terminates) 
and in the centre of the lofty, eight and ten story business 
structures which are unsurpassed as regards construction, 
practical arrangement and interior appointment. 

The building occupies, together with the * iP/^?//^ /w/A//w^ with 
which it is connected by a bridge for foot passengers, the entire block 



COM.MKRCIAL EXCHANGES. 869 

between Jackson, Sherman, Van Buren sts. and Pacific ave. In its 
immediate neighborhood are the Open Boat'd of Trade, Grand Pacific 
Hotel, Post Office, the common depot of Lake Shore ^^ Michigan 
Southern, and of Chicago, Pock Island and Pacific PRs. and a large 
number of banks, insurance agencies, commission houses, etc.; the 
latter especially being located in the gigantic business structures above 
mentioned. The main front on Jacksun st. is 174 feet long, thedcptli 
of the building 225 feet, and the height of the main part (grand hall) 
140 feet, of the rear part 160 feet, and of the tower 304 feet. The\\]iole 
is constructed of Fox Island granite and costs the sum of $1,730,000. 

The impression made by the liuikling is due rather to its dimen- 
sions and the material than to the architecture which is composed of 
several styles. It has three parts: Tower, hall ^Sid addition on the 
rear. 

The toioer with a base 32 feet wide piojccts a little from the facade 
and contains the large portal flanked by polished granite pillars. It 
is quadrangular up to a height of 225 feet, having a clock on each side; 
above this part rises an octangular addition which terminates in an 
octangular spire crowned by a vane in form of a ship. Both these 
octangular parts are of iron. A balcony from which, in clear weather, 
a magnificent view may be gained, adorns the tower at a height of 
227 feet. 

Above the entrance are two fine sculptures in light stone, re- 
jircsenting on the left, a female figure with the emblems of navigation, 
commerce and industry; on the right, a similar figure representing 
agriculture and abundance. Besides these sculptuies may be mention- 
ed a few dragons, atlantes and gargoyles, and, on the east and west 
facades, two large reliefs which are, however, placed too high to be 
effective. Tlie large double windows arc 32 feet high and admit a 
flood cf light to the interior. 

Interior: The basement is reached through the large main en- 
trance opposite the footof La Salle st. Handsome winding stairs on 
both sides of the vestibule lead to the upper stories. Directly opposite 
the visitor as he enters is a wide corridor leading to the elevators in 
the rear building. The main part of the basement is occupied by 
private and telegraph offices etc. The stairs which are made of 
variously colored granite, lead first to the entrance of the magnificent 
Exchange Hall. From there, bordered by a beautifully executed rail- 
ing in mahogany, they lead up to the spacious gallery which extends 
the entire length of the north wall. The eastern half is reser\'ed for 
private parties; but the western half (on the right) is open to the 



370 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGES. 

public. The gallery is the best place forobserving the curious spectacle 
of noisy and excited brokers. The visitor may here witness such scenes 
as only a few other exchanges in the world can offer. From the north 
window of this gallery an interesting glimpse may be had of the bust- 
ling La Salle street with its gigantic business sti'uctures. 

The Exchange Hall (152 x 161 x 80 feet) is a spacious square room 
abundantly lighted by its eight large double windows and an immense 
sky-light (72 X 75 feet). The upper parts ot the windows which are 
divided into three sections contain beautifully colored stained glass 
paintings representing on a rather small scale allegories of commerce, 
agriculture, abundance, wealth, order, etc. The sky-light likewise 
contains colored ornaments. The hall is on the North separated from 
the stairs and the gallery by six massive pillars of dark green stone, 
surrounded by rings of porphyry, granite and marble, and resting on 
octangular bases. Eighteen quadrangular pilasters of a similar shape 
and the same material enliven the walls. They are connected with 
one another by 26 semicircular arches bearing beautiful fresco-paint- 
ings on gold ground, representing: The arts, sciences, inventions, his- 
torical and mythological subjects (the three fates). The paneled 
ceiluigis decorated in rich but quiet colors. On ihe Jloor of the hall, 
the battlefield of the speculators, are the numerous tables, seats, pits, 
large black boards, and telegraphic apparatuses. The two fine terra- 
cotta mantle pieces on the south wall and the chronometer also deserve 
special mention. The offices of the president, secretary, director, and 
the assembly room of the committee are wainscoted in mahogany 
and decorated with fine fresco paintings and furniture. 

A wide corridor leads from the south door of Exchange Hall 
through the rear building to the bridge connecting the exchange with 
the Rialto building. 

On the left (East) of this corridor is the Board of Trade Slock 
Exchange (rooms 22 and 24), a room rising amphitheatrically and 
having a large gallery with comfortable seats. Behind the president 
a large board with the inscription: New York Stock Exchange Quo- 
tations, The stained glass paintings on the windows show interesting 
Indian heads etc. 

The entire remaining part ot the rear building is taken up by the 
elevator shafts and about 100 offices. 

Open Board of Trade. —Opposite tlie Stock Exchange on 
Pacific ave. is the Open Board of Trade for speculators with 
limited means (fee for membership $2.50). 




V 



■JV 










f 






872 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGES. 

The building, Nos. i8 and 20 Pacific ave., bearing the same 
name, is an attractive structure of brick, with a very large arched 
window and a spacious entrance. It offers, besides a few small fields 
with plastic ornaments, nothing of interest. 

On the first floor is the main hall, 101x85 feet. The ceiling is 
supported by eight columns and has a large sky-light with colored 
glass. On the south wall is a gallery for visitors, the telegraph office, 
etc. Besides these, the hall contains only the usual stands, black- 
boards, seats, etc. 

In the upper stories are the rooms of the president and secretary, 
and the offices of numerous business houses. 

The Produce Exchange.— Z-oea^'o^; 144 South Water 
St., cor. of Clark st. Open from 8:00 a. m. to 5:00 p. m. 

This exchange, which is devoted to the trade in agricul- 
tural products except grain and cattle, is located in the cen- 
ter of an extremely lively business section. The exchanges 
of this branch of business, amounted, in 1890, to more than 
$60,000,000. 



Theatres. 



Dramatic art up to the present time lias had no perma- 
nent home in Chicago. More than a score of years has 
passed since an atberapt was made to provide a permanent 
dramatic company in this city. The effort then made met 
witli temi)orary encouraffement and the results were very 
iiratifyinir, e.xcojjt from a pecuniary point of view. But, as 
financial success is the goal aimed at bj' all managers, the 
oxpcriment has not been repeated. Journalistic friends of the 
drama have from time to time urged the formation of a move- 
ment looking to the establishment in Chicago of a i^ernianent 
stock conii)any, in which its citizens might take local i)ride, 
but thus fa;- the effort has been fruitless. iManagers can hardly 
be Idanu'd for their hesitation to embark in such an enterprise 
on their own responsibility, as they are well acquainted with 
the present taste of the public, and it seems almost certain, 
that monetary loss awaits the manager who would be found 
willing to make the experiment. This view, while not com- 
jilinientary to the artistic taste of the iiublic, is probably 
correct. But it must be borne in mind, that the same con- 
ditions prevail throughout the country, with the possible ex- 
ception of New York. Even there where the theatres enjoy 
a large i)atronage from Brooklyn and the New Jersey cities, 
and have a i»opulation of 8,0(10.000 to depend on, there are 
only twnfonii)anios which can be called permanent stock com- 
l>;uiies. The ■'combiinition" system i)revails everywhere, and 
until the jiublic taste changes, which no doubt will occur in 
'jood time, we can hardly look for any improvement in 
Chicago. 

Tn the central, or down town part, of the city Chicago has 
at present five theatres —besides the Auditorium — which 
can hardly be called a theatre in the ordinary sense, as it is 
t<i(i largo for Miy but operatic performances on a grand scale, 
or vorv elaborate spectacular plavs. 

873 ' 



374 THEATRES. 

*McVieker's Theatre.— A^iVt/ Madison st.. between State 
and Dearborn sts. 

The six-story building which is free from all sides, is 
easih' reeoenizable from its large bay windows in the central 
field of its facade. 

The interior is one of the finest in Chicago. In the ves- 
tibule are the ticket ofiiee and the entrance to the elevators. 
A flight of stairs leads to the elegant foyer. 

The theatre proper with its rich, but harmonious decora- 
tion makes a pleasing impression. It is throughout the lower 
part of the house salmon-colored, becomes lighter in the 
upper parts and shades off' into a beautiful cream on the 
ceiling. The walls bear moi'eover eflteetive ornamentation, 
plants, gold lines and colored plastic in papier-mache. 
Although showing only the simple but effective lines of 
the modernized Egyptian and Romanesque styles, the 
proscenium is most richly decorated. There are six boxes 
rising terrace-like, one above another. The front of the stage 
is formed by a large round arch, sumptuously decorated, but 
rather heavy. All the walls of the proscenium are decorated 
with plastic floral ornamentation of papier-mache, in red, gold 
and cream. Above the boxes are two rectangular bass-reliefs 
in terra-cotta, with many figures representing scenes from the 
local history of Chicago; the work of John G-elert, a Chicago 
sculptor: on the left La Salle on his exploring march through 
Illinois, and on the right the massacre on the lake front iu 
1812. 

The fire proof asbesto curtain is adorned with a picture 
representing a view of Athens with the Acropolis and a 
classic landscape in the foreground. 

The house has, with the two spacious galleries, a capacity 
of 2.300 seats. 

iMcA'icker's theatre cultivates the better English drama 
and comedy. On Sundays it is usually reserved for perform- 
ances in the Grerman language. 

^Columbia Theatre.— xS'/V*.- Monroe st., near Dearborn st. 
The Columbia Theatre, (formerly Haverty's Theatre) is 



THEATRES. 375 

one of the leading playhouses of the city. It seats 2,000 spec- 
tators and cultivates chiefly the higher class of dramas. 

The elegant vestibule leads directly to the foyer which 
is decorated in mediieval style and provided with beautiful 
furniture and artistic chandeliers. The mirror wall separat- 
ing the foyer from the pit, is broken by five doors. On the 
first floor are, to the right of the foyer, the smoking-room 
and to the left, the ladies' room. 

The interior of the house is verj' elegant. The fronts of 
the two galleries are of gilded metal in open-work, which in 
the light of the numerous electric lamps produces a good 
effect. The elegantly appointed boxes with their rich 
draperies and their sumptuous air deserve special men- 
tion. 

The stage is separated from the auditory by a large semi- 
e'ircular arch. The stage itself ranks with its sceneries, 
and mechanical facilities among the first of the citj-. 

Hooley's Theatre.— ASiVr.- No. 149 E. Kandolph st., 
opposite the north entrance to City Hall. 

Ilooley's Theatre cultivates chiefly the better i]nglish 
and American drama and comedy. The house seats about 
1,800 people. 

The handsome vestibule leads directly to the pit which 
in the proscenium is bordered on each side by two sets of 
boxes. There are, besides two wide galleries. The opening 
to the stage occupies the whole north wall and continues 
even behind the boxes. 

The curious proscenium begins with the wall over the 
opening to the stage and shows rich ornamentation in gold 
which continues even to the tops of the boxes. Where the 
boxes project from the auditory, starts, about fifteen feet be- 
low the ceiling, a graceful arch, which spans the interior 
from wall to wall. A system of light rafters and seven 
smaller arches connect the eeiling with the main arch. With 
the terrace-like structure of the boxes and their tasteful 
appointment, the proscenium makes, in electric illumination, 
a very favorable impression. 



376 THEATRES. 

*Chicago Opera Kouse.—Sitt: S. W. corner Clark and 
Washington streets. 

The Chicago Opera House is one of the newer theatres of 
Chicago, and occupies the greater part of the Opera House 
block. The principal entrance, with the elegant stairway, is 
on Washington street, opposite the Courthouse. 

In harnionj' with the specialty of this theatre, the produc- 
tion of fairy and spectacular plays, ballets, etc., which require' 
elaborate apparatus, the stage possesses special facilities and 
excellent scenery. The seating capacity (2000) lies mostly in 
the parquet and two broad galleries. The boxes are really 
elegant, and the whole proscenium has a brilliant effect. The 
great plush cui'tain and the interlude curtains are deserving 
of notice. The building is regarded fire-proof throughout. 

Haymarket Theatre.— >S'/V('.- 169 W. Madison st., east of 
of Halsted st; W. Madison st. cable cars. 

Haymarket Theatre is one of the newest and most elegant 
play houses in Chicago. Externally it is a neat renaissance 
structure, of pressed brick, with terra cotta pillars and pilas- 
ters. The entrance is in the curved projecture, which in the 
second story contains an open loggia and terminates with a' 
balcony-. Through the marble trimmed vestibule one passes 
into the foyer to the parquet and the boxes. This is ren- 
dered attractive by a fountain and beautiful furniture, and 
above it there is a second foyer for the upper rows. The in- 
side of the theatre itself produces, by its subdued colors, a 
quiet and harmonious impression. There are twelve boxes,' 
three galleries and the parquet. The boxes are remarkable 
for their beautiful bronze and brasswork, rich draperies and 
elegant furniture. The two lower galleries have parapets of 
pierced metal work, and the tasteful electric chandeliers de- 
serve mention. 

The audience room is kept in terra cotta color, which is 
enlivened by flat plastic ornaments and a rich outlay of colored 
bronzes. The stage borders on the auditorium on the East, 
and measures fifty by ninety feet. The house will hold 2,650 
spectators, and makes a specialty of English and American 
dramas and comedies. 



TIIKATKES. 377 

Windsor Theatre.— aSV^.- 4G() N. Clark st., near Division 
St.; N. (Mark st. cable cars, 12 minutes. 

Windsor Theatre is one of the newer theatres of Chicago, 
quite easily recognizable by the lara;e square cupola capped 
with a globe. Entering the vestibule, with the ticket office 
and the stairway leading to the gallery, we reach the small 
foyer. The 2.700 seats are divided into parquet, sixteen 
lidxes and two galleries. The boxes are finished in pretty 
wood-carving and metal work, and are draped Avith elegant, 
heavy materials. The lower gallery, constructively a con- 
tinuation of the second tier of b<:)xes, has a parapet in the 
form of a line composed of projecting and retreating curves 
and angles. The wall above the opening of the stage presents 
a keel-shaped arch, and has rich plastic ornamentation, 
painted in tlnll yellow and bright bronze. The principal colors 
of the rest of the internal decoration are Isabella and gold. 
The curtain and scenery deserve mention. The theatre is 
given especially to the lighter plays : comedies, farces, etc. 

Criterion Theatre. — *S'<Vr.- 276 Sedgwick street, near Di- 
vision; Sedgwick st. horse cars or Clybourn ave. cable line. 

From the vestibule with the ticket office we pass into the 
parqilet. The interior is finished in Moorish style, and de- 
corated in lively colors, with a profuse outlay of gold. An 
especially sjilendid effect is produced by the eight boxes with 
their i)retty metal-work, bright bronze and their dome-shaped 
tups. The boxes are provided with elegant furniture, and the 
parquet is furnished with upholstered red plush seats. The 
house has only one gallery, and seats 1800 spectators. It pre- 
sents the lighter works, such as vaudevilles, operettas, farces, 
etc. 

Alhambra Theatre. — *S'/^'.- Corner State and 19th sts.; 
naciicd troni State ami \Vashington sts. in 12 minutes by the 
State St. cable cars. 

The name of the theater is derived from the Moorish 
style of the internal and external architecture of the build- 
ing. The theater is only of moderate size, but possesses a 
practical arrangement and is jirettily decorated in Moorish 
style. Wiirthy of especial mention is the arrangement of the 



378 THEATRES. 

seats, whicli are comfortable and give a good view of the stage 
from all parts of the house. This theater, like the Windsor 
on the North Side and the Hayraarket on the West Side, 
cultivates the popular drama, light operettas, etc. 

Grand Opera House.— *S'/Vc: 85 S. Clark St., opposite the 
Court House. 

One of the older theatres of the city cultivating especially 
lighter operas and American plays. The interior contains 
1328 seats. 

Through the vestibule is reached the foyer which forms 
a sort of antichambre to the pit. There are two galleries and 
eight very elegant and comfortable boxes. The interior is 
decorated in quiet and simple taste. Worthy of mention is 
the new scenery. 

Havlin's Theatre. — Site: 1834 Wabash avenue, near 
18th St. 

The Havlin Theatre appears on the outside as an at- 
tractive structure of smooth red brick and light grey granite. 
The windows are partly Moorish, partly bay windows. The 
large semi-circular arch which reaches up to the second story 
and has in its centre a balcony, leads to the vestibule that is 
adorned with a fresco painting. The interior contains about 
1500 seats and is neatly decorated in In do-Moorish style. 
On the walls of the proscenium are plastic ornaments with 
colored decoration. Especially pretty are the twelve boxes 
with their open metal work and their beautiful decorations. 
The lower of the two galleries is especially noteworthy for its 
front formed of salient and re-entering angles and circular 
lines. 

H. R. Jacob's Clark St. Theatre.— ^V/f.- 44 N. Clark st., 
near north east cor. of Kinzie st. 

Clark street Theatre is the name of the former Casino 
Theatre now remodelled. The repertoire has remained the 
same: Melodramas, Operettas and modern spectacular plays. 

Through the vestibule one reaches the small foyer which 
is adjoined on the left (North) by the gentlemen's room, and 
opposite (South) by the ladies' room. Both are appointed in 



THEATRES. 379 

very elegant and home-like manner. The comfortable seats 
in the pit are provided with antomatic boxes for opera glasses. 
A wide stair-ea.se leads to the two galleries, the first of which 
is verj' spacious, buti)rojects rather too far into the auditorj'. 
Its front in stucco, gold and fine silks is remarkable. It has 
a brass railing. The fourteen boxes (seven on each side) are 
uncommonly eflFeetive. Being built in terrace-form, they 
afford, with their rich draperies, their elegant lattice-work 
and fine furniture, a most picturesque effect. There is a 
profusion of shining brass; the electric lights gleam from 
charming blossoms and clusters of grapes. The rest of the 
interior decoration is chiefly in Indo-IMoorish style. The 
walls in the back of the highest boxes are thus built in the 
form of half niches which are covered by a sort of composed 
ogee-arch, with fine open wood work. The o))ening to the 
stage is similar only in larger dimensions. The sides of the 
stage are flanked by massive clustered columns gilded and in 
bamboo form. The ceiling between the boxes is arched and 
divided into small fields by nine picturesque latticed arches 
which rest on as many bronze-colored dragon-like fabulous 
animals crouched above the opening to the proscenium. Tlie 
walls are mostly decorated in light blue with gold. 

Jacob's Academy of Music— *S'/^t': 8.') Halsted st., be- 
tween Madison and Monroe sts. 

This house seats from 2200 to 2.500 si)cctators. It culti- 
vates mainly spectacular plays. 

The interior is newly decorated in bright, but rather 
hard colors. The two galleries are beautifully curved and 
the four boxes make a very elegant impression. The seats 
in the jiarquet are comfortable and have automatic opera 
glasses. The ladies' room situated on the right of the vesti- 
bule and the gentlemen's room opposite are tastefully draped 
and neatly funiislied. 

Standard Theatre.— jS'/Vr.- Halsted st.. cor. W. Jackson st. 

The Standard Theatre cultivates chiefly popular plays 
and clings to low prices (from $1.00 down). The house seats 
about 1800 spectators; the gallery alone has a thousand 
seats. 



880 

THEATRES. 

The interior is 
simply and quietlj' 
decorated in gold 
and light blue. 
The lower of the 
two galleries has 
on its extremities 
lodge-like carvings 
and additional 
orn a m e n t a t i n 
which materially 
contribute to the 
fine appearance of 
the proscenium. 

Madison St. 

Theatre. -"*S'<7t' ; 
No. 85 East Madi- 
son St., diagonally 
opposite the "Tri- 
bune". 

This Theatre, 
formed in the time 
of the Mikado ma- 
nia, cultivates es- 
pecially the vau- 
deville, the burles- 
(jue and melo- 
drama and bears 
something of tlie 
character of the 
variety theatres 
and the cafes chan- 
tants. The repre- 
sentations are giv- 
en in a hall on the 
first floor, seating 
only 650 jiersons. 

Columbia Theatre. 43™ 




Concert Halls. 



The largest hall in the city is the t Auditorium Hall 
fully described in the article 'Auditorium Building'. — There 
are besides the halls given here several others, which we omit 
worthy of mention, but on account of their remote location, 
of a purely local character. A full list of all the halls in the 
city is found in the city directory. 



* Central Music "SjaM.—Site: S. E. corner State and Ran- 
dolph streets. 

The Central Music Hall is a simple but pleasing structure 
of seven stories. The roof is overtopped by a low quadran- 
gular clock tower. 

Two large columns of polished grayish red granite flank the entrance. 
Traversing the vestibule and passing the stairs and elevators, we reach 
the large hall which, resembling the interior of a theatre, has, how- 
ever, instead of the stage, a spacious far projecting platform. The 
parquet and parquet circle, rising amphitheatrically, are surmounted 
by two galleries in the form of a horse-shoe. The decoration of their 
fronts in white and gold give the interior a very pleasing and even 
elegant air. On the upper balcony are six boxes. In the rear of the 
small platform is, halfway up to the balcony, the choir, with the key 
boards of the organ. The balustrade fronting the choir shows fine 
open wood work. 

On both sides of the platform are the two beautifully decorated 
organ fronts, harmonizing well with the interior. The hall is lighted 
by a large sky-light decorated with simple but beautiful paintings. To 
the North three large windows divided into three parts, bearing six 
well executed portraits of famous composers and colored emblems of 
music, etc. There are 2000 seats. The Central Music Hall contains, 
besides, numerous l:)usiness rooms and offices, occupied mostly by 
physicians and music teachers. 

** Germania Hall. The club house of the Germania Man- 
nerchor, situated at the corner of N. Clark and Grant sts., is 
from an architectural point of view, one of the most impres- 

382 



CONCERT HALLS. ggg 

sive buildinss in Chicago, and one of the finest club houses 
in the whole country. (Arehitect: Aug. Fiedler.) 13uilt in the 
Italian lleiiaissanee stj'le, it suggests by its massive sub- 
structure of light gray stone with, for the most part, rough 
surface, the Florentine palaces of the early renaissance. The 
upper part, on the other hand, with its profuse terra-cotta 
decorations, is a remarkable specimen of modern treatment 
of renaissance. 

The viaiit entrance on Grant st. is formed by a massive semi- 
circular arch supported by two pairs of smooth Doric columns and 
crowned by a balustrade. The most important part of the substruct- 
ure on the Clark st. facade is a spacious loggia at the height of the 
entresol, terminating in a balcony and offering, with its flowers and 
its view of the surroundings (Lincoln Park) a charming retreat, espe- 
cially on warm summer evenings. 

In the upper part, constructed of brick and tevra-cotta, the two 
facades are alike, having twenty tall semi-circular arched windows 
grouped in pairs, separated by fine baroque columns and surmounted 
by a pediment. Above the eaves-moulding, three low quadrangular 
roofs. Among the plastic decorations (palmettos, echini, acanthi, 
casettes, etc.) which are especially profuse in the upper stories, a 
large terracotta relief on the West wing of the Grant st. facade de- 
serves special mention. 

In the basement on the Clark st. front are a well managed restau- 
rant and the rooms and vaults of the Germania Safe Deposit ami 
Trust Co. The rear contains a double boivling alley for ladies and 
gentlemen. 

Entering through the large gate on Grant St., the stairs on the 
right lead to the rooms on the second story, and the corridor on the 
left to the apartments on the first floor. 

The first room west 6f the corridor is the ladies^ cafe, a veritable 
jewel, the most charming room in the whole house. The walls are 
covered with woods of different colors, and the ceiling is decorated 
in light colors. The greatest ornament of the room is, however, the 
frieze which, composed of a number of frescoes complementing one 
another, was executed by Mr. Michalowsky. There are represented 
in charming groups of amorettes and with splendid humor: love, mar- 
riage, wine, singing, and a life-like gossiping coftee-party. In the 
niches are placed on consoles, elegant vases, drinking horns, goblets, 
and rare porcelains. Worthy of mention is the metal work on the 
swinging door. 



384 CONCERT HALLS. 

Next to the ladies' cafe is the large billiard liall with billiards, 
gaming tables, etc. The walls are adorned with bronze reliefs, re- 
presenting drinking bouts. 

Advancing through four round arches draped with portieres, 
we reach the bar and the adjoining drinking room \\\ o\iS. Q^xva^in 
style. The lattice work screening off the cabinet, chairs and com- 
fortable leather seats along the walls and a monumental drinking 
table, with a plate three inches thick and consisting of one piece (the 
great curiosity of the room) are all objects attracting the special at- 
tention of the visitor. The consoles are adorned with the classic 
drinking vessels: Tankards, mugs, tumblers, goblets and other curi- 
osities, as Makart bouquets etc. The two chandeliers of forged iron 
are two interesting specimens. In the alcove (as the N. E. corner 
between the two doors leading to the reading and writing room is 
called) stands a magnificent clock in renaissance style (wood-carving 
and brass work). 

Adjoining is the comfortably furnished reading room with the 
library, where the most important American and foreign periodicals 
are kept. 

Returning through the corridor and ascending a few steps, we 
reach the entresol where we first enter the Rehearsal Room which 
is simply decorated, containing only the portraits and busts of famous ' 
composers and photographic views of the singers of the former years. 
.South of this are two smaller rooms for private parties etc. The front 
walls of these rooms are behind the line of the facade of the building, 
thus making room for the loggia already mentioned. 

In the South East part of the entresol is the elegantly furnished 
Reception Room, walls and ceiling of which are decorated in exceed- 
ingly soft tones. Imported Indian draperies in the windows and 
Persian rugs with beautiful colors on the inlaid floor; a richly orna- 
mented mantel piece, beautiful furniture, pahitings in water-color and 
oil by L. Bach and others, vases and rare porcelain vessels form the 
appointment of this elegant room, in which is shown as a special curi- 
osity an old French clock with mythological figures. 

The second story is almost entirely taken up by the ball room 
and the banquet hall which are reached from a sort of antechamber 
at the head of the stairs. In the N. W. part are located the toilet 
room, buffet, and two drinking rooms. 

The ball room, officially termed the Grand Hall, is one of the 
finest dancing halls in the country. The wainscoting and the front 
of the gallery are white; the rest of the walls are decorated in blue 




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Kiml.all Hall. 243 Wabash Avenue. 



386 CONCERT HALLS. 

and red. The ceiling which is divided intu four parts, is done in 
light, mild colors with additions of bronze and gold. The fine chan- 
deliers are hung in the centre of the three ventilating cupolas. Espe- 
cially pretty is the decoration of the East wall, consisting of bass-reliefs 
representing, in four fields crowned by a round arch, colored alle- 
gories of the dance which greatly enhance the effect of the room. 

From the elevated platform at the East end of the hall (with 
interesting glimpses of the stair cases) we enter the large banquet 
hall and the adjoining two small parlors. The banquet hall with its 
front on Clark st. is as profusely decorated as the ball room. On the 
North wall is an elevated semi-rotunda from which the speeches are 
delivered. 

North Side Turner Hall.-^/'^e; Nos. 225-261 N. Clark st. 

The North Side Turner Hall, erected by the Chicago 
Turner association, is a large, four story structui'e which 
stands on the site of the old house which was destroyed by 
the great fire. 

In the basement is the gymnasium with the usual appointment. 
At the same height with the gallery for spectators on the North wall, 
is a hall devoted to social gatherings, festivities, etc. Un the Clark 
St. side, under the beer-hall, is the new bowling alley. 

In the addition on the rear is a large hall intended to be used 
for theatrical representations, concerts and balls. The ceiling whicli 
is decorated in light colors, shows six medallion portraits of famous 
poets and composers: Shakespeare, Longfellow, Beethoven, Mozart, 
Liszt, etc. On the South wall at the side ot the stage, are the por- 
traits of Schiller and Goethe. A gallery in form of a horse shoe with 
seats rising as in an amphitheatre, runs along the walls. 

On the same story in the main building are the reading room, 
the library of the Turner association, the office of the president, the 
rehearsing rooms, etc. etc. 

The remaining part of the building is occupied by clubs and asso- 
ciations, or leased for business purposes. 

In the South wing, on the first floor, is a beer-hall and a billiard 
room. 

Brand's Hall.— >S'/7*^; S. E. corner of N. Clark and P^riests. 

A pleasant building in the Renaissance style, and one of 
the favorite halls of the North Side for lodge and public fest- 
ivities, balls and concerts. 

The lower part shows bossages on the outside; the large hall is 
outlined by long pilasters reaching up to the roof, and eight high 



CONCERT HALLS. 3g7 

semi circular arcliLnl windows. The roof is crowned by a stone balu 
strade. 

Save a few side halls, the restaurant and the stores on the first 
floor the entire building is taken up by the large hall which serves at 
once for theatre, concert and dancing hall and is, as regards its 
appointments, one of the most notable of the city. The walls are 
sheathed low. The main entrance on the South side, the two side 
entrances at the side of the stage and the lodges above are decorated 
in delicate ivory-yellow. The walls which are painted in terracotta 
and have a very quiet effect, are enlivened by pilasters and large 
mirrors. The ceiling with the ventilation cupola is decorated in light 
tones. On the West side, opposite the stage, is a finely curved gallery 
which with its balustrade, harmonizes well with the rest. 

Uhlich's Block, or Uhlich's Hall is the name of the lonj? 
structuie In'tweeii the railroad viaduct and Kinzie St., Nos. 
1!J to 37 North Clark street. 

It contains, in the third story, at the extremities of the two wings, 
two large halls connected with each other by a corridor; between the 
usual accessory rooms, bar, dressing room, etc. 

The hall in the North wing contains a small stage. Both halls are 
almost constantly occupied by associations of all nationalities, for the 
celebration of festivities, balls, concerts, etc. 

■Vdjoining the South hall is the comfortably appointed club room 
which is used in common by the Griitly association, the Swiss male 
chorus society and some Low-German associations. 

On the fourth story of the central part is the dining room, etc.; on 
the gro.ind floor is the well-known Leiitz-beer hall. 

Kimball Hall.— One of the musical headquarters of this 
fity is the new building of the W. W. Kimball Company, on 
Wabash ave. south of Jackson st., which is devoted exclusiv- 
ely to musical interests. 

It contains in the second story the so-called Kimball Hall, a 
beautiful room with a seating capacity of 600, furnished with fixed 
opera chairs, and charmingly decorated in harmony with the art of 
music. 

The upper stories are occupied by the studios of musicians, among 
whom are some of the most prominent in the city. The highly modern 
and conveniently arranged building, built with special reference to 
musical purposes, is provided with partition walls in the construction 
of which careful attention was given to the deadening of the sounds 
of the instruments. 



Musical Life. 



Although Chicago is a city of comparatively recent ori- 
gin, it has nevertheless an interesting musical history. The 
first organized effort in the direction of music was made in 
1849, when a musical society, under the direction of Mr. W. 
Plagge, gave a series of regular concerts. Soon after, 1850- 
1852, Mr. Julius Dyhrenfurtli induced about twelve good mu- 
sicians of New York, to make Chicago their home and gave 
instrumental concerts at the Tremont House for two seasons. 
Mr. Dyhrenfurth after this abandoned the enterprise, and 
Mr. Carl Bergman took his place for one season, after which 
he left Chicago for New York. The revolutionarj^ period of 
1848-1849 had brought many intelligent Germans to Chicago, 
who — 1852— formed the Maennergesangverein^ which, during 
a number of years, under the direction of Messrs Rein and 
J. linger, gave regular concerts, and also two operas: '" The 
Zaar and Carpenter," by Lortzing; and " Stradella," by Flo- 
tow, in thei* own hall, the Deutsche Haus. In 1856, Mr. 
Henry Ahner, a former member of the famous Germania 
Orchestra, came to Chicago, became leader of a new vocal 
society—'" The Freie Saengerbu)id"—a.nd organized each sea- 
son a series of very successful afternoon concerts at Metro- 
politan Hall, corner of Randolph and La Salle sts. At the 
same time, chamber music concerts of a very high order were 
given by Messrs. Paul' Becker (piano), Henry Be Clerquc 
(violin), and Albert Melms (cello), with whom Mrs. Henry 
Band, pianist, occasionally associated. In 1857, from June 
7 to 11, a Saenger/(st was held at Chicago with a male chorus 
of about 400 and an orchestra of 35, under the direction of 
Mr. Hans Balat/ca, of Milwaukee. 

In 1859, the first American choral society was organized 
under the name of ' The Musical Union," and under the di- 
rection of Mr. C. M. Caily. Shortly afterwards, the Mendels- 
sohn Choral Society, under Mr. Dohn, began to compete for 
public favors with the former society. 

A new impetus was given to Chicago's musical life in 
1860, when, upon the occasion of the performance of Mozarts 
Requiem at the Cathedral, and later at Bryan Hall, Mr. 
Hans Balatka, of Milwaukee, received a call from the mu- 
sical people of Chicago to conduct the performances, and to 
permanently locate in Chicago. In October, 1860, the Phil- 

388 



MTSICAL LIFE. 



380 



/idnnnnic Sociefi/ of Chicago was organized under Mr. Ba- 
latka's direction, and for several years all its concerts were 
attended with unprecedented success, most all of the sym- 
jjhonies of Beethoven. Mozart and Haydn, and quite a 
number of modern orchestral works, having been successfully 
performed. The Musical Fnioii having been re-organized 
under the name of the Chicdijo Oratorio Society^ ^•AV^.nw^cv 
Mr. Bahitka's direction, a number of brilliant oratorio per- 
formances, with such celebrities as Mad. Farepa Rosa, Miss 
N^iilssiDi, Miss Carfi. Mr. Wliitucij, Rudolplisou and others. 

Tn April. IHfii), tJie GcrDtaiiia Maeiiiierchur was orgamzed 
at first under Otto Lo/is direction, which, however, soon 
passed into !Mr. Balatka's haiuls, Mr. Lob assuming the lead- 
ershijiof the newly organized Concordia Maennerchor. The 
healtliy rivalry of these two societies gave to Chicago a 
number of excellent concerts and the operas of Der Frei- 
scliuet:: and Straddla, by the (lermania, and the Macjic Flute., 
by the Concordia, at Crosbys Opera House. 

Tn Juiii', 186^, the second great Saeugerfesf was held 
under Mr. Balatka's direction at the Kink, cor. of Wabash 
ave. and Jackson sts. 
This festival had an in- 
ternatioiuil character, in 
which not only societies 
from all parts of the 
United States took part, 
but in which, also, Ger- 
man singers were repre- 
sented by delegates 
from abroad. This was 
one of the first of the 
great musical fest?ivals 
of America, a grand 
chorus of 1,200 singers 
and a grand orchestra 
of 1(10 musicians partic- 
ipating. 

During 1868-1869, 
Mr. Balatka gave, at 
Farwell Hall, .■symphony 
concerts and Saturday 
afternoon concerts. 




390 MUSICAL LIFE. 

which, on tne 17th of December, 1870, culminated in a srand 
performance of Beethoven's glorious ninth symphonj', on the 
100th anniversary of the masters birth. 

The great fire of 1871 seemed at first to be fatal to all 
musical enterprises. The then existing societies lost every- 
thing; most of them dissolved; and only a few continued on 
in a precarious life. In 1872, the Aj)ollo Mtisical Club was 
organized as a male chorus, under the leadership of Mr. 
Dohn. Mr. Balatka having, after the fire, gone to Milwaukee, 
returned in 1873 and founded the Liederlcranz Society, with 
which — 1874 — he brought out successfully the opera of J/a- 
sanieUo in McVicker's Theatre. 

The Apollo Club, which constantly grew in public favor, 
gave every year a series of excellent concerts, under Mr. 
W. F. Tomlins, in McCormick's Hall. 1875, a mixed chorus 
was added to the club, and a grand musical festival was given 
under its auspices, with the co-operation of Thmuis Orches- 
tra. — Among the most notable musical events of a later 
period, are: 1st.) The great Musical Festival, 1880, at the 
Exposition Building, under Theodore Thomas, with Materna, 
I^ielsson, Annie Louise Cary, Winkelmaiui and Scaria,ai 
chorus of 1,000 singers and an orchestra of 120. 2d.) The 
great National Saengerfest of 1881, also at the Exposition 
Building, under the leadership of Mr. Hans Balatka, with a 
mixed chorus of 1,200, a male chorus of 2,200, and an orches- 
tra of 150, with Mad. Peschtca-Leutner, 3Iiss Cary, Messrs. 
Candidus, Remmei-tz and Whitney as soloists. 3d.) The 
great Opera Festival— l^Q — at the Exposition Building, with 
Adelina Patti as the principal star; and, 4th,) the opening of 
the great Auditorium, December, 1890, by the Abbey Italian 
Opera Combination, with Patti and Tamagno as principals. 
5th.) The establishment of a permanent orchestra in Chicago 
— 1891 — under the direction of Mr. Theodore Tltomas. 
MUSICAL SOCIETIES. 

Chicago's principal musical organizations which give regular 
concerts, are : 

I. INSTRUMENTAL, 
a. OrchestraL 

I. Chicago Orchestral Association, Auditorium; Theo. Thomas, 
Conductor. 



MUSICAL LIFE. 391 

2. J?oscnbt'il\'r''s Onhestra, Turner Hall ; concerts every Sun- 
day afternoon. 

3. Chicago Sympliony Clitb, Central Music Hall; S. Jacobsen, 
Conductor. 

4. Artist's Comert Club, Miss Amy Fay, Secretary. 

b. Chamber Music. 

1. American Conservatory String Quartette, Chickering Hall, 
Wabash ave. 

2. Balatka Quintette Club, Kimball Hall. 

3. Chicago Musical College String Quartette, Central Alusic 
Hall. 

4. C, Wolfssohn Trio, Bourniques Hall. 

II. VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL. 

1. Apollo Musical Club (mixed chorus), Central Music Hall 
W. F. Tomlins, Director. 

2. Concordia Ladies' Chorus, Chickering Hall ; Mad. Huefner 
llarken. Director. 

3. Frohsinn (male chorus), Freiberg's Hall; H. Schoenfeld 
I )i rector. 

4. Germania Maennerchor (male chorus), Germania Club, N 
Clark St. and Grant pi.; T. Heinze, Director. 

5. Liedertafel Vorivaerts {male chorus), Yondorf 's Hall; G. Ehr 
horn, Director. 

6. Orpheus Maennerchor (male chorus), 49 La Salle St.; G 
Ehrhorn, Director. 

7. Sennef elder Liederkranz (male and mixed chorus), 565 Wells 
St. ; Hans Balatka, Director. 

8. Ttutonia Maennerchor {vc\?\^ C^^oxwa), 196 W. Chicago ave. 
G. Ehrhorn, Director. 

MUSICAL SCHOOLS. 

1. American Conservatory of Music, Chickering Hall; T. Hatt 
staedt, Director. 

2. Apollo School of iMusic, Central Music Hall; W. F. Tomlins 
Director. 

3. Balatka Academy of Musical Art, \\.\n\h3.\\ \lz.\\\ Hans Ba 
latka. Director. 

4. Chicago College of Vocal and Instrumental Art, Kimball 
Hall; A. E. Ruff, Director. 

5. Chicago Conseri'atory, 9th floor Auditorium; Sam. Kayser 
Director. 

6. Chicago J/usical College, Central Music Hall ; F. Ziegfeld 
Director. 

7. National Conserr'atory of Music, 113 Adams st. 

8. Root's, F. iV., Music School, Kimball Building; F. W. Root 
Director. 

9. Chicago Athenaeum, 48-54 Dearborn st. 

10. Zither Teachers, Rudolph Schlick, 555 N. Clark st. 



Clubs and Societies. 



The real club life of Chicago dates from the time of the 
great fire. This catastrophe brought about a great revolution 
not only in all the other phases of city life, but also in its 
social relations. Relations of long standing were broken up 
by the extremely numerous changes of residence; the rebuild- 
ing of a gi-eatcity, and the universal attention which destiny 
and the future of Chicago had attracted, brought hither a 
great mass of new elements of population. When then, a few 
years later, the great losses had been bridged over, and the 
social life had settled back into quieter ways, the many new 
relations found expression in the founding of numerous clubs- 
Since then the club life of the city has developed luxuriously. 

Most of the clubs are, of course, of a social character; a 
considerable number aim at intellectual and physical recrea- 
tion; others i)ursue social, political, scientific or benevolent 
ends; and others, again are devoted to sport and favorite 
amusements. To these must be added the many associations 
of a national character, and those based on the companion- 
ships and associations of the war, etc., etc. The greater 
part of these, however, are removed from public interest, 
and in so far as they are not mentioned in this book, may be 
found in the city directory. 

Union League Club, Location: Jackson St., corner 4th 
Ave. opposite the south front of the Custom House. 

This very large and influential club, numbering 1200 
members, has been in existence since 1879. Its aim is the 
maintenance and defence of the principles of the American 
republic, a loyal attitude toward the existing government, 
increasing the appreciation of civil rights and duties, pro- 
tection of the political and civil rights of all citizens, freedom 
of the ballot and an honest and competent administration of 
national, state and local affairs and resistance to corruption. 

The six story building, of modern style, with its project- 
392 



OMllS AM) SOCIKTIKS. 39;} 

infi; semi-circular cupola-crowned, balconied pavilion,and vari- 
ed terra-cotta ornamentation, has a striking appearance and 
produces a line effect. Internallj', it contains the usual rooms 
iif a club house; and the furnishinsrs are rich and substantial. 

The large library and a considerable collection of paint- 
ings are worthj' of mention. 

The excellent kitchen of the club and the central location 
make the club life, which is strictly confined to members, very 
lively. Friends however maj' be introduced by the members. 

Calumet Club.— *S'/V<°.- Corner iMichigan Ave. and 20th st. 

Tlie Calumet Club, (named from the Indian word 'calu- 
met" pipe of peace), has existed since 1878, and numbers 
among its members manj' of the most prominent citizens. It 
is considered the most aristrocratic club in the city. 

The sjdendid four-stor}' club house, built of pressed brick 
with copious terra-cotta ornamentation, with its projecting 
towers, balconies and gables, makes an architecturally inter- 
esting impression. The broad entrance on twentieth st. leads 
the visitor into the beautifully furnished hall, in which an 
antiiiue fire-place, a fine stairwaj'^ and stained-glass windows 
are noteworthy objects. At the right end of this entrance- 
hall is the billiard room, and adjoining this are the neatly 
furnished cafe and the artisticall}' decorated assembly hall. 
The whole front of this stor^' on Michigan avenue is occupied 
by the tastefully furnished reading rooms, in which there are 
a few paintings and a number of portraits of ])rominent people. 

The second story contains the luxuriously furnished card- 
room and the dancing hall. The third story contains private 
rooms and sleeping rooms; and the fourth contains the diniiig- 
hall, which will accommodate 300 people; a number of private 
eating rooms, and the kitchen. 

An especiallj' interesting room is the "Old Settlers" Room," 
with its collection of curiosities from the early history of 
Chicago, among them a large number of portrait* of the 
prominent jdoneers of the city, some noteworthy objects con- 
nected with the Indian massacre of 1812, and the fiddle that 
belonged to Mark Beaubien, the old settler frequently menti- 
oned ill this book. etc. 



394 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 

Once each year the club offers the hospitality of the 
house to those settlers of the city who arrived before 1840, and 
gives an evening reception and a banquet. But the list of 
these guests of the club, several hundred in number, is 
found, at each yearly banquet, to have grown smaller. 

Union Club. — Site: Corner Washington Place and Dear- 
born Ave. 

Union Club is the most fashionable club on the North 
Side. It aims only at social ends, and bears an aristrocratic 
and very exclusive character. The three story club house, 
built of brown sandstone, has its main entrance on Washing- 
ton Square; and is internally and externally built and fur- 
nished in imitation of a wealthy English country seat. One 
first enters the large, elegant, wainscoted hall, from which a 
very pretty stairway leads to the upper stories. On the left 
side, along the whole of the Dearborn street front, are the 
reception rooms, which contain a small number of good pain- 
tings. In the rear is the cafe, furnished in the style of an 
old-English tavern; and adjoining this are billiard rooms, 
reading rooms, etc. In the second story are the library, 
eating rooms, card rooms, etc. The kitchen is in the base- 
ment. The internal finishings of the house, with an abundance 
of oak-wood wainscoting, are remarkably luxurious. 

Illinois Club.— Site: 154, S. Ashland ave. 

The Illinois Club is the most prominent social union on 
the West Side; its membership is composed of prominent 
business men who live in this section of the city. The aim 
of the club is the cultivation of literature and the fine arts, 
as well as of social intercourse. 

The fine, three story club house, with a wing, on the most 
beautiful residence street on the West Side, contains the 
usual reception-, reading-, card-, billiard-, ball-, and eating 
rooms, bowling alley and kitchen; and in the wing, the art 
gallery of the Illinois Art Association. 

The elegance of the rooms is heightened by the many 
valuable paintings that adorn the walls. The musical and 
social entertainments that are given by the club are eagerly 
patronized by the fashionable world of the West Side. 



CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 31)5 

Iroquois Club.— aSVVc- Coluuibia theatre building, 110 
Monroe st, between Dearborn & (Mark sts. 

This club, which was founded in 1881 and numbers about 
550 members, although of a social character, is principally 
devoted to the furtherance of the interests of the Democratic 
party. It numbers among its members many well known 
democratic citizens and politicians, is the most imjiortant club 
of this party in Chicago, and wields a great influence in 
national, state and local political movements. 

The club rooms in the Columbia theatre building, con- 
sisting of reception-, reading-, smoking-, billiard-, eating-, and 
toilet-rooms, are distributed over the diffei'ent stories of the 
building and are very elegantly furnished. 

The Standard Club.— The Standard Club, at the corner 
of Michigan boulevard and 24th st, is the leading Hebrew 
club of the city. Its members are mostly prominent business 
men, i)hysicians. lawyers, etc. Its entertainments are always 
sure of large jiatronage. 

The stately club-house, 68x162 feet, has four stories and 
is solidly built of granite blocks. The style of architecture 
is the so-called American, which depends upon no established 
school, and aims only at convenience and durability. The 
internal arrangements are simple, but very tasteful. 

In the basement is the large, roomy kitchen, with arran- 
gements capable of providing a banquet for 2.000 people. 
There is also a wine-cellar containing the best foreign wines 
bought at first hand by the club itself. The front part of the 
basement, at the north end, contains four large bowling- 
alleys; and at its south end, a wine-room fitted up in old- 
German style, with many mediaeval decorations. 

In the first story is the large and elegant stairway; on 
the north side of the building are the library and the reading 
room, and on the south side a roomy, richly draped and 
beautifully furnished reception room. West of the entrance 
is the billiard room, and adjoining it, the cafe for gentlemen. 
Opposite this are the business rooms of the club, and card- 
rooms. 

The second story contains the ladies' parlors, green- 



396 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 

room, dre8sin,e rooms, several larjie eating rooms, ami the 
large, 60x70 foot dancing hall. In the third story there is 
another hall with a large stage and coinplete stage furnishings. 
This is the largest and most complete private theatre in the 
city, and oflFers ample seating room for 800 persons. 

The membership of the club, which is limited to 350, 
now numbers 300. The initiation fee is $100.00, and the 
annual dues, $80.00. 

Chicago Club. — Location: No. 43 Monroe st., between 
State st. and Wabash ave. 

This club, founded in 1869, is one of the oldest in the 
city. It numbers among its members many of the most 
prominent men of the city, bears an exclusive character, and 
is the specially representative association of the city in the 
reception of eminent native and foreign guests. 

The club-house is an elegant, five-story gothic structure. 
The jutting portal leads into the impressive hall, adjoining 
which are the reception and readiiuj rooms and the cafv; the 
second story contains the hlJUard rooms and llhrary; the 
third, sleeping rooms] the fourth, the common and t\\Q private 
dining rooms; and the fifth, the kitchen. The internal arrange- 
ments are very substantial and elegant. 

The Commercial Club is an association of prominent 
business men, the object of which is the mutual exchange of 
opinions on the general commercial interests and such 
questions of the day, as are of especial interest to the in- 
habitants of Chicago. The members, the number of which 
is restricted to sixty, meet on the last Saturday of the months 
from October to April, for a dinner, and give an annual 
banquet. The Club makes its sjiecial task the hospitable 
reception of prominent visiting merchants; and, in conse- 
quence of the standing of its members, has made its influence, 
although very conservative and indirect, frequently efi^ective 
in local afi'airs. 

The Germania Club, 649 North Clark st., is the most 
prominent German association in the city; and owns the 
splendid Club house, "Germania HalV\ which is more fully 
described elsewhere. The Club consists mainly of the mem- 



CJ.LliS AMJ SUCIKXIKS. ?,97 

bers of the ■'Germama Maenner-chor , whitli was fuundcd in 
1865; and has at present 500 members. Its various concerts, 
balls, etc., are actively particii)ated in bj' the iirominciit (xer- 
mans of the city. 

News Boys' Club.-:iUU Clark .st. 

Even the new.^boys have their Club. It.s member.ship 
numbers 50, and the monthly dues ai'e ten cents. A number 
of kindhearted women have fitted up a large room in the 
third storj' of the Imperial building, at 260 Clark st., where 
th(> street arabs may spend their evenings. 

The Club opens at half \yd>>t ;>even, at which time most 
of tlie members are „sold out'. As soon as the door is ope- 
ned the boys make a rush for the wash-stands, as unwashed 
members are not permitted iu the club. For the entertain- 
ment of the boys, a number of games are i)rovided, such as 
checkers, dominoes, "authors " etc.; and dumb-bells, Indian 
clubs and other similar ai)paratus is at their disposal. There 
is also a piano, on which the ladies play for the boys. It 
must be remarked here, that in this circle dreamy or old music 
is called ''sii<ak\i/\ and is extremely unpo])ular. The Serenade 
of Sehubert or similar music is (piickly interrupted with '^Aic, 
ijlve us soDipiit' .sii-i/f and ji(/(/< ri/. ' 

A notable member of the club is business Mike: 

lie keeps a diary and account book that is a marvel. His method 
of keeping books is entirely t)riginal. It stands out in advance of 
the double entry system taught at commercial " colleges" like a boil 
on a man's neck stands away from his high collar. He has five en- 
tries. These are: 

Take in. 

Put in. 

Take out. 

Hlown in. 

Stuck. 

Under the first head he writes an item relating to the daily re- 
ceipts from his sale of papers. The next one refers to a certain ]ilace 
where he deinisils his money. " Take out" embraces all amounts he 
draws from his deposits. " Ulown in" represents his actual expenses. 
And "stuck"' is the sad talc of his losses. It means papers left on 
his hands unsold. It means pennies lost in shooting "craps" on the 
sidewalk and the curbstone. It means nickels loaned to comrades 
and never refunded. It means dimes that drop from ragged mittens. 
It means all the pecuniary misfortunes that befall a lad eking out the 



\^ 



398 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 

precarious livelihood of a newsboy. Business Mike is an odd cliarac- 
ter. His face is cracked by time and hardship. He is prematurely 
grown old. 

The club has a library of 500 volumes. 

La Salle Club.— 252 West Monroe st. 

The club is of a political (Republican) and social nature. 
The fctfir story club house contains the usual club rooms, 
besides a gymnasium, bowling alley, billiard rooms, etc. 

Press Club— 131 Clark st. 

The conveniently located rooms of the Press Club serve 
■well both for the social intercourse of the local members of 
the press, and for the reception of journalists visiting the 
city. The Club numbers about 200 members. 

German Press Club.— Quincy Nr. 9, Randolph & La 
Salle sts. 

This new association includes, besides journalists, many 
gentlemen of other professions, and has won many friends 
during its brief existence. 

The Banker's Club is an association of prominent bank- 
ers of this citv, who meet once a month for a dinner, at which 
the current questions of the financial world are discussed. 

The "Forty Club" composed mostly of lawyers, seeks to 
improve taste at a good meal. It meets once a month and does 
homage to convivial pleasures at a choice dinner. 

The Argo Club.—Location: Near Lake Michigan, on the 
Illinois Central Pier, at the foot of Randolph st. 

The Argo (Argonauts) Club is an association of lovers of 
the water who have built for their own use, far from the city 
dust, fire-limits and taxes, a home upon the waters for the 
hot summer months. 

At the extreme east end of the Illinois Central Pier, 
which reaches out into the inner harbor from the foot of Ran- 
dolph street, lies the remarkable summer residence, which, 
with its hoK-sprit, masts, port-holes, etc., looks like an old 
Spanish galleon of the time of the discovery of America, on 
a solid support, that rises about six feet above the pier. The 
Argo is not intended for use on the water; for a small steamer 
carries on the intercourse with the shore and makes the ex- 



CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. p^r^r) 

cursions out upon the lake. The structure, which can be 
called neither a house nor a ship, is built entirely of wood, is 
very elegantly fitted uj), contain?? a gymnasium, and costs 
$15,000. 

By a narrow stairway the inside of the " ship-house" or 
the first story is reached, which contains the kitcluii and the 
dlnlnfj and sleeping rooms for the servants. From there a 
second stairway leads to the middle deck or second story, 
with the din!)uj room with its great fire-place made of red 
brick and glazed tiles. By another ascent one reaches the 
principal deck or third story, with comfortable nooks, look- 
outs, and five sleeping rooms on each side. Above this rises 
the storm (hclc of the shfp. At one end of this there is a 
platform for an orchestra, and a more charming dancing-floor 
in the moonlight of a beautiful summer night can hardly be 
imagined. Leading all around the diflPerent stories are prom- 
enades. — The Argo is 8.5 feet wide and 65 feet long. 

The Sunset Clvih.—Mectlng place: shifting. 
The Sunset Club is one of the most original asso- 
ciations in the city, and is similar to the Tivilight Club in 
New York and the Six O'clock Chih in Washington. 

Its object is: to foster rational good fellowship and 
tolerant discussion among business ami professional men of 
all classes. All that is needed to join, is the approval of the 
executive committee, which determines upon fitness for good 
fellowship and liberal spirit. Or, in the humorous language 
of Secretary McCormick: 

Any genial man, 

If he chooses, can, 

When he pays his dues, 

Join and air his views. 
While there are no parliamentary rules followed there are one or 
two simple rules enjoined from which there can be no appeal. Para 
mount among these is that which positively prohibits any member 
from being called upon for a speech. There may be famous guests 
present at a meeting whose views on the subject under discussion 
would be eagerly heard by the assembled members, but no one may 
ask the chairman to request any individual in attendance, be he 
guest or member, for an expression. It may seem discourteous, but 



400 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 

the i"ule was made so that no member might be forced into speaking 
on a subject with which he was perhaps unfamiliar, yet who might 
consider himself bound to rise and say something, often irrelevant, 
thus absorbing much valuable time. After the two leading speakers 
have attacked the chosen subject from both sides, any member or 
guest may speak as the spirit moves him, but no one may be selected 
by the chairman for this purpose. 

The subject to be discussed at the meeting is selected by 
a special committee which arranges for the speakers who shall discuss 
both sides of the question. The names of these gentlemen are never 
announced in advance, so that the members often meet in total igno- 
rance of the identity of the two leaders who are to take part in the 
discussion, the subject of which has been previously announced. 
Experience has shown that the plan heightens the curiosity of the 
members and greatly adds to the interest of the gatherings. 

The programme pursued by the club is a dinner every other 
Thursday at 6 : 15 o'clock, followed by short talks upon the topic pre- 
viously announced by the secretary. The only expenses incident to 
membership are an annual assessment of $2 for stationery, printing 
and the like, and $1.50 for each dinner of which the member 
partakes. 

A newspaper wag has termed the Sunset club "an unprincipled 
club," because there is a total lack of rules, regulations, by-laws and a 
constitution, but after i-eading the subjoined "declaration of princi- 
ples" as formulated by "Father" Catlin, this would seem to be a 
misstatement. They are as follows ( read sideiuays ) : 
No Club-House No Accounts No Profanity 

No Constitution No Defalcations No Fines 

No Debts No By-Laws No Stealing 

No Contributiolis No Stipulations No Combines 

No President No Long Speeches No Parliamentary Rules 

No Bores No Dress Coats No Personalities 

No Steward No Late Hours No Dudes [ties 

No "Encores" No Perfumed Notes No Mere Formali- 

No Preaching No Gamblers No Meanness 

No Dictation No Dead Beats No Vituperation 

Mo Dues No Embezzlers Simply 

No Litigation From Foreign Retreats Tolerant Discussion 

Anil Rational 
Recreation. 



• LUBS AM) SOCIETIES. 4()J 

The Twilight club restricts its speakers to five-minute talks, but 
the Sunset has improved on this plan by allowing each leader twenty 
minutes to present his views, after which a general discussion is in- 
vited, each speaker being limited to eight minutes. The dinner is 
usually over by 7:30; cigars are then lighted; the chairman an- 
nounces the names of the leading speakers, and promptly at 9:30 the 
meeting adjourns. By closely adhering to this rule the gatherings 
never become tedious, nor do the ladies find any objections to a 
club that brings its sessions to a close at an hour that permits the 
members to return home in time for family prayers. 

All sorts and all conditions of men belong to the Sunset club. 
Anarchists, socialist, single-tax men, democrats, republicans, mug- 
wumps, sons of America, Europe, Asia and Australia, agnostics, 
atheists, christians and free-thinkers are alike enrolled on its mem- 
bership list. It IS the only club of the kind in Chicago where all 
meet on a level. At the dinner tables one may see a learned divine 
touching elbows with a fervid follower of the red flag, a railroad mag- 
nate hobnobbing with a labor agitator, a financial potentate side by 
side with a lowly clerk. Its discussions have the effect of making 
the radicals less radical and the conservatives more liberal in their 
\ iews. It is the broadest organization in the world, and as its 
founder truthfully observes is "the only club where men of the widest, 
opposite and most radical views meet on the same platform and dis- 
cuss questions in which they take a vital interest without once dis- 
playing any bitterness or descending into personality." 

That its meetings have a wonderfully humanizing effect is cer- 
tain. When men of pronounced anachistic and socialistic views, 
whose personality is unknown outside their immediate following, 
but whose names are familiar to every newspaper reader, 
are seen at the Suuset gatherings, and their conservative brethren 
are thus brought in direct contact with them and see that, like them- 
selves, these leaders are real human beings, faulty in judgment, may- 
hap, but terribly in earnest, it engenders a certain respect in their 
hearts that in no other way could have been attained. Let any 
serious trouble arise to day in Chicago in which men of opposing 
views are pitted against each other, and a solution of such difficulty 
would be far easier now and in the future than could have been pos- 
sible prior to the organization of the Sunset club. 

The club never passess resolutions. It aims to discuss living 
subjects of vital interest to the people, and in this way performs the 
work of a citizens committee. An idea of what has been discussed 



402 CfcUBS AND SOCIETIES. 

by the members of the Sunset chib since its inception may be gained 
by scanning the titles ol a few of the subjects over which the Sunset- 
ters have lovingly lingered. A dozen or so are given here ! "Specu- 
lation, Its Use and Abuses;" "Party Allegiance;" Single Tax;" "So- 
cialism;" "Anarchy;" "The Sunday Question;" "Our Public School 
System;" "Newspapers, Their Rights and Duties;" "Subsidies and 
the Tariff;" "Strikes and Lockouts;" "Pensions, Civil and Military;" 
"Ballot Reform;" "Money and its Functions;" "Our Jury System : 
How Can It Be Improved?" '"Municipal Civil Service Reform;" 
"Foreign Trade and Reciprocity" and many more of an equally inter- 
esting natuie. 

The Twentieth Century Club numbers 200 members 
among whom are many ladies of the most distinguished 
circles. 

It has for its objects the furtlierance of intellectual interests and 
the entertainment of prominent strangers. The meetings are held at 
the various homes of its members. 

The Girls' Friendly Society.— 334-336 Huron st., is the 
name of an association having for its aim the improvement of 
the condition of the working girls. 

The society, founded in 1886, after the English model, is 
recruited from ladies of the various Episcopal communities, 
who endeavor, in every way, to assist unprotected girls of all 
denominations and nationalities who arrive in the city, or 
are already settled there. This assistance is so discreetly 
exercised that it does not in the least savor of charity. 

If the girl has previously Jiotitied the society of the time 
of her arrival in the city, she is received by a representative 
of said society, which then provides suitable lodgings and 
endeavors to procure employment for the girl. She also en- 
joys in the rooms of the society the advantage of social 
intercourse with other girls of her station. 

The head-quarters of the society, which counts 300 girls 
for regular members, are at Nos. 334 and 336 Huron st., 
where, in the nicely furnished rooms, two social evenings are 
held every week, in which the girls divert themselves by 
music, various games, dress-making, cooking, etc. Candidates 
in the latter art may, for five cents, use the material provided 



CLUBS AND SOCIKTIKS. 403 

by the society, cook what tlioy desire, and take tlu' dishes 
hoint' if they choose. 

There are. besides, brandies in connection with the vari- 
ous churches. The majority of the girls are type- writers, 
sales girls and waitresses. They live together most harmoni- 
ously. Discussion of religious problems is excluded from 
their conversation. 

Every lady of the society takes special care of ten or 
twelve girls, (jii whom she calls from time to time in their 
moms, encouraging them to address themselves to her when 
in trouble and assisting them in every way. 

Conditions for admittance to the protection of the soci- 
ety are a nominal assessment of 25 cts. per year and a good 
character. After the candidate has been for six months on 
probation, she receives a silver cross with the inscription: 
'■ Help your neighbor bear his burden." 

The warm interest taken in them, and the sympathy for 
their small troubles, is greatly appreciated by the girls. 

It is to be desired that this sort of humanity find the 
widest propagation. 

The Young Men's Christian Association.— Z^oca^/o/?,; 
147 Madison st., near La Salle st. 

The association aims to furnish to young men who are 
living in the city without fnends and associates, a stopping 
place, assistance in making life a success, and opportunities 
for social intercourse. The association, however, is not a re- 
lief bureau, nor is it a club; but a fraternal society existing 
for the especial benefit of self-supporting young men. The 
annual dues of the members, who are not required to have a 
connection with a church, but who must have a good charac- 
ter, are !?r).0(). And in return, the advantages of the taste- 
fully furnished reception-room, the well equipped gymna- 
sium, bath and toilet rooms, a play-room equipped with many 
kinds of games, reading room, library, etc., are open to them. 
There is also an employment bureau and a boarding-house 
register. All sorts of summer excursions, games in the open 
air. etc., constitute the social entertainments in the hot sum- 
mer season. 



404 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 

The expenses of the management, which are only partly 
covered by membership dues, are paid by subscriptions of 
rich merchants, etc. The association building is open every 
week day from 8:30 a. m. to 10:00 p. m., and Sundays from 
2:00 to 7:30 p. m, 

The association, which numbers more than 5,500 mem- 
bers, supports nine branches distributed over the city and 
suburbs; and is about to erect for its own purposes a large 
building which, according to present plans, promises to be 
arranged internally on a large scale and well adapted to the 
purposes for which it is intended. 

The "Working Woman's Home Association.— i/oca^?o»; 
21 South Peoria st. 

The purpose of the association is to offer to working girls 
and women, food and shelter of a home-like sort, which their 
small earnings will not otherwise furnish. Following are a 
number of extracts from the prospectus of the association: 

" Our aim has been to furnish a home where no respect- 
able girl, needing assistance would be refused, no matter 
what the circumstances, nationality or religion, assisting those 
who are trying to help themselves, making it possible for 
those who earn but little to live comfortably and respectably. 

" We have no ' institution' with ' inmates,' but we have a 
home where the girls are as one household, with due courtesy 
and consideration for the comforts of each other. 

" Our home is the Headquarters for all working tcomen, 
whether living there or not. They have the free use of sta- 
tionery, reading, sewing, bath rooms and laundry. A type- 
writer has been placed there for the use of those who desire 
to practice. We have assisted a large number to employment 
as domestics, as well as in stores and factories. The evenings 
are given up to rest and recreation. Our Bauer Piano, books 
and papers add much to the social life. Musical and literary 
friends have provided entertainments, and steamboat excur- 
sions and theater tickets have been kindly sent for those 
who desired to go." 

The participants of the.'^e benefits now number about 600 



CM US AM) .SOC'IKTIES. 4Q5 

annually. A buildinu;, ' the Minnctonka." with room for 200 
girls, is soon to be built on the West Side. The subscribing 
members of the association consist of many of the promi- 
nent business houses of the city and of the whole country. 

TIk; Chicago Camera Club— 6V»6 r(«>my: 1S2 Wabash 
avc. 

.\ u association of amateur photographers, consisting of 
ladies and gentlemen of the best society. The club has ex- 
tensive and complete arrangements, in the upper stories of 
the building, f(jr the practical work of the art. The work- 
rooms are ojicn to the members at all times. The club has 
already ])roduced some verj' creditable work; has a reading- 
room with a rich. collection of photographic books and peri- 
odicals, and specimens of the work of the members. The 
club holds a meeting on the second Tuesday evening of each 
month, at which photographic subjects are discussed, new 
methods explained, or, at times, exhibitions held. 

The admission fee is $10.00; and the annual dues $12.00. 

The Chicago Florist Club is a very i)rosperous associa- 
tion of flower-lovers. It holds an annual well-patronized 
public exhibition. The exhibition of 1800 brought together 
a surjirisingly varied and beautiful collection of chrysanthe- 
mums, a rich collection of orchids, splendid roses, artistic 
flower pieces, etc. There is connected with the exhibition, a 
distribution of ]irizcs for the best productions. 

SPORTING CLUBS. 

Chicago Athletic Association. - Locd/idu: Michigan 
ave., south of 3Iadisou st. 

This club, whose aim is the physical culture and social 
intereourse of its members, possesses in its new home, one of 
llie Hnest club houses in the countrj'. The new building, 
erected at a cost of lialf a million, is a ten story, architec- 
turally impressive structure, in the style of the Venetian 
<iothic, with h\ggias, balconies, etc. The material is gray 
>tone and yellow brick; and the building covers an area of 
snxlT2feet. 

The basement contains eight hoicliii!/ i(//( i/s, a long shoot- 
iii'i </"//( ri/, hici/clc rixiDis, machinery, etc. 



406 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 

The first floor is entered from Michigan avenue, through 
the beautiful portal. Adjoining the large vestibule are the 
offices and reception rooms. At the rear on this floor are 
Russian and Turkish haths, a sicimming fcservoir measuring 
40x60 feet and the resting and dressing rooms connected with 
them, Larhcr-sho}), etc. 

The second story is largely taken up by the large haU; 
and besides this there are the hiUianl rooms and cafe. Fac- 
ing the street are several balconies. 

The principal divisions of the third story are the library 
and reading-rooms, various club rooms and the directors 
room. The fourth and fifth stories are occupied bj' the gym- 
nasium, fencing-rooms, etc. At the level of the fifth story 
the gymnasium is girdled bj^ a 9-»?ij(/'/i(7 ^/-acA-. In the sixth 
and seventh stories are sleeping rooms with bath-rooms, etc. 

The eighth story has the kitchen, a large dining ludl, and 
a number of smaller, private eating rooms, and a long, roomy 
balcony. The ninth and tenth stories form a single-space, lit 
up by sky-light and occupied by tennis and lacquet courts. 

Office of the club, IOCS, Owing's Building. The admis- 
sion fee is $100.00; the club has already 1400 members. 

Farragut Boat Givih.— Location: Club House, 3016 
Lake Park ave. 

This club is one of the oldest and must influential boat 
clubs in the country. The club owns a beautiful building 
with a basement and two stories, especiallj' built for the club. 
Its peculiar architecture, many balconies, tine tower and pro- 
jecting gables give it a very striking appearance. 

In the basement are the hoioling alley, the 2^(^01 room and 
the lavatories. The first floor contains the parlors, the re- 
ception room, the hiUiard room, the ceird room and the 
library. The second floor is devoted to the dancing hall and 
a perfectly appointed little theatre, with a full stock of scen- 
ery and properties, and a seating capacity of four hundred. 

A series of entertainments are given here each winter, 
and the Farragut Boat Club Theatricals have become famous, 
attaining as they do to a pitch of excellence rarely reached 
by amateur efforts. 



408 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 

The boat house proper i.s a one story building, at the foot 
of Thirty-third street. The club owns about twenty-five boats, 
including an eight-oared barge, four-oared shells, four-oared 
gigs, singles and double shells, single and double training 
boats, and pleasure boats of all descriptions. The initiation 
fee to the Farragut is fifty and the dues are thirty dollars a 
year. 

The Fox Lake Shooting and Fishing Club, takes its name 
from Fox Lake (see excursions, "Fox Lake") on the west shore 
of which stands the fine club house. A boat house with a 
billiard room is built directly on the lake shore. The estab- 
lishment is provided with out-door games, hammocks, a num- 
ber of large and small boats and much other sporting appar- 
atus. 

The Washington Park Club, with its club house at South 
Park Avenue and 61st Street, is an association similar to the 
American Jockey Club of New York and the famous Euro- 
pean Jockey Clubs. 

The extensive wooden club house, although elegantly fit- 
ted up, is regarded more as a meeting place than as a club 
house, and is managed accordingly. The club owns an excel- 
lent mile race track, eighty feet wide. The annual and very 
numerous races are extensively patronized by the sporting 
fraternity and the general public. The club contains a large 
number of members of the wealth v circles. 



Suburbs of Chicago. 



Pullman. — Site: Fourteon miles south of the Court- 
house, and on the west shore of Calumet Lake. Access: Illi- 
nois Central Depot; trip, 50 minutes ; round trip, 50 cents. 

This place, founded in 1880 on the open prairie, as the 
location of the famous Pullman Car Works, has for some 
time since its oriirin attracted i)ublie attention both here and 
in the country at large. The place, which presents a real 
model of a site of industrial business on a large scale, 
stretches over a distance of two miles from north to south; 
and its average width is half a mile. The laying out of the 
drainage system, and the gas and water pipes for the many 
thousand people, was mostly finished before the building of 
the factories and dwellings of the workmen was begun. Then, 
in the course of a single year on a great stretch of lonely 
prairie, there arose a modern city, which now has 11,000 in- 
habitants, and presents extensive workshop^ and many hun- 
dred pretty dwellings for the workmen and their families. 
The internal arrangement of the latter is carefully adapted to 
the health and coiyfort of the occupants. 

Leaving the beautiful depot, and passing eastward be- 
tween tine improvements and flower beds, one reaches the 
broad boulevard with its view out upon the expanse of Cal- 
umet Lake. To the left of the dejiot and the boulevard is 
seen the low stone wall which surrounds the grounds occupied 
by the company s great car works. 

Thi* is a very extensive one-story brick building with an 
attractive front, which in the centre rises into a three-story 
structure, occupied by the offices of the compain, with a 
graceful tower above containing a clock. 

Across the roof of the car works can be seen the unique top 
of the icater toner, which is of stone and about 200 feet high, 
octagonal in arrangement, and with a semi-Moorish pinnacle 
at the top. Directly in front of the car works is a pretty arti- 
ficial lake, witli a sprav rising hiah in the air at the north 

409 



410 SUBURBS. 

end. To the right across the park is the Arcade Building, in 
which all the mercantile business is transacted, and which 
contains the Bauk and the Postoffice. On the second floor is 
to be found the Theatre and the Library, while on the third 
are lodge rooms used b.v the various orders and societies of 
the place. The theatre is a pretty one, accommodating 1,000 
people, and is fitted up with all modern conveniences. Plays 
or concerts are given here once a week at very moderate 
prices and are liberally patronized. In the park just east 
of the Arcade can be seen the stand where during the sum- 
mer concerts are given twice a week by the celebrated Pidl- 
man Band. 

To the southeast across the park the eye finds relief from 
the monotony of red brick to be seen in so many directions, 
by the pretty green stone church, and parsonage adjoining. 
Near by, just across the park, stands the Hotel Florence, an 
attractive and commodious hotel surrounded by neat lawns 
and well-arranged flower beds. 

To the west across the railroad tracks, in a rapidly grow- 
ing section of the town, stands the new Catholic Church with 
its lofty brick tower. 

A large section of unimproved land lies west of the tracks 
betAveen them and Eoseland. the western boundary of Pull- 
man. 

A short stroll to the left along the edge of the artificial 
lake brings the visitor to the entrance of the Car Works. 
Through the windows can be seen some of the latest Pullman 
])alace cars receiving their finishing touches. At the en- 
trance is posted a bulletin with a notice that, owing to the 
interference with the work which is caused by visitors stroll- 
ing about the shops, it has been found necessary to restrict 
visitors to the engine room and the water works. The visitor 
Avill sigh, but will avail himself of the opportunity to witness 
the workings of the great Corliss engine and to penetrate the 
mysteries of the water tower. The great Corliss Engine was 
built in 1876 at Providence, E,. I., is of 2500 horse-power and 
weighs 700 tons. This engine furnished the power for the 
Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia and was purchased by 



SIBURBS. 41] 

Mr. Pulliiian in 1880, and started hero April 5,1881. The im- 
mense gear fly wheel of this engine is 30 feet in diameter, 24 
inches wide on the face and weiglis 56 tons. It is the largest 
gear wheel in the world. It makes 36 revolutions a minute. 
Besides the Corliss engine the Pullman Comimnj' has in 
their works fourteen other engines, making a total of 5,135 
liorsc-powor. This company uses 50,000 tons of coal a year. 
The water tower is 195 feet above and 40 feet below the 
ground. At its top is a tank 56 feet across and 30 feet deep, 
liolding 500,000 gallons of water. Underneath the tower is a 
reservoir, holding 300,000 gallons, to which all the sewage of 
the tdwn runs bj' gravity and whence it is pumped to a farm 
three miles distant. 

North of the car works and water tower are situated the 
foundries, machine shops and iron works of the company. 

As our time is limited we will retrace our stejis past the 
railroad station, and take a short walk through the main 
streets of the place, which will be found very interesting. An 
order of neatness and quiet pervades the atmosphere, al- 
though the absence of stores makes the scene at times a little 
monotonous. On the boulevard and the streets adjacent 
to the depot are situated the better class of residences in 
which tlie officials and well-paid employes of the company 
reside. 

At the end of the boulevard is a strip of land known as 
the Isl(i)i(l. Hero are boat houses, grand stands and grounds 
especially prepared for athletic exercises. 

Lake Calumet is a famous place for holding regattas and 
tlie grounds are thronged by many thousands from Chicago 
when any interesting event takes place. In winter the ice 
affords excellent skating which is lavgely taken advantage of 
by the youthful portion of the community. 

Across the water, situated between Lake Calumet and 
Lake ^lichigan. can be seen the chimneys and smoke stacks 
of Soutli Chicago belching forth volumes of flames and 
smoke. To the south the landscape is broken by the new 
manufacturing towns springing up in the northern border of 
Indiana. 



412 SUBURBS. 

Turning back from the edge of the lake we stroll to 
the South, past the ball park, and after a few minutes' walk 
notice that the houses in this portion of the place are built of 
cheaper material than those that front on the main streets. 
Here reside the laboi-ers and mechanics employed in the 
wood-working departments. The windows are neatly cur- 
tained, the children playing about look comfortable and well- 
dressed, and there is an entire absence of any suggestion of 
degradation or want which so frequently surrounds the homes 
of the workingmen in a crowded city. All these houses are 
well supplied with water, gas and sanitary conveniences. 

The advent of a grocer's or butcher's wagon in this part 
of the town is the signal for a gathering of the neighboring 
housewives with an army of children about them, who barter 
and trade with these hucksters, as they thus save the time 
necessary to visit the stores in the Arcade. 

In a walk back to the depot the visitor passes a great 
variety of residences of many grades, as the houses and apart- 
ments rent for from $5 to $50 a month, and the buildings are 
built in a corresponding manner. 

The Iron Works of the company are situated north of the 
car works, and that section is built up in a manner like the 
southern portion. All the ironworkers reside close to the 
shops. While the great majority of the workers in the shops 
reside in Pullman, still a large number of people residing in 
Kensington and Roseland find employment here. 

Following are somt; interesting statements relating to 
features of this well-known place : 

All the stores in the Arcade building are owned by the Arcade 
Mercantile Company. This is purely a private enterprise and no re- 
striction is placed on the residents as to where they shall make their 
purchases. 

Pullman has a prosperous atldetic association and has one of the 
finest military bands in the West. Its members are recruited from 
the employes and it now has forty musicians. 

Operatives to the number of 5,250 are employed in all the indus- 
tries here and their average earnings are $2 a day each, or over $600 
a year. Some mechanics earn $3 lo $4 per day. 



SIBIRBS. 4-|3 

The Pullman Loan and Sainni^s Bank in llie Arcade lias 1525 
savings depositors and their deposits aggregate $4011. cxx). 

The Pullman Co. own a dairy farm on the Calumet river with 
about 100 cows. The milk is all sold in Pullman and vicinity. 

There are five resident physicians in Pullman. Births average 
four to each death. Death rate has never exceeded eleven per annum 
for each thousand of population, less than half the average for Amer 
ican cities. 

The various industries are the Pullman Car Shops, the Union 
Foundry, the Drop Forge and Foundry Co., the Iron and Steel Works, 
the Paint Works, the Brick Works, the Street Car Works, the Terra- 
Co tta Works, the Stand and Knitting Mi lis a.nd the Cohimbian Screw 
Factory. 

The total value of the finished product from all the manufactories 
at Pullman is now about fifteen million dollars a year. 

On July 31st 1890 there were 5223 workmen in all the industries 
at Pullman and their nativity is as follows: Born in the United States 
1738; Sweden 967; Germany 581; Holland 557; England 372; Ireland 
318; Canada 206; Norway 108; Scotland 80; Denmark 62; Italy 57; 
Austria 39; I'oland 31-, Wales 27; Switzerland 24; France 23; Belgium 
9; Bohemia 8; Hungary 6; Russia 4; Mexico 2; Australia 2; Hay ti i; 
Greece i. 

Pullman has now n population of 11,000 and 1 0,000 more reside 
within a mile of its depot. The land owned by the Pullman Co. is 
sufficient to accommodate 1,250,000 people. 

The Iron and Steel Works \\\xn out one hundred tons of rolled 
iron a day. 

Lake Calumet on the border of which Pullman is situated, is three 
and a half miles long and one and a half miles wide. 

The Pullman Library contains 7000 volumes and takes seventy 
papers and periodicals. It is a personal gift from Mr. George M. Pull- 
man and is a circulating library. 

Tenants rent their dwellings from the company and rents are 
payable semi-monthly. Gas and water are charged monthly by water 
measurement. 

The water used is from Lake Michigan. 

Wages are paid semi monthly with checks on the Pullman bank. 

The Allen Paper Car Wheel Works have a capacity of 12,000 
wheels a year. The Allen wheel consists of a steel tire, an iron hub, 
a centre or core of paper which has been compressed, dried and sea- 
•ioncd and is protected on either side by plates of l>oilcr iron, and all 



414 SUBIRBS. 

accurately bolted and riveted together. These wheels are used under 
all new Pullman cars and the best class of private cars and passenger 
coaches. One of these wheels will run over 350,000 miles before it is 
unfit for service. The paper cores can then be used again with new 
tires, hubs and covering. Their principal value consists in that they 
prevent the transmission of vibration occasioned by the conduct be- 
tween tire and rail, and as a result, there is no disintegration or gran- 
ulation of any portion of the metal composing the wheels or axles. 
These wheels cost irom $60 to $100 each. 

South Chicago.— aS'^Vc- Twelve miles south of the Court 
house, near the mouth of Calumet river. Acces.^: See list of 
suburban trains. It may be reached in about 40 minutes, by 
three different railroads, or, in summer, by excursion boats 
from Clark st. bridge in one hour, round trip 50 cents. 

South Chicago, with its 20,000 inhabitants, is a rapidly 
growing manufacturing town, Its most important establish- 
ment is the works of the Illinois Steel Company, the SoutJi 
Chicago Rolling Mills, which employ 5,000 workmen in the 
manufacture of steel rails. The company, with a capital of 
$25,000,000, controls the North Chicago Rolling Mills, the 
South Chicago Rolling Mills and the Milwaukee (Wis.) Roll- 
ing Mills, the Joliet (111.) Steel Works and the Union Steel 
Works (Chicago). It also owns its own railroad equipment 
of 2,000 cars and 59 locomotives, and its own coal lands. 

The product handled in and shipped from the various works was 
thus : 

Gross Tons. 

Pig iron and spiegel 647,017 

Bessemer ingot 75i>833 

Rails 539,603 

Billets 81,585 

Rods 49,800 

Bar iron and steel 56,415 

Beams and channels 5' '^^ 

Total 2,131,414 

In the manufacture of this product there were used in round num- 
bers the following materials : 

Gross Tons. 

Iron ore 1 1 ,000,000 

Coke 7,000,000 

Coal 2,000,000 

Total 20.000,000 



SUBURBS. 41,-) 

Aboiu 10,000 men are cinployed in the mills ot the company, and 
the pay-rolls for the year ending June 30, 1S90, amounted to about 
.$6,000,000. Additions are being made to the plant in a large open 
hearth steel works and plate mill and a mill for rolling all classes of 
structural iron, which will increase the capacity of the works of this 
company to about 3,600,000 gross tons. 

The steel is cast into ingots 16 inches scjuare making six rails 
each. The ingots are taken fiom the pits and conveyed in an upright 
jiosition to the soaking pits (holes containing 8 or 10 ingots fired with 
gas, passing through regenerators) and after heating are taken to the 
blooming train. Here an ingot is reduced in nine passes to a bloom 
eight inches square which is cut into two blooms each making three 
rails. Ordinarily these blooms are rolled direct to rails; but a furnace 
is provided for reheating any that aretoocold to roll. The rail train 
isin two parts (each driven by a separate engine) placed parallel to each 
other and eighty feet apart. The bloom after roughing (five jiasses) 
in the first train goes to the second in which it makes four passes and 
then returns to the first train where it is finished to a rail in four 
passes. The rail then passes to the saws and hot-bed and to a very 
complete finishing where it is straightened, drilled, and inspected, 
and loaded in cars. 

An interesting detail of this plant is the use of crude petroleum 
for firing boilers. The oil is delivered to the works by a pipe con- 
necting with the main pipe line from Lima, Ohio, 208 miles distant. 

A dock for the huikling of iron and steel ships is a newer 
establishment, and bids fair to become an important factor 
in the development of South Chicago. Other iron and steel 
tcorks, gold and silver smelting tcorJcs, etc., the number of 
which is constantly increasing, make the place a more and 
more potent factor in the metal industry. 

*Fort Sheridan.— /S/^'.- Twentj'-four miles north of the 
Courthouse, on the shore of Lake Michigan. Aecess: See list 
of suburban trains. 

The pliysionnomy of the streets of the American metro- 
polis ditfers from that of the European capital, perhaps, in 
nothing more than by the absence of all uniforms. Every- 
body appears in this country in citizen's clothinii-. except the 
l.'tter carrier, who wears a rpiiet gray, and the i)oliceman. who 
lias a blue tuiiform. 



41(j SUBURBS. 

The entire American ai'iny counting hardly as many men 
as a single European army division, and these troops being 
stationed chiefly in remote frontier districts, the sight of a 
United States soldier is a rare occurrence. 

Chicago has, however, a small military detachment in its 
immediate neighborhood, a company of regular United States 
. troops, composed of soldiers enlisted for fiv^e years. This 
military, which during the labor troubles in 1877 contributed 
much to the re-establishment of order, was stationed in the 
vicinity of Chicago in accordance with the wishes of large 
business firms which offered the government in return, a tract 
of land compi'ising 500 acres, to be used for military purposes. 
This land is now called Fort Sheridan, and is picturesquely 
situated on the densely wooded shore of the lake with its 
clefts and ravines, beyond the suburb of Evanston. 

The buildings are long barracks with a tall water tower, 
stables, rooms for stores and ammunition, bakery, and separate 
dwellings for officers and subalterns. The men in their 
Simple, but suitable uniforms make a good impression. Draw- 
ing a salary of from $13 to $18 per month, and having rather 
easy duties, their life is agreeable enough. 

A canteen in connection with the dining room will be 
opened soon, furnishing the men with wine and beer (no 
whisky) at reasonable prices. The gain netted from the sale 
of these articles will in some other way be expended for the 
benefit of the men. 

The garrison is to be gradually enlarged to eight com- 
panies of infantry and four squadrons of cavalry. 

Being designed to rei:)resent a model garrison of the Unit- 
ed States, Fort Sheridan is to be appointed in most liberal 
manner, at a cost of nearly a million. 

Evanston. Site: 12 miles north of the Court House. 

Access: Chicago & Northw. R. R. (Milw. Div.) or Chic, 
Milw., & St. Paul K K (Evanston Div.) Trij^, S8 minutes; 
round trip, 60 cts. 

Evanston, which now lies only a few miles from the 
northern border of Chicago, is one of the most important sub- 
urbs of the city. A large part of its 10,000 inhabitants are 



SUBURBS. 417 

prosperous Chicago business men, who here enjoy the charm 
of a half rural life and the advantages of a modern, well-or- 
dered community. Another large portion of the population 
consists uf the students, teachers and others directly or in- 
directly interi'sted in the great Northwo^tani Vnivcrsitij, to 
which Kvaii^ton largely owes its fame and prosperity. These 
two elements give to the town its quiet, grave and in part 
distinguished character. Moreover, the prohibition of liquor- 
selling, which applies to an area extending four miles from 
the university, shuts out many signs of liveliness, and all 
noisy amusements. 

Tlic iMire air, free from dust and smoke, the constant 
breeze from across the lake, the pure water and the elevation 
of the place were inviting factors that prompted men to 
settle; then, too, the city was very wisely platted with reference 
to the existing beauties of the landscape. The streets are 
broad, paved throughout, provided with perfect sidewalks, 
and lighted by eletricity. The houses, almost without excep- 
tion, stand apart from each other, in beautiful lawns or well 
kept gardens. The streets and open places are thickly 
studded with trees and shrubs, and the S/icridan Road, run- 
ning along the lake shore, equals the boulevards of Chicago. 
Fiverything suggests neatness, quietand wealth. The town be- 
gins north of Calvary Cemetery, with the recent settlement 
of 2.000 inhabitants, called South Evanston, and stretches 
several miles along the lake shore. 

A considerable portion of Evanston lies west of the two 
above-mentioned railroads; the most imi)ortant and beautiful 
part however, lies toward the lake. The houses of the more 
fashionable part of the city, which resemble country seats, in 
their style suggest P]nglish models; and among some of the 
more recent houses as well as among the buildings belonging 
to the university, are some of noteworthy architecture. 
Among the churches are to be mentioiu^d the First Methodist 
chureh (TTinnian Ave. & Church st.), a tine, gothic brick 
structure, and the First Congregational church. The latter 
ig of Roman type, with a beautiful interior and stained-glass 



418 SUBURBS. 

windows. And recognizable at a great distance is the First 
Baptist church, with its tapering steeple. 

To get a view of the town one can leave either of the two 
depots, which lie close together, walk a short distance south- 
ward to Dempster street and follow the latter eastward to the 
lake. From here a pier stretches out into the water; and at 
the same point begins the magnificent Sheridan Road, which 
runs northward along the shore. On the landward side of 
this road with its beautiful foot- and driveways, are the most 
handsome residences of Evanston, alternating with public 
plats; and to the right there is an uninterrupted view out 
upon the expanse of clear water of Lake Michigan. After 
passing a second pier and a large boat club house, the Life 
Saving Station is reached; and here the Sheridan Road turns 
and runs westward for a short distance, and then turns north- 
ward and runs parallel to the lake shore. The plat of land 
lying between the road and the lake, which rises somewhat 
toward the north, constitutes the University grounds; and 
contains a group of nine buildings, some of which are of con- 
siderable size and noteworthj^ architecture. Passing through 
the oak grove of the University grounds and staying close to 
the shore, one reaches the new astronomical observatory, which 
stands by itself and farthest to the north; and returns to the 
Sheridan Road, after taking a view of the water works and 
light house, which are near by. From the light-house tower 
the university buildings are passed in review, and then passing 
through University Place, one reaches the large five story 
'"Woman's College", which likewise belongs to the university, 
from where a feM' minutes walk brings us back to the depot. 

Edgewater. — Site: Seven miles north of the Court House; 
Access: See list of sub. trains. 

A i>retty little suburb with about 1000 inhabitants. 
Sheridan Drive, that beautiful highway, which is a prolonga- 
tion of the lake shore drive at Lincoln Park, passes through 
it. and affords an opportunity to see aconsiderable number of 
elegant residences and park like plats. The suburb has a 
prftttv Methodist church, an Episcopal church, a public hall 



SUBURBS. 4in 

and electric lightiiij^. It has also a boat club, a shooting club, 
tennis court, a bath house on tlie lake shore and various 
social unions. As the property is sold only on the condition 
of the erection of ele,i!:ant residences, the young suburb, with 
its beautiful location, is assured of a very fashionable 
charact'M-. 

Eiverside, {<iii<l Forest Home Cemetery, Waldheim Cem- 
etery and Altenhtlm; time reeiiti red for <i visit, i to | of a 
day). Site: Hi miles west of court house, on the Des 
Plaines river. Access: 0. B. &, Q. R. K Trip, 35 minutes. 
Round trip, 50c.; Gage's Hotel, near the depot. 

Riverside is one of Chicago's finest suburbs. The exten- 
sive forest growths of the region, the beautiful Des Plaines 
river with its rapids, islands and high, bushy banks, and the 
changing character of the ground have been skillfully used 
in making a choice residence district. The village is platted 
in a park-like way; the isolated residences all stand free from 
each other in pretty lawns or gardens and are separated by 
patches of the untouched original forest trees. There are 
splendid foot and drive-ways everywhere. They run only in 
curves, and hence the view of the place is somewhat ob- 
structed. Otherwise the absence of straight lines leaves a 
favorable eifect. Of the public buildings several are of a 
striking character, for example, the Preslryterian church. 

For a general view one would go north from the station, 
jiast the striking water tower (with the pumi)ing station in 
the basement). Ct)ntinuing to the right and then southward, 
one reaches the railway track again; crossing this and con- 
tinuing southward, the coHtinuation of Ogden avenue is 
reached, and a short distance to the westward, the Des 
PIdiiii s riv< r. Without crossing the Ogden avenue bridge, 
one would follow the east bank of the river, up the stream. 
The way leads beneath shady trees along the bank, which is 
here 80 feet high, and aifords fine views through the woods. 
Then the hotil by the river is iiassed, and immediately after- 
wanls, a narrow in the bed of the stream with its roaring 
rapids. Tiicn follows a second bridge; above this, a big dam, 
and immediately afterwards, the mouth of Scdt Creek, 



420 SUBURBS. 

Shortly after the stream turns in a northerly direction again 
where the railroad crosses it by an iron bridge. 

From this point a foot-path leads along the east bank of 
the Des Plaines river to the picnic grounds, two miles to the 
north on the continuation of W. 22d st. (These grounds can 
also be reached by carriage from Riverside; the road is good, 
but monotonous and unshaded). This walk runs for three or 
four miles close to the river-bank and affords many charming 
views of the river. I4 miles farther on one crosses the track 
of the Illinois Central R. R-, and soon afterwards reaches 
Riverside st. (W. 22d st.) and the picnic grounds. The latter 
lie on the bank of the river and have a ftne growth of trees. 

About two miles north of here begins the extended group 
of cemeteries, which stretch over a distance of two miles 
between the road and the river. There are, first, the seven 
-Jewish burial places, and then Forest Home and Waldheim 
(Opposite the entrance of the latter there are restaurants and 
taverns). Adjoining Waldheim is the narrow Concordia 
\Cemetery, which stretches along the Des Plaines river. 

Altenheim. — Site: In the southwestern j^art of Harlem, 
11 miles west of the court house. Access: Wisconsin Cen- 
tral R, R. Station Altenheim. 45 minutes. Round trip, 50c. 

Altenheim stands on a large plat of ground, which forms 
partly agricultural and pasture land, and partly vegetable 
gardens. The northeastern part is covered by a shady little 
grove, the " Louisen-hain,'' which is much used for picnics, 
etc. 

Around the principal building are grouped the out-build- 
ings necessary for the milk and farming business; viz.; barns, 
stables, and storehouses, besides a boiler-house and a large 
ice-house. Besides these there are the restaurant in the 
grove and a bowling alley. 

The principal huilding is a handsome, three story brick 
structure, with a basement. The main front turns to the 
north, facing the boulevard-like approach, and bears the 
inscription: '" German home in foreign land —Protect thee, 
God, with might// hand !" The two ends have large veran- 
das at the Itivel of the first and second stories. The basement 



SriBITRRS. 421 

contains the clinina; rooms f'lr tlic inmates as well as for 
cuests and visitors smoking rooms, pas room, luovision room, 
kitchen, rooms for the domestics, etc. In the first .story there 
are a number of private rooms, a pretty parlor, an apothe- 
cary s shop and sick rooms. On this floor there is a memo- 
rial ta})let to th(! larsrer donors. The other two stories are en- 
tirely taken up with the rooms of the inmates. 

The location and arrangements of /Vltenheim may be 
rcL'ardcd as ni(i(l(]. The quiet surroundings and the pure air 
add markedly to the healthful condition of the inmates. 

There are arrangements for providing visitors to Alten- 
heini and its ncnghborhood with coflFee, cake and cold victuals 
and a substantial meal at dinner for from 2.^ to 3.5 cents. 
Cheap and very nnicli to lie rt'commended! 

Lake Forest. -»SV^'.- On the shore of Lake Michigan, 
twenty-ciirlit niih^s north of the cit_v. Arcrsa: See list of 
suburban trains. Its site occupies the highest elevation of 
lan<l along the lake between Chicago and Milwaukee. The 
bluff is broken by deep and picturesque ravines; except 
where cleared for lawns and buildings, it is covered with an 
unbroken native forest. The town was originally laid out as 
a i)ark, and is entirely devoted to residences and the Unlver- 
sifi/ liiiihliii(/s. The charter prohibits the sale of all intoxi- 
cating drinks, and its provisions are rigidly enforced. Local 
trains on the Mil. div. of the Chic. & Northw. R. R. give 
hourly communication with Chicago. Lake Forest thus com- 
bines the advantages of residence in a city with those of an 
attractive and healthful resort. 



Summer Resorts. Excursions. 



The immediate neighborhood of Chicago oflFers but little 
in the way of landscape beauty, Most of the suburbs have 
the uniform pleasina: character of prairie country dotted with 
occasional trees. Only the lake shore toward the north, be- 
ginning about ten miles from the City Hall, shows variations. 
The lake shore here becomes steep, in places reaching a height 
of 80 feet, is much broken by deep ravines, and shows in a few 
of the old suburbs, like Winnetka, some splendid old forest 
growths. 

However, the number of easily accessible summer resorts 
in the neighboring states of Michigan and Wisconsin is very 
great. Wisconsin especially oflFers exceedingly romantic and 
charming scenery. In its numerous little lakes, rivers, brooks, 
the larger lakes with their interesting shores, bays, etc., in 
the remarkable rock-formations, primeval forests, etc. the 
tourist, the lover of nature, the angler, the hunter and the 
geoloe;ist, find inexhaustible resources. 

We hope to give, in another edition of this book, more 
detailed attention to this subject than is done here. 

St. Joseph, Mich. — Site: 95 miles from Chicago. Access: 
Michigan Central IIR., 3^^ hours. Fare, first class, $2.85. The 
favorite route is however by water, on steamboats of the St. 
Joseph line (near corner Wabash Ave. and South Water St.) 
which are run regularly during the season. The place is vis- 
ited by hundreds of excursionists on warm summer days, 
especially Sundays. The journey, which is exceedingly re- 
freshing, takes about four hours each way and may therefore 
be eflFected inone day. P]xcursion tickets $1.00. This, how- 
ever, leaves no time for sailing up the picturesque river St. 
Joseph (Royalton Hights, about two miles up on the right of 
the bend of the river; very fine view.) Excursionists wish- 
ing to spend a pleasant day out of doors in the vicinity of 
Chicago, could not select a more favorable spot. Round trip 

422 



424 EXCURSIONS. 

on Saturday and Sunday $2.00. Provisions sufficient for 
one day should be taken aboard (no "refreshments" are sold 
on Sunday' at St. Joseph), and the boat leaving Chicago at 
11.30 on Saturday evening should be taken. 

Those who are fond of rowing, may find boats of all si- 
zes at the boat-house of Drake & Wallace, near the landing 
stage; or an oarsman may be hired forll.OO and meals per day. 
In the latter case it is advisable to engage a man the day be- 
fore. A small steamboat "May Graham" leaves St. Joseph 
at 8 o'clock A. M. and runs up the river as far as Berrien 
Springs, a distance of 25 miles. Returns in the evening, in 
time for the boat bound for Chicago. 

GenevaLake, "Wis. — Site: 71 miles from Chicago. Access: 
Chicago & Northwestern RR. Round trip, $3.75. 

The place is named after the extensive Lake Geneva 
which with its fine surrounding woods, hills, meadows, bays, 
etc. affords a very attractive and varied picture. In the ex- 
traordinarily clear water of the lake live a great variety of 
fine fish. The shores are dotted with numerous magnificent 
cottages owned by rich inhabitants of Chicago and Milwau- 
kee who, for the most part, have also their own steam yachts, 
sailing vessels etc. The visitor can be amply accomodated 
with boats on the lake, which is on fiie summer days very 
animated. 

Mackinac Island Mich., formerly called Michilimacki- 
nac, Site: 374 miles from Chicago, Access in 22 hours bj' the 
Chicago and Northwestern R. R. Fare: first class $12.75, 
During the season by steamboat: Northern Michigan Line; 
or Lake Michigan and Lake Superior Transportation Co.; 
Round trip, $15.00. 

The small town of Mackinac (.about 1,000 inhab.) is si- 
tuated on Mackinac island covering about 6 sq. miles, in the 
straits of Mackinac which connect lakes Michigan and Hu- 
ron. A steam-ferry plies between Mackinaw City in Michigan 
and Mackinac Island. The place is romantically situated 
among curiously shaped rocks and is very interesting from a 
geological point of view. A missionary station was very ear- 



EXCURSIONS. 425 

\y established there, and the French missionarj- Marquette 
went thence to Chicago, being one of the very first white visi- 
tors to the jilace. 

The old buildings of Fort Mackinaw, which are nearly a 
liuiidrcd years old and furnish curious relics from the old 
I ndian wars are still occupied by two companies of United 
States troops. The curiously formed rocks, the trees growing 
from the ledges, the splendid air, the view of the beautiful har- 
bor, make Mackinac a very attractive spot. Very interesting 
])]\e\nnuenii lire the Archfd Rocks, a natural bridge 150 feet 
in height, the grottoes, the grotesciuely shaped rocks, etc. 

The place which is mucli fre<iuented, offers all the accom- 
modations of the fashionable watering places. 

The traveller will be well repaid by an excursion to St. 
Mary's River which empties into the lake east of Mackinac 
and has many islands dotted with trees. 

Duluth, ULinn —Access: C. & N. W. RR. Rouud Trip: 
$24.00. 

Duluth is one of the newer cities, and has had a remar- 
kable growth in recent years; it has now a population of 
H2.725. It is situated on Lake Superior, the largest fresh- 
water lake in the world, which has an area of 82.000 square 
miles, is of remarkable depth, and has wonderfully clear, 
cold water; besides, it is well stocked with fish. 

The city is a favorable place from which to make excur- 
sions to the interesting islands of Lake Superior and into the 
northwestern primeval forests. The city of Duluth itself is 
built on terraces, lying on a rocky shore that in places rises 
to a height of 500 feet. A splendid boulevard, 30 miles long, 
runs along the edge of the rocky shore; and from a small hill 
above the city there is a magnificent view out upon the lake. 
The lover of wild, romantic landscape will find in the parks 
of Duluth: Lester and Chester parks, with their many streams 
forcing their way through narrow rocky beds and broken by 
fre(|uent waterfalls, a varied landscape many miles in extent. 

Lake Minnetonka.— /S/Vr; 420 miles from Chicago; 20 
miles from Minneapolis, Chic. & Northw. R. R. and Chic, 



426 EXOTTRSIONS. 

Milw. & St. Paul 11. R. to St. Paul or Minneapolis, and from 
there by one of the riiany excursion trains to Minnetonka. 
15 hours; Rouiul Trip $21.00. 

This jjicturesque and much frequented resoi't lies in a 
wide forest district interrupted by many small lakes. Its 
Indian name means "ereat water". The lake, which is sixteen 
miles long, consists of a chain of about 25 coves and basins 
connected by channels, and dotted with many islands. The 
shore line, with its irregular windings, is 200 miles long, and 
is thickly covered with forest. Lovers of water sports find 
here in fishing, rowing, or on the little steam-yachts all their 
anticipations fulfilled; but the lake is most of all recommen- 
ded to lovers of nature and tourists. Among the places on 
the lake shore, the following may be mentioned: Minnetonka 
Lake Park (Minnetonka Park Hotel); Carron's Bay (Hotel 
La Fayette, Hotel St. Louis); Mound City, (Chapman House). 

Sheboygan, '^i&a.—Site: 191 miles north of Chicago 
(140 miles by boat). Chicago & Northw. K R, Trip, 15 
hours. Round Trip: about $8.00. By Groodrich steamer, 
$6.00. Hotels: Grand Hotel. Park Hotel, Pape's House, 
Kossuth House, besides many private houses. 

This place, with 20,000 inhabitants, is situated on Lake 
Michigan and has besides its own industries, an active lake 
trade. The Chippewa Indians called the place Sheub-wau- 
wau-gun, that is, "a subterranean cavern traversed by 
water". The beautiful situation of Sheboygan, its pretty 
streets and parks furnish pleasant promenades; and to these 
are added quietness and the cool lake breeze. The lake aifords 
fine opportunities for fishing, boating and bathing. 

North-west of the city, in the midst of an old pine grove 
is a mineral spring from which the water rises 114 feet high. 
\t\^ c&X\edi the Slichnycjan Springs; the composition of its 
water is similar to the Kissingni water, and is used for rheu- 
matism, malaria, kidney and liver diseases. The bore is 1480 
feet deep. 

Elkhart Lake, Wis. — Site: Glenbeulah Station: ITlmiles 
from Chicago. J.«c.s5.Chic. & Northw. R. R., 62 hours; Round 



EXCI'RSIONS. 427 

Trip. Hotels: Lake View House, Pine Poitit. Ostorf Hotel, 
Schwartz, Heinemarm, Sharpe s. Tallniadge. 

Elkhart Jjake lies about midway between 8heboyj;au 
and Fond du Lac, two miles from the railway station of 
Glenbeulah. The place offers a quiet and pleasant summer 
retreat, with good and clieaj) accomodations. The surround- 
ing forest-covered hills offer opi)ortunities for excursions, 
while the crystal-clear water is an attraction to bathers. 

The place is principally frequented by Germans, has its 
old and faithful regular guests, and is distinguished especially 
by the unaffected tone of its social intercourse. The actors 
of the (lerman Theater in Milwaukee spend their summers 
here, and arrange occasional i)lays. 

Waukesha, Wis. - Site: 105 miles from Chicago (20 
miles from Milwaukee); AcceHs: In four hours by Wisconsin 
Central or Chic. & Northw. 11. R. Roinul Trip, $r)00. Hotels: 
Fountain Spring House, Arlington Hotel, Park Hotel, Spring 
City Hotel, the Terrace. 

Waukesha lies in the valley of the Fox River, in a hilly, 
forest-covered region, and is well adapted, by its beautiful 
location and fine climate, for a summer resort. But by far 
the greater number of visitors come on account of its widely 
famous mineral springs, the Bef/nsda, Sifuriaii, Fouittain, 
IIi/(/it(i, Miiicni/ Rock. iu\(l W(tu/>-rs/i(i si>rings. the waters of 
which act internally against liver, stomach and kidney dis- 
eases and purify the blood, and externally act upon the skin 
of the bather. The sorrounding country, with its lakes and 
forests, offers opportunities for hunting, fishing and excur- 
sions. There is daily connection with Oconomowoc by means 
of four-in-hand stage coaches. 

Oconomowoc. Wis. -Site: 120 miles from Chicago. 
Access: Chic, Milw. & St. Paul 11. 11. 4.^ hours; Fare: $8.49. 
Hotels: Jones, Draper. Townsend, Besser, Bordulac. 

Oconomowoc, the "Long Branch" of the west, is one of 
the most beautiful summer resorts in the northwest. It lies 
about 35 miles from Milwaukee, and 400 feet above Lake 
INIichigan, upon an isthmus between Luc In Bdle and Foir- 
Icrx Ldke. Besides these, there are within a distance of one 



428 EXCURSIONS. 

or two miles, a number of forest-rimmed, island-dotted little 
lakes, with deep, very pure, cold water containing many of 
the prettiest and rarest fishes, such as the muskallonge, 
pickerel, lake trout, black, green and rock bass. 

The unusually charming scenery and the cool summer 
temperature have attracted a large number of regular guests; 
many wealthy citizens of Chicago and Milwaukee have their 
villas here. The principal street is the avenue between the 
two lakes. Beautiful driveways and foot-paths along the 
lakes and to neighboring points give opportunities for excur- 
sions. Southwestward the road leads along Lac la Belle, 
through charming stretches of woods and between t^jperand 
Lower Nashotd lakes to Ddajield with its efficacious Namah- 
hin Springs; then farther to the westward across the isthmus 
between Twin Lakes, along Crocker and Otis and the Siher 
lakes, and from there back to the Oconomowoc river. A 
second road leads past the romantic Giffords on the north 
shore of Oco)ioimrwoc lake to Nashotah station, between Pine 
and Okavchee lakes to North lake, with a mineral spring near 
by, and then near Beaver lake and back to Oconomoxooc. 

There are good hotels and accommodations everywhere, 
mostly near the water, and good fishing grounds. The larger 
lakes are alive with row and sail boats and steam yachts. 
The thick forests swarm with game. Especially worthy of 
mention (besides those already mentioned), are the following 
mineral springs: La Belle Springs, Drapers Floioing 
Magnesia Springs, Hitchcock's Medicinal Springs, and especi- 
ally Minnewoc Springs, near Giffords. 

Marquette, Mich. — >S*'^\- 401 miles from Chicago, Access: 
15 hours, Single Trip: $10.87. Chic, Milw. & St. PaulR. R 
or Chic. & North w. R. R. By the steamers of the Lake 
Michigan and Lake Superior Transportation Co., 610 miles. 
(Steamers every Wednesday and Saturday). Round Trip, 
first class, $25.00; second class, $12.00. Hotels: Marquette 
Hotel, Brunswick Hotel, New Clifton Hotel, Summit House. 

The city lies on a bay in the south shore of Lake Su- 
perior; and has 9,000 inhabitants. Marquette is a prettily 
built city, has a pleasant summer climate, and a number of 



EXCURSIONS. 429 

interesting!; places in its neiirhltorhood. The beautiful scenery, 
and the excellent fishing, hunting and boating and other 
sj)orting facilities attract juany guests. The city is the prin- 
cipal shipi)ing port for the iron regions of Michigan. Of the 
points that are worthy of a visit, and are easily reached by 
rail or steamer, the following may be mentioned: Grand 
Js/(i»(I, Pictured Rochs, Carp Rirtr, Dead River, Chocolate 
River, Champion (on lake Michigamnii; 32 miles) especially 
for water sports, and Ishpeniiiif/ with its iron mines. For 
good sportsmen and lovers of nature there may be recommen- 
ded a four or five days' excursion, under the direction of a 
guide, by boat across Michigammi lake to Michigammi river, 
then down the Menomonee river to the city of MeiKmioiiee, 
near Green Bay. The tri)) would run through a great region 
rich in game, an almost unmolested wilderness. A similar 
excursion could be made down the Escanaha river. 

Ashland, Wise— >S^*V^.- 483 miles from Chicago, Access: 
17 hours by Chic. & N. W. R. R. and Wise. C. R. R. Fare: 
first class, $12.25. By boat of Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. 
Transp. Co., Roioid Trip, $42.00. 

This place, situated on the south shore of Chequamegou 
Bay, is, on account o^ its Northern latitude, much fre(|uented 
during the hot summer season. Sportsmen will find rich 
opportunity for stag and bear hunting in the surrounding for- 
ests, and for angling in the baj' which, with its numerous 
small tributaries, abounds in fish of all kinds The Apostle 
Islands north of Ashland are a favorite resort for excursionists 
and offer much interest from a geological point of view. 

Madison, Wise— *SV^\- 139 miles from Chicago; Access: 
4 hours by Chic. & Northw. R. R.; Fare, first class $3.92. 

Ca))ital of Wisconsin, 13.392 inhabitants, between the 
lakes Monona and Mendota and as regards situation and 
surrounding landscape one of the finest cities in the West. 
A lively business place, the city is, at the same time a favo- 
rite summer residence. 

The fine climate in the hot season and the popular ex- 
cursions in boats and small steanuMS on the lakes, attract a 
great njamber of visitors. Worthy of mention are the uni- 



430 EXCURSIONS. 

versity of Wisconsin, the interesting collections of the Wis- 
consin historical society and a number of fine buildings, 
among which the State capitol, the soldiers orphan asylum, 
municipal buildings, post office etc. 

Devil's Lake, Wis.— Site: 173 miles from Chicago, 
Accesx: 5j hours via Chic. & Northw. R.R. Shu/Je Trip: $4.94 

The scene of a powerful eruption of the earth in times 
immemorial, this place shows a number of gigantic rocks 
grouped about a quiet sheet of water which mirrors the phan- 
tastic shapes of the rocks. Some of them are as high as 700 
feet and suggest with their grotesque forms, all sorts of objects 
to a ready imagination. 

The place which is settled by many club-houses and 
tasteful private residences has a great attraction for excur- 
sionists who in the warm summer months seek recreation in 
the cool forests of Wisconsin. 

Prairie du Chien, Wis. --S'/V'.- 280 miles from Chicago. 
Accois: Milwaukee & St. Paul R R. 10-12 hours; Ro^lnd 
Trip: — Dousman House. 

Prairie du Chien is one of the oldest cities in the North- 
west, and is situated on the site of an old Indian community, 
on the east bank of the Mississippi, on a prairie surrounded 
by bluffs. Here in former times, stood Fort Crawford of 
historic memory. 

At the south end of the city the Wisconsin River emp- 
ties into the Mississippi; on the opposite shore, in Iowa, is 
N. McGregor, like Prairie du Chien an important railroad 
center. The beautiful situation of Prairie du Chien, a new 
artesian mineral spring, and the many coming and going river 
steamers, introduce much life and intercourse with the 
outer world. 

Lake Pepin, Minn.— Access: Chic, Milw. & St. Paul 
R. R. or the Chic, Burl. & Quincy R. R. ; Site: 65 miles south 
east of St- Paul. 

Lake Pepin is the name of a lake-like expansion, .30 
miles long and with an average width of three miles, of the 
Mississippi river between the cities of Red W^ing and 
Wabasha. This part of the river is one of the most beautiful 



432 EXCURSIONS. 

stretches in the Mississippi valley, closed in by picturesque, 
f!;rayish white limestone cliffs that rise to a height of 400 feet 
(Maiden Rock) and equal the most beautiful scenery of the 
Hudson or the Rhine. The railroads running along the two 
shores and the daily steamers carry the through traffic and 
the intercourse between the pretty cities along the shore, 
Red Wing, Lalie City, Frontenac, Maiden Rock, Reed's Lan- 
ding and Wahasha. The last two are opposite the mouth of 
the navigable Chippewa river. The whole region offers splen- 
did opportunities to the hunter, for the thick forests reach to 
the edge of the river. 

This whole region plays an important role both in In- 
dian tradition and in early American history. 

Lake Villa, Wis.— ylcccss.- Wise. Centr. R. R. 2 hours 
Round Trip,%%m. 

The picturesquely situated Lake Villa consists of an ele- 
gant hotel and a small number of comfortably furnished 
summer lodges, located in the midst of three lakes. Near by 
there are six other small lakes of different sizes, and there is 
an abundance of groves and picnic grounds. 

Fox Lake. -J.ccess:Wisc.C.RR.2^ hours/?oi</u/7'/v>$3.00. 

Fox and Grrass lakes, connected by a hook-shaped creek, 
is a summer resort much patronized, especially by the resi- 
dents of Chicago. A number of good hotels, many beautiful 
villas, private residences etc., picturesquely grouped along 
the shores, afford abundant shelter during the summer 
months. Both lakes furnish excellent fishing-grounds, and 
have a luxurious and varied watei'-flora. The hunter, more- 
over, finds a wealth of game here. The wild celery that 
grows in such abundance, attracts great flocks of ducks and 
geese in the Fall, and the plant is said to give the meat of 
these birds a peculiarly delicate flavor. Voyages on the little 
steam.ers that cruise on the lakes, or in boats, or excursions 
into the beautiful surrounding country offer abundant variety 
of entertainment. 

Most noteworthy of all is the wild water-lily, which here 
covers an area of more than a hundred acres. The rare and 
beautiful sight and fragrance of these water-lilies in so great 



EXCURSIONS. 433 

an expanse of ffrowtli, could probably be found in but few 
places in the world. 

Kilbourn City, Wis. (The De]h.)-Sife: 193 miles from 
Chica-..; 4.] hours; limnid Trip $3.75; Chic., Milw.&St. Paul 
R. K. (La Crosse Division). Hotels: Finch House, Kilbourn, 
Hygienic Institute. 

' Kilbourn City is an excursion point on the Wisconsin 
river, half way between Chicago and St. Paul, much visited 
by sportsmen, lovers of nature, geologists, antiquarians and 
pleasure-seekers, on account of its highly interesting surround- 
ings. To see all the wonders of nature, landscajjc beauties 
and antiquities of Kilbourn and its vicinity would require a 
whole week; most of the thousands of annual visitors content 
themselves with a visit to the Dells of the Wisconsin River, 
one of principal sights in the whole Northwest. 

The Dells of the Wisconsin form a meande'ring river- 
gorge eight miles long, through the Potsdam sandstone, 
which in places rises several hundred feet above the river. 
In the course of many centuries the water has worn out 
wonderful forms in the rock, and the whole di.stance now 
forms a succession of the most remarkable rock-figures, 
caverns, gullies, holes, and sandstone forms, overgrown with 
bushes, trees, lichens, ferns and moss. A wealth of Indian 
legend and history is woven into the romantic landscape. 

Already from the steel-railroad bridge, which, crossing 
the river near the depot at a height of 75 feet from the water, 
unites the two rocky shores, there is a fine view of the 
stream. 

In order to visit those parts of the Dells that lie up 
stream from the city, one takes the daily steamer, or hires 
a row-boat. The very beginning of the trip is captivating; the 
first striking rock-form is "Anf/el Bock'\ then follows 
"Siral/oirs Fort", a i)erpendicular rock wall, pierced by holes, 
which are full of birds nests; and then a narrow called the 
" /yiintr Jiiirs'. Farther up we meet ''' C/iivuiei/ Rock' and 
the "Dills House'', an old, several-storj' building, once a much 
fre<|uented stopping place for Indian hunters and raftsmen. 
A quarter of a mile farther up comes ^'Chapel Gorge" with 



434 EXCURSIONS. 

""Pulpit R(K'k'\ and now there is disclosed a second narrow in 
the gorge, ''the Devil s E1b(iiv\ one of the most wonderful 
parts of the stream. The two rock walls, 200 feet high at this 
jwint, approach within fift^^ feet of each other; the river, 100 
feet deep here, is verj^ swift, and dangerous to venture upon 
in spring. 

The first stopping place is ''Cold Water Canon'' kn 
excellent fishing-ground for speckled trout, and the habitat 
of the rare '\frnfjraiit ferii\ Close by is the ''Devifs Juff — 
a hollowed-out rock 75 feet high; farther up stream is '^Steam- 
boat Rock", an oval, pine-covered island of rock. Then we 
reach the wild, romantic ,, Witches GnlcJi\ which is a mile 
long. On the face of a rock that projects to a height of 189 
feet, near the entrance of the Gulch, there is a rock-figure 
like a witches face. Passing along the many windings of the 
ravine, we reach first the ^'Phantom Chamber", consisting of 
large caverns and ravines, one above the other, made acces- 
sible by flights of wooden stairs, and containing a pretty 
waterfall. There the passage becomes so narrow that corpulent 
people can get through onl.v with difficulty {Fat M((n's Misery 
Point). At the end of " Witches Gulch" there is an open place 
surrounded by hills, in which there is a dance-paoilion and 
refreshment house. After an hour for visiting" Witches Gidch", 
the steamer starts on its trip again. 

A row-boat party has the advantage of being able to visit 
several points that cannot be reached from the steamer, 
namely, Skylight cave and Boat cave. There is a wonderful 
charm in a moonlight visit to the Dells. 

Another interesting group of sights is found in the 
Lower Dells^ three miles down the river from the city, with 
very similar rockj' banks, caverns, ravines, and islands, and 
similarly covered with luxurious vegetation. And southwest 
fi'om Kilbourn is Mirror Lake, four miles long, with pictures- 
que shores, crystal-clear water and an abundance of the finest 
kinds of fishes (black bass and speckled trout). On the north 
shore, near the village of Delton. are two mineral springs, 
and "Congress Half, a noteworthy rock cavern, 

Teu miles east of Kilbourn is Lake Mason, and north 



EXCURSIONS- 435 

of this, Luki, Jorddii, Taylors Glen, south of the city, is 
also worthy of a visit. Another series of sights is seen on a 
fine drive-way running up the river, — such as tlie Hornet's 
^^rsf, Lunclu'on Hull, Stand Ruck, and many others. 

And lastly must be mentioned the numerous mounds, 
prehistoric burial places and earth-works, which lie about the 
city singly or in groups, and the most of whose outlines re- 
present some animal. 

SHORT KXCURSTONS BY WATER. 



A number of })oints in the vi<nnity of the city can be 
reached during the summer months, with the little steamers 
that start every twenty minutes from Randolph st. viaduct. 
The Jiaii(loIj)h sf. viaduct is a continuation of Randolph st. 
eastward into the lake. Beneath us we see the great yards 
of the Jllinoi.s C< ntnil and Mi'cJttf/an Central Railroads; 
westward, in the distance, the high toicer of the Board af 
Trailc Baildinij; southwestward, somewhat nearer, the mass- 
ive Siiuare tower of the Auditorium; and verj' near by, the 
upper part of the Pullman Building, with its many round 
little towers, etc.; to the north, the great //yv//« (V(^7ji:/^oy« ^ 
anil B; and to the east, the Pitr of the, outer harbor. This 
pier is a mile long, and in hot weather a cool place for walk- 
ing. The broad beams furnish a tolerable and thoroughly 
safe foot-way, and the broad expanse of the green water and 
the pure air of Lake Michigan make a walk quite enjoj'able. 
This pier, with moderate improvements, would make a splen- 
did promenade. Beer, lunch, etc., are to be had in neighbor- 
ing boats. 

East of tlie pier lies the " Water C rib' (see article 
Waterworks). The same line of boats makes connections 
with Lincoln Park and the ^outh Parka. Round trip: To 
the (Tovernment Pier — 15c.; to the Crib, or Lincoln Park, or 
South Parks 2r)c. 

Li summer, steamers leave daily Clark st. bridge for 
South Chicago; trip, 11 hours; round trij)-, 50 cts.; and at 
night, make " Moonlight Excursions' out upon the lake; 
round triji, from 8:00 till 11:00 o'clock, 25 cts. 



EXCURSIONS. 

The different excursion-steamers stationed on Clark, 
Dearborn, and State street bridges make also excursions to: 

Michigan Gity, round trip, 50c.; Waukegau, stopping at 
Fort S heridan— round trip, 50c.; Evanston, round trip, 50c.; 
Kenosha, round trip, 75c. 




Fox Lake Shwut.-.g ai.J F.bh.ng Clab. 

Sail-hoats for pleasure excursions on the lake, with sail- 
ors, are to be found on the lake shore, opjiosite Harrison st. 
Round trip to the pier already mentioned, 10-15 cts. Here 
also, row-boats can be hired. These can also be had in all 
the parks. • 



HISTORY OF CHICAGO. 

Where the cit}- of Chicago stands to-daj'. there was, for 
centuries, nothiiitr but a wide i)lain of waving grass, through 
which lazily crept an insignificant river formed by two small 
streams. 

The first historic mention of '' Chicago " is found in the 
notes of the Jesuit Charlevoix, whose statements, not always 
trustwortliy, are in this case corroborated by others. 

He speaks of the fur trader and interpreter, Nicholas 
Perrot and his travels among the Indian tribes of the North- 
west, undertaken in 1()71 by order of the lutendant of ^ev^ 
France; and states that Perrot touched upon "Chicago" at 
the lower end of the ''hic des Illinois " (Lake Michigan) 
"where the Miami Indians are"'. Charlevoix lays stress 
upon the fact, and other, later writers corroborate him there- 
in, that in those times the name " Chicago" was applied to a 
tract of land quite other than the present site of Chicago^ 
which certainly is not at the lower end of the lake, but at the 
lower end of its western shore. 

The early aj^plication of the word "Chicago" was, as will 
presently be seen, as indefinite and varied as its orthograi)hy. 
For the names Chikagu, Chikagou, Chicagu, Chicago, Che- 
cau-gou. etc. etc. were, in former times, also applied to three 
rivers: tlie St. Joseph, the great Calumet and the DesPlaines 
river. Coxe, moreover in his history of Louisiana, calls the 
Illinois the Chicagou river. This confusion in the ajiplication 
of the word may have arisen from the fact that the name 
"Chicago" that originally signified, in the mouths of the 
natives, a portage between the Chicago and the Des Plaines 
rivers (as La Salle corroborates in the winter 1681-82) was 
also applied to the rivers between which the portage lay. As 

437 



438 EARLY APPLICATION Of THE WORD CHICAGO. 

there were, in those times, manj' rivers witlioutludiau names, 
it may be supposed that this name was applied to the whole 
water system between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi; 
the more so that a multiplied or varying application of one 
and the same word for .different rivers or tracts of land 
then frequently occurred elsewhere. A canoe, running out of 
the St. Joseph river, turning into the Chicago river at the 
west shore of the lake, passing by the portage, then descend- 
ing the Des Plaines river, and finally entering the Illinois 
river, makes the shortest route to the Mississippi that was 
named by several Indian tribes " Clu'caguo," that is, the 
"mighty" leader, in honor of a long line of powerful chiefs 
of the Illinois Indians. This theory seems to be strengthened 
by a map in the historical library at Madison, Wis., that was 
drawn, in 1673, by the Royal French geographer Samson and 
shows a river called Chucaguo which empties into the Gulf 
of Mexico and doubtless represents the Mississippi. 

According to another theory, the word Chicago is de- 
rived from the word " shegang " of the Chippewa dialect, 
meaning " wild onions." These, at that time, were found in 
large numbers in the vicinity. It is, for instance, reported 
that, in 1773, the Indians ceded to one William Murray, a 
tract of land extending from the Illinois river to " Chicagou " 
or the " onion river. " 

These various hypotheses, however, serve only to show 
that it is to day impossible to trace conclusively the origin of 
the word Chicago. 

The French missionary Marquette is commonly credited 
with having first mentioned Chicago. The word Chicago does 
not, however, anywhere occur in Marquette's writings and 
maps, although his name is, as will be shown later, inti- 
mately associated with the place. He frequently mentions in 
his diary ( from which most of the following statements are 
taken ) the Portage river already mentioned, which, as is 
clearly shown by his descriptions, designates with him 
the present site of the city of Chicago. " Portage " was the 
tract of land between the South arm of the Chicago and 
the Des Plaines rivers. The Indians used to carry their 



MARQUETTE AND JOLIET. 439 

canoes over this land to continue their journeys on the 
waters opposite. This tract of land was, in summer, from 8- 
9 miles wide; after the spring; rains it was, however, so 
covered by water as to leave only a strip of land f miles in 
width. 

In ltj45 there was born, in Quebec, Louis Joliet, the son 
of a wheelwright. Brought up by the Jesuits and in early 
youth destined for the iiriesthood, he renounced this pro- 
fession later and became a trader in furs. The spirit of 
enterjirise which the young man had exhibited in several 
small but successful expeditions for the government, drew 
ui)oti him the attention of tlie iiiteinlant of New France; and, 
in 1673, Joliet was taken into the service of the government 
for the exploration and extension of the French possessions. 
At that time the existence of the Mississippi and its tributa- 
ries was already known and the importance of its explo- 
ration well understood. People entertained the wildest ideas 
concerning the great unknown land, the fal)u]()us kingdom of 
Quivira, immensely rich in gold and precious stones, that 
was supposed to extend from the Gulf of California to the 
South Sea and New France. Joliet was despatched with an 
expedition for the exydoration of the great river and the 
supposed seas. 

He started in his journey from Quebec, in the spring of 
1673, accompanied by five Frenchmen. At the straits of 
Mackinaw he met the missionary Jacques Marquette who 
joined the expedition by order of the government. The 
company then sailed up Green Bay and the Fox river, crossed, 
with the assistance of guides, a labyrintli of moors and small 
lakes and finally reached the portage between Fox and Wis- 
consin rivers. Descending the Wisconsin river, they saw, for 
the first time, on June 17th of the same year, the broad waves 
of the Mississippi — " with a joy,"' says Marquette, " to which we 
did not know how to give expression." They then descended 
the river, jtassed the Missouri and the Ohio and reached 
finally the Arkansas river where, '' after having obtained all 
the information to be expected," they decided to return. 
They had learned that the Mississippi emptied into the (Julf of 



440 Marquette's first visit to Chicago. 

Mexico, in Florida. Thej- turned their canoes homeward on 
July 17th, just a month after having left the Wisconsin. 
Finding it difficult to row against the stream, they accepted 
the advice and guidance of the Kaskaskias Indians, turned, 
in order to shorten the route, into the Illinois river, and 
arrived at Lake Michigan by way of the Des Plaines river, the 
Chicago portage and the Chicago river. The party having 
with that assistance reached their destination with com- 
parative ease, took, after a short stay there, cordial leave of 
the Indians to whom Marquette had become warmly attached 
and rowed, toward the end of September, along the west shore 
to the mission station at Green Bay, where they passed the 
winter. 

Joliet who started on his journey to Quebec in the 
summer of 1674, had the misfortune to capsize his canoe not 
far from Montreal, thereby losing two men and the box con- 
taining his papers, diaries and the curiosities collected during 
his journey, in a word, the fruit of all his labors. 

Marquette was detained by illness in Green Bay until 
the close of the summer of 1674.' This delay annoyed him 
greatly, since he longed to exercise his vocation among the 
Indians of the Chicago regions who had received him with 
so much friendliness. It was not until October 25th 1074 
that he felt strong enough to leave Green Bay and undertake, 
in company with two others, the journey to the land of the 
Illinois. He was charged with first establishing a mission at 
Kaskaskia, a place of 74 huts, about 7 miles from the present 
city of Ottowa. After a very difficult journey through great 
cold and snow, the party reached ''Portage River'' (Chicago) 
in the first week of December, having been joined on the way 
by 5 canoes of Pottawattomies and 4 canoes of Illinois 
Indiajis. Here again Marquette felt so exhausted by the 
hardships of his journey that he was obliged to interrupt it. 
He stopped in a vacant block house about 5 miles distant 
from the mouth of " Portage River." This hut had been put 
up for a storing place by two French fur dealers, who were at 
the time away hunting. It was the first human habitation in 
the region of " Portage River. " 



flRST Fl'R TRADERS AT OHirAflO, 44-( 

The fur traders havinj;; hearu of Marquette .s cuniijij;, had 
prepared to receive him. Learning, however, of his illness, 
thej' returned, brousrht him provisions and gave him medical 
assistance, one of them being bj' profession a i)hysician. His 
traveling c<tnipanions also assisted him to the best of their 
ability. During their staj'in the hut they shot, as Manpictte 
ripdits, 'A buffaloes, 4 stags and several turkeys which had, 
hdwcver, nearly starved from lack of food. 

Toward the close of the year, several Illinois Indians 
laden with skins, passed the block-house on their way to the 
lake. They tried to obtain a small i)iece of tobacco in ex- 
change for beaver skins. 

There was already at that time a brisk trade in barter- 
ing in that region. In 167-4 the two French fur traders al- 
ready mentioned had settled about 45 miles from Chicago 
and were carrying on a regular business with the Illinois 
Indians. The traders exchanged for skins, mostly beaver 
skins, the objects most necessary for and coveted by the 
Indians and through their greed and the ignorance of their 
customers, did a thriving business. It seems, however, that 
this bartering was not always conducted to the satisfaction 
of the Indians. For Manjuette reports that, out of gratitude 
to the traders who had so kindly assisted him, he sought to 
exert his influence with the savages in their favor. He tried 
to convince them, as he writes, '' that the business was very 
difficult and the traders could not be called downright 
robbi-rs. ' 

When a load of skins was collected, they were put into 
birch-bark canoes and shij)ped to Green Bay. The canoes 
always kei)t near the shore that thej' might take refuge there 
in case of rough weather. Such was the commercial fleet of 
("hicago at that time, which to-day takes the second rank in 
tonnage in the United States. 

In -lanuary KiT.j, three Illinois Indians, commissioned bj' 
their chief, Ijrought .Manpiette and his two companions 2 bags 
I'f corn, some dried meat, squashes, and 12 beaver skins, de- 
siring in exchange powder and goods. Manpiette gave his 
\isit(irs knives, hatchets, looking glasses and ten strings of 



442 DEATH OF .MARQUETTE. 

Wampum consisting of Indian coin made of bits of black and 
white cockleshell, but as an apostle of peace staunchly re- 
fused to give them powder which he had good ground to 
suppose would be used for waging war against the Miami 
Indians. 

It is in those days that Marquette reports the strange 
phenomenon that at times the water of the lake enters the 
river, thereby causing a current in tlie opposite direction. 

Toward the end of February 1675 Marquette had suffi- 
ciently recovered to leave his hut and think of continu- 
ing his journey which was destined to be more speedy than 
he thought. For toward the last of March thaws set in, the 
water rose rapidly, the ice on the river broke up and soon 
the low banks stood underwater. "On March 29th" v/rites 
Marquette, "we had hardly time to leave our hut and carry 
our few possessions up into the trees and to seek refuge for 
the night on a small hill. " The water kept rising. On 
March 29th Marquette, taking advantage of the high water, 
continued his journey and reached, after 11 days, on April 
8th, Kaskaskia, near Utica. Lasalle Count}', the first halt- 
ing place in his journey. He was received by the Indians 
among whom he was very popular, "like an angel from 
heaven. " He called together an assembly of Indians, and 
500 chiefs, 1500 young warriors and a large number of 
women and children responded to his call. He preached to 
them, read the mass and named the mission " the Immacu- 
late Conception of the Holy Virgin." 

His illness, however, becoming again serious, he went 
back to Michilimackinac, promising to return to them soon. 
Such great affection did the Indians bear him that a large 
number of them accompanied him for nearly a hundred miles 
to within a short distance of the place where he was to embark, 
on the P]astern shore of Lake Michigan. He grew, however, 
daily weaker during the journey, and on May 19th he felt his 
end was approaching. At the mouth of a small river he re- 
quested his companions to land, and there he died the same 
night in a little hut. His remains were buried on the banks 
of this river which for a long time bore his name; later, how- 



FIRST MEN'TIOy OF LA SALLE. 443 

ove\\ ManiUL'ttes ii;iuie was irivt'ii to a larger river near by. 
The bones of the inissionarj' were, in the winter of 1676, 
taken to 8t. Ttrnace and there solemnly interred. 

Jaeques Marquette was a sinijilo, truthful, and thorough- 
ly unselfish jnan. His diary, found in 1835 in the Jesuit 
(•(invent at Quebee, makes, when compared with the often 
e.xaggerated and frequently incorrect statements of his co- 
laborers, a most favorable impression. It contains the im- 
pressions of a conscientious and keen observer who in his 
e.xairgerated modesty only too often fails to set in the right 
light the importance of his discoveries and the extent of the 
hardships he had to endure. In him the missionaries lost a 
powerful aid, the Indians a warm friend whom they sincerel}' 
mourned, and all who knew him, a true and good man. 

To return to Jidiet: The loss of his diaries signified for 
liini the (Mincliision of his activity as an explorer. His ser- 
vices were warmly ajipreciated by the government which 
expressed its gratitude by ceding to him the island of Anti- 
costi in the Gulf of St. Laurence. Soon after his return to 
his birth-place, Quebec, he married; and also died there at 
the age of 56 years. 

Joliet was surely the soul and moving spirit of the ex- 
l)edition, and Marquette with his superior intellect and warm 
heart complemented him most happily. 

The successor of Marquette was Father Claude Allouez. 
He reached the Chicago river in March 1677, proceeded 
thence to Kaskaskia, the settlement of the Illinois Indians, 
and met with a very encouraging welcome. He returned 
after a short stay to northern Wisconsin. In 1678 and 1684 
he is said to have repeated his visit to the Illinois Indians. 

The next name connected with the history of Chicago is 
that of Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, the son of a 
rich merchant at Rouen, born in 1643. Being a Catholic, he 
early entered the order of the Jesuits. This connection 
altlmugli later dissolved by him, dei^rived him of his paternal 
heritage. At the age of 23 he sailed for (^anada to seek 
there his f(utunes. Arrived at Montreal, the place of his 
destination, he soon received from the French priests there 



444 LA SALLE AND PRONTENAO. 

established, the offer of a grant of land, in exchange for 
which he was to occupy an advanced post for the protection 
of the French settlements. There he became acquainted 
with the Seneca Iroquois Indians who told him of the Ohio 
and the other large river in the West, which must, as he 
thought, empty into the lake of California. 

A born adventurer, fearless, restless and full of am- 
bition, he burned with desire to penetrate into the interior 
of the country, the description of which, as given by the 
Indians, occupied, at that time, the minds of all people in 
Canada, He had during the eight years of his sojourn in 
Canada, become thoroughly acquainted with manners and 
customs, as well as with the dialects of the various Indian 
tribes. Having first gone to Quebec, he there obtained from 
the French administration permission to undertake, but no 
assistance for, an expedition that was intended to continue 
the explorations of Joliet. By selling his land grant he suc- 
ceeded however in obtaining the funds necessary for uniting 
his expedition with that planned by the French priests already 
mentioned. In the Indian village Niagara he met, towafd 
the close of September 1669, Joliet who was just returning 
from the copper mines of Lake Superior and made him 
acquainted with the results of his expedition. After this 
time the movements of La Salle cannot, for several years, be 
traced with certainty. From a vague description of his 
journey made, as tradition has it, after La Salle's own ver- 
sion, to the Abbe Renaudot in Paris during his visit there in 
1678. a well known French savant, Pierre Margry, tried to 
show that La Salle was, in 1670, in the Chicago region. 
There being, however, no real foundation for this, it must be 
considered only a brilliant hypothesis. 

We have no more authentic dates with regard to La 
Salle, until 1673. At that time the governor of Canada was 
Frontenac, a man of high political ambition. He soon 
recognized the extraordinary qualities of La Salle, his energy, 
his perseverance and his intellectual brilliancy; and, not 
fearing in the adventurous La Salle a political rival, but 
hoping to distinguish his administration by new discoveries, 



LA SALLE SAILS FOR THE WEST. 445 

tho governor soon came to an understandiiis; with this 
kindred spirit, and entered upon the most friendly relations 
with La Salle. 

At his command La Salle called together at the mouth 
of the Cataragua river (the Kingston river of to-daj') an 
assemblj' of the Iroquois Indians to obtain their sanction for 
the erection of an advanced fort on Lake Ontario. In this 
commission he was successful. 

In the fall of 1674 Lasalle. bearing with him Frontenac's 
warmest recommendations, went to France to lay his requests 
before the king and his then all-powerful minister Colbert. 
He i)etitioned for a patent of nobility and the tenure of the 
above mentioned Fort Cataragua erected by him, and was 
successful in both instances. 

After his return to Canada he sought in every way to 
strengthen his fort in order to have a base for his future 
operations in the exploration of the ^lississippi that he never 
lost sight of. The name of the fort was. in honor of his friend, 
changed to '"Fort Frontenac. ' 

In 1678 La Salle undertook a second journey to France 
to obtain a royal patent for the exploration and occupancy of 
western New France. Success again followed his efforts. With 
amiile provisions and a small number of new followers, 
I'specially Henry de Tonty, who later became his trusty 
lieutenant, he returned to Canada. 

On August 7th lt)79 La Salle, accompanied by Tonty 
and a party of i^4 men. went in the ""Griffin", a craft of 45 
ton, built expressly for him. from Niagara River to Lake Erie. 
This was the first ship that i)lied in the large lakes of the 
Northwest. The giant canoe, gliding through the waves 
without oars and moved only by lightly filled sails, was for 
the Indians an object of unbounded astonishment and curi- 
osity. Early in September the company reached an island 
in Green liay where La Salle unloaded his cargo that con- 
sisted chiefly of jiarts of a ship that were to be put together 
on the Hlinois, and sent the "Griffin," laden with fur, back 
to the Niagara river. 



446 LA SALLE BUILDS FORT CREVE-COEUR. 

Then, accompanied by 14 men, he continued his journey 
South along the West shore of Lake Michigan, passed the 
mouth of the Chicago river and, always hugging the shore of 
the lake, reached, on November 1st, the mouth of the St. Joseph 
river. Here La Salle awaited for twenty days the arrival of 
Tonty, constructing during that time the fort named bj' him 
"Fort Miami." On December 8rd, after having lost a few 
weeks more in waiting for the return of the "Griffin," he left 
behind two men and, in pursuance of the course originally 
mapped out, he went, with 32 men, in 8 canoes, up the St. 
Joseph river to the point where the town called South Bend 
now stands. After having had much trouble in finding the por- 
tage to the Kankakee river, they finally reached, carrying 
canoes and baggage on their shoulders, the southern branch 
of the Illinois river. Going down the river, they reached, on 
January 4th 1680, a camp in the vicinity of Lake Peoria, con- 
sisting of 80 wigwams of Illinois Indians. 

La Salle tried first to frighten the Indians and then, after 
having succeeded in this, came to a friendly understanding 
with them. He stirred, however, the jealousy of the Indians 
by declaring, on the occasion of an Indian feast to which he 
was invited, his intention of building a boat in which he 
could descend the Father of Waters (Mississippi) and there- 
by reach the South Sea. They tried to dissuade him from 
this by picturing to him the great perils he would incur. 
Though their words had no effect whatever upon him, 
they succeeded in exciting the fear of his companions to such 
an extent that he dreaded mutiny, and in causing six of his 
people to desert. Among those who remained with him, he 
had, besides Tonty, but few faithful adherents. Not trusting 
the friendship of the Indians, La Salle built, in the vicinity 
of the Indian camp, a palisade fort, called Cr^ve-Coeur 
(Broken Heart) under the protection of which he began to 
build hi« ship. He was at that time still expecting the 
return of the " Griffin " that was to bring him many articles 
needed for the construction of his boat, but despairing at 
length of her arrival, he concluded to return to Fort Fron- 



A JOURNEY THROUGH THK WILDERNESS. 447 

teiiac, leaving Vjchind Tuiity in (•(umiiaiul of the fort, with 15 
men umler liiin. 

This journey of (i5 days, throuirh a wild and entirely un- 
known region, without a guide other than the compass, under 
the greatest hardships and the inclemency of weather put to 
a severe test even the extraordinary energy of La Salle and 
the endurance of his men. They had to drag their canoes 
and haggage through forests and marshes, to wade through 
rivers, to make long detours in order to avoid crossing deeper 
rivers the ice of which was too thin to bear their weight and 
yet prevented their using the canoes, to cross others by flosses 
and were, for manj'^ days, exposed to intense cold, being pre- 
vented from building a fire that wmdd have betrayed them 
to the Indians who were i)ursuiiig them. When they finally 
reached their destination, they were all, with the exception of 
La Salle, entirely exhausted and incapable of anj' further 
exertion. 

Instead of well-earned repose, he found there new trials 
awaiting him. A ship from France, filled with provisions of 
all sorts and destined for him, had foundered in the mouth 
of the St. Lawrence river. Hatred and envy had, likewise, 
been active during his absence and had not only estranged 
from him some of his friends, but had also brought about the 
desertion of several recruits that had been enlisted for him 
in France. In this desperate situati(ni La Salle proceeded to 
Montreal, passing on hrs way Fort Frontenac, the land that 
had by the favor of the king been granted him in tenure. 
He might here have become the richest man in the country 
by parcelling out his land among the Canadian peasants; but 
this was not the honor he was striving for. 

On his arrival in Montreal his appearance alone sufficed 
to intimidate his enemies and to bring back to him his 
friends. The distinction of his i)erson and the dignity of 
his bearing won for him all hearts; and in less than a week 
he had at his disposal the means for a new expedition, men 
and money. Amid his jireparations, the news of fresh mis- 
fortunes reached him. Messengers from Tonty reported that 



448 FORTS CREVE-COEUR AND MIAMI DESTROYED. 

in his absence the garrison of Fort Crfeve Coeur had deserted 
after having pillaged and wholly destroj'ed the fort. Thence 
the mutineers had gone to Fort Miami which had been doomed 
to the same fate. Otlier messengers brought word of their 
march toward Fort Frontenac, but La Salle met them on the 
way thither and, after a short resistance, captured them all 
except two. 

It now became his chief task to deliver Tonty from the 
perils by which he was surrounded. He hastened his journey 
in every way and soon reached the mouth of the St. Joseph 
where the ruins of Fort Miami sadly corroborated the reports 
from Tont3^ Continuing his journey by the old route, he 
came to the settlement of the friendly Indians. There he 
found, to his horror the whole village burned down, the ground 
covered with mutilated corpses, and from the ruins of his fort, 
saw, in ghastly array, the skulls of the victims looking down on 
him. There was no doubt: The Iroquois Indians had scattered, 
if not wholly annihilated the tribe with whom he was on 
friendly terms. But there being no trace of Tonty or his com- 
panions among the corpses, La Salle proceeded along the 
Illinois river where he found no sign of his faithful lieutenant 
but everywhere on the way, marks of the invaders' ruthless 
devastation. Turning back, however, and following the Des 
Plaines River from its crossing with the Kankakee, he found 
in a hut, a i)iece of sawed wood from which he inferred that 
Tonty had stopped there. He had indeed escaped by this 
way, over the Chicago portage and the western shore of 
Lake Michigan. 

Reassured by this trace concerning the fate of his lieu- 
tenant, La Salle continued his journey to his fort on the 
St. Joseph river, where he stayed till spring and was, during 
that time, confirmed in his conjectures as to the lucky escape 
of Tonty, by vagrant Fox Indians. La Salle spent the long 
winter in brooding over his misfortune and forming plans for 
the future. He came to the conclusion that the forces at 
his disposition were inadequate for overcoming the hostile 
elements. He clearly saw that the enmity shown him by the 
powerful tribe of the Iroquois had a deeper source thau mere. 



LASALLE's ALLIANCK with TIIK II,r,INOIS AN'Ii MIAMIS.44t) 

hatred of foreigners. At that time the fur trade was the 
cliief source of wealth for tlie country, and the Iroquois liad, 
as necjotiators, between the western Indian tribes and tlie 
Dutch settlements on the Hudson, come to enjoy from it in 
the course of years, a regular and ever increasing income. 
They correctly inferred that the rival business interest of the 
French and Canadians would only too soon follow the few 
French i)ioneers. Hence: War to the strangers and to those 
who befriended them. 

All this, and nuich more. La Salle turned over in his 
mind. As soon as the vigor of winter was over, he went 
about the execution of his new plans. The small Indian 
tribes of the Northwest had ever suffered from the tyranny 
of the i)owerful Iroquois, and the late excesses had still more 
embittered their feelings. La Salle then invited the chiefs of 
the Illinois, the Miamis and other tribes, for a consultation 
having for its purpose the fusion of their common interests 
and the forming of an alliance, offensive and defensive 
against the Iroquois. His efforts were crowned by success. 
They consented to the eiuistruction of a fort in the valley of 
the Illinois river, in which they promised to settle. La Salle 
had thereby won a strong rear-guard for his explorations in 
the Snuth and West. 

In May 1G87 he again undertook the journey to Fort 
Frontenae, in order once more to make preparations for his 
I'xpedition to the Mississippi. On the way thither he met 
his faithful companion Tonty. Both were overcome with joy 
at meeting after a separation so long and so frought with 
peril, and in the exchange of their experiences passed a few 
hapjiy hours that were so seldom granted them. 

On December 2L 1681, La Salle sent on ahead from his 
fort in St. Joseph that he had rebuilt since the autumn 
previous, his whole garrison, numbering in all 44 men, under 
the command of his lieutenant Tonty, to open the way for 
him. Tonty was meanwhile delayed by the ice in Divine 
River (called by the Indians Chicagou and Ix'ing, according 
to La Salle's unmistakeable description, the Des Plaines 
river). La* Salle who followed on Dec. 28. joined, after 



450 THE CREATION OF LOUISIANA. 

having been detained by snow for a few days, his lieutenant 
on Jan. 7. 1682. 

La Salle gives in his report a long description of the 
Chicago Portage and does not favor the idea of Joliet who 
even at that time advocated the construction of the Michigan 
and Illinois Canal long since carried into execution. He 
points out that the Des Plaines and the Illinois rivers are 
not at all seasons navigable and sneers at the "ditch" pro- 
posed by Joliet. 

The reunited party continued their way in sledges which 
had been constructed by Tonty during his delay. Following 
the Des Plaines and Illinois rivei's, for seventy miles they 
dragged behind them their canoes, their baggage and their 
sick ones until at Lake Peoria, reaching the open water 
of the Illinois, they again used their canoes. 

On February 6. 1682 they reached the Mississippi, and 
on April 9, after a monotonous and uneventful journey, the 
Gulf of Mexico. Hei'e, after solemn prayers and songs. La 
Salle took possession of the valley of the Mississippi, in the 
name of France, set up a cross, buried beside it a leaden 
tablet with French coat of arms, and named the new land 
Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. 

This handful of men in the midst of nature so over- 
poweringly grand with its waters, its forests and its extent 
must have experienced a sensation of bewilderment when, 
with a wooden cross and a few words they brought an im- 
mense country under the dominion of a ruler four thousand 
miles distant, whose dynasty was destined to annihilation 
in the revolution of a coming century; while here, in the 
lap of virgin nature, slumbered the future of a free and 
powerful people. 

The erection of a fort at this place for securing a strong- 
hold and a depot for the luci-ative fur trade, would have been 
advantageous. But La Salle, being frequently left without 
support from the French government, and, being already in 
debt to his friends on account of his former expeditions, 
could not avail himself of this opportunity and started on 
his journey home. 



LA SALLK S THIRD VISIT TO PARIS. 451 

The .small boats liad a hard straggle against the strong 
current of the river and danced like nutshells on the large 
waves. The very trying journey greatly exhausted La Salle. 
Attacked by a violent fever, he was obliged to land on the 
'way. while Tunty with tin; crew hastened on to the land of 
the Illinois, in order then; to fortify their position as much 
as pos.sible, as a protection for the new discoveries. La Salle 
soon followed, accompanied by Father Membre and was, 
together with Tontj', occupied in the early fall with the 
erection of Fort St. Louis on the " Starved Rock " which 
they brought to completion in the course of the winter. The 
Illinois and a few neighboring tribes had meanwhile settled 
around the camp, increasing the settlement to 20,000 souls. 

It was now the earnest wish of La Salle to return to 
France in order to assure himself of more efficient aid from 
the French government. But two things detained him: An 
invasion threatened by the Iroquois and the fall of his 
friend Frontenac, whose successor, La Barre, showed himself 
in every way unfriendly to him. La Salle needed goods to 
win the good will of the Indians by bartei'ing, and a re- 
inforcement of his small troop. La Barre, however, held 
back not only the provisions, but also the men who had 
already been destined for Fort St. Louis. La Salle was 
therefore obliged to remain at his post and, while occupied, 
as usual, with his plans, to await further developments. But 
when, in the fall of 1(383, the dreaded invasion of the Iroquois 
had not yet taken place, La Salle, no longer able to bridle his 
impatience, sailed for France. The invasion then occurred 
during his absence, in March 1G84. But the fort held out; 
and the disapiioiuted besiegers withdrew after six days. 

Arriving in Paris, La Salle found that La Barre had 
already set in circulation calumnies which were intended to 
depreciate the value of his discoveries and to dejirive him of 
the tenure of Fort Frontenac and the land of the Illinois. 
Ili're again LaSalle s personality, as well as his glowing account 
of the perils encountered by him and the magnitude of the 
interest at stake, produced so deep an impression that La 



J52 LA SALLE SAILS FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO. 

Barre was recalled and everything needed for a new ex- 
l)edition lavishly granted. 

On August 1. 1684 La Salle sailed from France that he 
was never to see again. He had a fleet of 4 ships and was 
accompanied by his brother Cavelier, by Father Joutel and' 
280 volunteers. 

La Salle was commander-in-chief, but unfortunately one 
Beaujeu who had long been in the French service was 
appointed commander of the fleet. This man, as stubborn as 
he was envious, although La Salle's subordinate, knew ho-w 
to raise difficulties for his superior on every occasion. 

His disregard of La Salle's orders soon caused the loss 
of one of the ships that fell into the hands of a Spanish 
cruiser. After a long delay, caused by La Salle's illness 
they finally reached the Gulf of Mexico, but sailing along 
the coast, either by negligence or intention on the part of 
Beaujeu, the mouth of the Mississippi was missed and they 
found themselves on the bare, sandy coast of Texas, where 
while landing, another ship was lost. 

La Salle then urged Beaujeu to make a new attempt to 
find the mouth of the Mississippi. This proposition, how- 
ever, the latter opposed, and sailed back to France with 
one ship. 

La Salle left alone with the last ship, landed his crew 
and from the debris of the stranded ship built a fort on the 
shore of Matagorda Bay. 

Now followed two long years that La Salle spent in 
search of the "unlucky river," as his people called it. The 
small colony was during that time, greatly reduced by illness 
and death. To crown their misfortunes, the last ship strand- 
ed while cruising in the bay. In this desperate situation 
La Salle boldly resolved to reach Canada on foot by crossing 
. the American continent, accompanied by only a few men, 
and thence to bring relief to the crew he left behind. 

The party consisting of 17 men and 5 horses, started on 
their journey on Jan. 12. 16S7. On the way a quarrel arose 
among his men, over the flesh of two young buff"aloes. 
According to the customs of hunters the best pieces fell to 



LA SALLE S DEATH. 453 

the one who killed the animal, but some of the men wished 
to keep these for themselves. The ((uurrel that arose from 
words recklessly uttered, found a very tragic end in the 
murder of the marksman and his tAvo companions perpetrated 
the followin.i^ niuht by the surgeon Liotot and four others. 
To the fear of i)unishment whieh the murderers felt was added 
the long cherished desire of ridding themselves of the hated 
La Salle. While waiting for a favorable opportunity for 
carrying out their designs, chance threw him in their way. 
La Salle, uneasy on account of their absence, went in ((uest of 
them. The moment that he called to one of the consi)irators 
from a distance to ascertain the whereabouts of the others, 
one Duhaut fired a shot from an ambush, hitting La Salle in 
the head. He fell to the ground without uttering a sound. 
This happened on March 19. 1687, in the 43rd year of his age. 

The murderers then surrounded their once dreaded, now 
fallen leader and vented their hatred in the coarsest expres- 
sions, whereupon they threw the bodj', stripped of its cloth- 
ing, into the bushes, as a i>rey to the wild beasts. 

The instigator of the deed, Liotot, and the murderer, 
Duhaut, were shot a few days afterward in a quarrel with 
their comrades. Thus the two wretches received a speedy 
reward; but their death could not make good to the world the 
loss of the extraordinary man. 

Among the great number of nien whose names are con- 
nected with the discovery and exploration of the new world, 
La Salle holds a prominent place. The results of his labors 
during 10 years cannot justly be regarded as the standard 
by which to judge the man. In his undertakings he had, as 
we have S(>en, only too often to rely upon his own resources; 
the inconstancy and feebleness of the Canadian government 
making it impossible to give him the support he merited. 
But his personality, his courage, his presence of mind in the 
hour of danger, make him withal, a character unique and 
fascinating. His organization, physical as well as mental, 
iMtwerful though it was, was too strongly accentuated, thus 
containing the germ for his destruction. He was inclined to 
subordinate all the comforts of life to his pursuits. Ke- 



454 TOXTY's " LIFE OF LA SALLE." 

quiriii^t;' the same devotion from others who had no share in 
the flight of his faney and tlie fire of his genius, was as im- 
prudent as it was unjustifiable, and it is not surprising that 
his obstinacy and his scorn of all contradiction should raise 
up enemies against him. 

A passage from Tonty's " Life of La Salle "' will i)erhaps 
best illustrate the relations existing between him and his men: 

"Our men, discouraged by the long and wearisome jour- 
ney the end of which could not be foreseen, loath to vagrate 
in forests and deserts where they had no other company than 
wild beasts and savages, without guide, without means of 
transit, without provisions, could at length no longer refrain 
from expressing their scorn for the originator of so weari- 
some and dangerous an undertaking. Mr. La Salle, discover- 
ing with his extraordinary penetration the cause of their dis- 
content, sought by all possible means, to avert its conse- 
quences. To encourage them and to persuade them to 
continue the journey, he pictured to them the glory of the 
undertaking, the example of the Spaniards, the prospect of 
rich booty and everything likely to fire the imagination of 
man. But all these representations, like oil poured on fire, 
served only to feed their discontent. Thej^ replied: Ai'e we 
forever to remain the slaves of his whims, and to listen to his 
wild fancies and his foolish expectations? And shall what 
we have suffered, serve only to throw us into new dangers 
and privations, merely to gratify the ambition or the folly of 

a man without mercy? 

* * 

Thus was ended, by the hand of the treacherous mur- 
derer, a life that the perils of the wilderness, envy, ill-will 
and constant misfortune had been unable to break; in like 
manner is the mighty ship wrecked upon the hidden crag. 



CHICAGO FROM 1686 TO 1829. 455 

The Jcatli of liiiSalU' involved the dissolution of ths 
couipiiMy. Leavinji behind the men who had participated in 
the murder, the five remainiuit men (one of them was Henry 
Joutel, a Freneh priest and authority for these notices) con- 
tinued their journey and reached, on Sept. 14, 1687, Fort 
St. Louis on the Illinois River, where they met with a hearty 
reception. An attempt in the fall of the same year, to push 
forward to (.anada came to an unexpected end at Chicago. 
Having been retained by unfavorable weather until the spring 
of lt)88, the small company made then a second attempt to 
continue their journey, reached Chicago safely which had by 
that time become a favorite portage, sailed, towards the end 
of March 16S8 to Canada and thence to France, where they 
first announced to the world the death of La Salle and the 
particulars of the ill-fated expedition. 

While these events were taking place, the Canadians 
were in expectation of news from La Salle. His departure 
from France having been known to them and the French 
j)osts in the land of the Illinois, the^' indulged in the boldest 
si)eculations as to the success of the expedition of the famous 
traveller. 

On Feb. 13, 1686, Tonty started with fifty men to meet 
La Salle. He soon reached the mouth of the Mississippi, 
and expected to find his friend La Salle somewhere there 
at the head of a thriving colony. But seeing no trace of him, 
he was compelled to return, leaving everywhere on his route 
traces of his presence and entrusting a letter to La Salle to 
one of the neighboring Indian tribes. Returning to his post 
among the Illinois, he soon afterwards received a visit from 
the five companions of La Salle above mentioned, who, how- 
ever, in order to borrow monej' in La Salle's name, witheld 
from him the news of his death. 

The plans of La Salle were not again taken taken up 
until lG!(!t, when two Frenchmen Ihirvillc. and Bienville, 
after having reached the mouth of the Mississippi and 
received Tonty's letter to La Salle, laid the foundations for a 
colony, which is now known as the city of New Orleans. 



456 ■' FORT CIIICAGOU *' ERECTED 1684. 

There being, then, a connection between the gulf of 
Mexico and Canada with the shortest route leading through 
Chicago, the French erected in course of time a number of 
forts along the route from New Orleans to Canada, in order to 
defend their new possessions in case of need. One of these 
was 'Fort Chicagou" erected probably as early as 1684 and, 
according to a report of 1685, garrisoned with 60 men under 
the command of captain de la Durantaye. 

According to the notes of the French missionary St. 
Cosme who traveled with several companions from Mackinac 
to the land of the Illinois, there was, in 1699, besides a small 
French colony, a thriving mission of the Jesuits at Chicago, 
between two large villages of Miami Indians, each containing 
150 huts. A boy, as he relates, belonging to the company 
ha4>pened to go astray in the high prairie grass and could not 
be found until two weeks later when he had lost his mind 
and was entii-ely exhausted. 

About this time the puritan settlements in the East begin 
to develop rapidly. Chicago, however, remains for 131 years 
longer a short stretch of land settled by a mere handful of 
people, but slowly gaining in importance as a portage for 
caaoes. 



At the beginning of the 18th century the country around 
the Chicago portage being the scene of frequent wars between 
the Illinois and Iroquois Indians, the Chicago route became 
unsafe and was gradually forsaken. About 1718 the Miami 
Indians were wholly driven from the neighborhood of Chicago, 
and about 1722, the hostile Fox Indians had advanced as far 
as the fort near Starved Rock and Lake Peoria. The French 
forces were frequently in the greatest danger, the settlers were 
murdered in sight of the cannon of the fort and the war 
which kept raging in upper Illinois for nearly half a century 
interrupted only by periodical but always unsucessful attempts 
for the establishment of friendly relations, crowded the name 
of Chicago for a time from memory. 



ARUIVAI, OK .roiIN KTXZIK, 1804. 457 

Tn July 1778, some cliicfs of tho Tliiiois Indians trans- 
ferred, for a handsel of five shillings and some goods, two 
strips of land East of the Mississippi to the Onion (Chicago) 
river,and including all the land of the city of Chicago, to one 
William Murray, an Englishman, of whom we have spoken 
In the beginning of this history. Murray in turn resold the 
land in 1780, at the time of the war between America and 
Kiigland, to a company of Englishmen that had been formed 
in Philadelphia under the name of the 'Illinois Land Com- 
l)any." This company offered in a petition to congress, to 
cede the immense strips of land which they had obtained for 
almost nothing, against a re-transfer to them of one quai'ter 
(if it, in order to obtain a government title. Congress 
was in favor of granting the request, but the senate 
dismissed it on the ground that a direct transfer of land by 
Indians without the sanction of the government was null and 
void. Two other attempts the company made in 1792 and 
17J>7, for obtainincr recognition of their title were equally 
uiisTiccessful. 

The first non-indigenous settler in the Chicago region, was 
according to the rei)ort of the British commander at 
Miehilimackinac, (who speaks of "Eschikagou") B<(pfisfe 
Point de Saihle, a handsome and well educated negro, who 
lived in a small hut on the northern bank of the Chicago 
river and was, being a friend of the French, regarded with an 
evil eye by the English. He was a wealthy fur trader, a man 
who enjoyed life and was not averse to a good glass. Having 
for seventeen years unsuccessfully aspired to the honor of 
becoming a chief of the Pottawattomie Indians, he left the 
place in 17!1G and went to Peoria. His successor was a 
Frenclinian named Le Mai, who in the spring of 1804 trans- 
ferred his log cabin to John Kinzic, justly called the "father 
of Chicago". 

John Kinzie, born at Quebec, in 1773, of Scotch parent- 
aere. had. after serving an apprenticeshij) in a silversmith's 
shop, settled at Detroit, where he devoted the time left him 
])y exercise of his profession to trading with the Shawnee and 



458 CHICAGO an idyllic picture of peace. 

Ottawa Tiidiaiis. He settled at Chicago in the spring 
of 1804, and soon enlarged Le Mais cabin to a more 
comfortable dwelling, which he shared with his wife and his 
young son. This house was for many years the only one in 
the Chicago region occupied by a white man. How long it 
remained there cannot be determined; but sure it is, that it 
disappeared before 1830, in the first period of development 
of Chicago. Situated in the angle formed by the lake and 
the north bank of the river, it was directly opposite Fort 
Dearborn, erected later, presenting with its four poplars in a 
small garden before the house, and the green lawn gently 
sloping toward the river, an idyllic picture of peace. An 
occasional Indian loitering about or leading a pony packed 
with furs; an idle French-Canadian; the sentinel pacing to 
and fro in front of the fort opposite; a soldier lying in the 
grass, or another shooting the numerous wild ducks— this 
was the whole life at the colony composed of four cabins. 
Various games shortened the long hours of pioneer life, and 
sometimes the other settlers, Ouilmette. Pettell and Le Mai. 
all French-Canadians, would, with their Indian wives, or 
some guests from the garrison, waltz to the tunes from John 
Kinzie's fiddle. There being no inn, the transient strangers 
were always hospitably received at Kinzie's house. This 
hospitality was often accompanied by amusing incidents, an 
example of which is the following, after the version of a 
later daughter-in-law of Kinzie: 

"A transient Southerner, a man of means and education, arrives 
at Chicago and asks for shelter for himself and his horse. Being 
directed to John Kinzie, the stranger is hospitably received by the 
latter, led into the parlor and presented to two ladies who happen to 
be there. After having been served with a good supper, the 
stranger asks for a boot-jack and quietly takes of his boots in 
presence of the astonished ladies. Before retiring he gives his orders 
for his breakfast. Highly pleased to find it satisfactory on the 
following morning, he concludes, the weather lieing moreover 
stormy, to stay another day; tired of reading, he walks up and down 
the room, chatting with his hosts. 

On the following day, the weather having improved, the 
stranger makes ready for his departure and asks for the bill. 



JOHN' kixzie's hospitality. 450 

"Vou do not owe anything," says Kinzic <iuictly, "my house is 
not an inn." 

•'What, not an inn? And I have behaved in this manner in a 
private house!" exclaims the traveller, who now begins to excuse 
himself assiduously. The hosts, who had from the first noticed the 
erroneous impression, under which their guest labored, forgave him 
rea<lily. 

John Kiiizio, who was carrying rfn a thriving business at 
Chicago, was very much respected for his i)robity by the 
Indians as well as the garrison. He established, in the 
(•nurse of year-*, a number of remote trading stations, whence 
ii is agents tran.sferred the furs to Chicago on horses or in 
canoes. Aside from this, he still exercised his profession, 
furnishing the red-skins, (who called him shaw-neawkee, 
silversmith) with small but much demanded silver trinkets, 
lie served the garrison as sutler, became later Indian agent 
of the United States, then justice of the peace, and finally 
representative of the American Fur Company. 

John Kiiizie lived constantly at Chicago, (except from 
1S12 ISK), the time between the destruction an re-erection 
of Fort Dearborn) until 1828, iii which year he died at the 
age of G,"). Mis earthly remains were buried near his house 
on the shore of the lake and later transferred to the old 
burying ground on North av. and Clark st., and thence to 
Graceland Cemetery. 

Kinzie was so much loved by the Pottawattomie Indians 
that they gave his widow $3,500 in the Indian treaty of Sept. 
20. 1828. 

The first settlers at Chicago lived for many years on the 
best of terms with the surrounding Indians. But in the 
course of time the increasing number of white men in the 
West began to })e viewed with suspicion by the more 
powerful Indian tribes and occasional disturbances, several 
murders of white men by the Indians, though at places 
remote from Chicago, commenced to throw their shadows on 
the life of the colony. 



460 TECUMSEH PLANNING THE UNION OF INDIAN TRIBES. 

Teciinisth^ the p<)werful chief of the Shawanese Indians, 
and the last worthy representative of the noble Indian race 
already doomed to destrnction, was at that time at the zenith 
of his fame. A man of great intelligence and sound judg- 
ment, he saw clearly, that the white man and the fire-water, 
his most powerful ally, meant the ruin of his own race, and 
therefor did everything in his power to check the progress of 
the whites. And in order to counterbalance their pernicious 
influence he preached the return to the simplicity of the old 
life, personally setting the good example. His chief plan 
was to form a union of all the Indian tribes, for the defense 
of their country. To this end he was ably seconded by his 
brother who, pretending to be in direct intercourse with the 
other world, travelled about the country communicating the 
revelations he had received in a dream — in reality his 
brother's plans- to the mystically inclined Indians, and 
meeting everywhere with an enthusiastic reception. When, 
in the spring of 1808, he arrived at the small Tippecanoe 
river, emptying into the Wabash, the redskins gathered 
around him from far and near to listen to the celestial 
revelations announcing the return of the old independence. 

These events were naturally observed with the greatest in- 
terest by the small colony at Chicago. The United States fort, 
which had so long been promised to the settlers had since 
become a fact. It was begun in July, 1803, by a company of 
United States troops under the command of Captain John 
Whistler, and completed in the fall of the same year. It was 
located on a strip of land, measuring six square miles, ceded 
by the Indians to the United States government in 1795, 
and lying at the mouth of the Chicago river, southwest of the 
shore of Lake Michigan. 

This fort, called F(n-t Dearhorn, consisted of two log 
cabins with adjoining drill grounds, fenced in by a strong 
paling. A subterranean passage connected the fort with the 
river. The garrison was 69 men strong and disposed of three 
small cannon. In a two-story log house west of the fort 
was the United States agency. Adjoining was a lot fenced in 
and used as a garden. 



ORDER TO EVACUATE FORT DEARBORN, 1812. 461 

For six years the life at the fort was undisturbed, being 
spent in military service, in hunting, angling, bartering with 
the fur traders who now and then arrived, or the Indians who 
came to receive the rations granted them by the government. 
The only event of any importance was the arrival of anew 
captain, Nathan Heald. 

Hnt in the .summer of ISIO traces of the influence of 
'rccumseh and his brother were manifested among the 
I'ottawattomie Indians in the Chicago country, who had 
always been friendly to the white men. Having attended at 
St. Joseph a rally of different tribes, they were excited, 
and the chiefs had to exert all their influence to avoid the 
outt)reak of hostilities. An Indian force under the command 
of the prophet had been disi)ersed by the United States 
troops under General Harrison, near Tippecanoe, and this 
event was soon followed by the news of the murder of sev- 
eral white men. The settlers around Fort Dearborn com- 
menced to feel alarmed, and when in April 1812, eleven 
Winnebago Indians had murdered and scalped two inhabit- 
ants of the so-called Lee Place, (a farm on the south arm of 
the Chicago river, in the vicinity of the Bridgeport of to-day) 
they took especial precautions for their protection. 
Several attempts of the Indians to trouble the peace of the 
small colony having been unsuccessful, the rest of the year 
passed away quietly; but meantime new clouds had gathered 
on the political horizon. 

On June 18. 1812, the United States had declared war 
against England. The English having won Fort Mackinac in 
July of the same j'ear, the commander at Chicago was ordered 
to evacuate Fort Dearborn, to go by land to Detroit and to 
dispose of the public property at his discretion. Having 
heard that the provisions in the fort were to be distributed 
among them, the Indians came pouring in from all sides, and 
after six days the cotnmander who, relying on the friendship 
of the I'ottawattomie Indians, did not hasten to take his de- 
parture, saw himself in consequence of his heedlessness, con- 
fronted by nearly five hundred armed Indians, and thereby 
placed in a very dangerous jiosition. Left with the alternative 



462 rESSTON op THK provisions to the INDIANS. 

either to obey the order and face the danger, or to hold the 
fort until the arrival of reinforcements, he could not decide 
either way. A friendly Indian who had delivered the order of 
evacuation, suggested that the fort be abandoned as soon as 
possible, in order not to give the Indians an opportunity for 
concerting measures, and that, to divert their attention from 
other things, the provisions be gradually distributed. This 
suggestion was approved by John Kinzie, who knew from his 
long intercourse with the Indians, how slow they were in 
forming their plans. The young officers on the other hand 
were in favor of holding the fort at any price. But the com- 
mander rejecting both propositions, resolved, very much to 
the detriment of all concerned, to follow his own ideas. 

A consultation with the Indians, on Aug. 12, resulted in 
their promising to give the troops and the settlers safe-guard 
in exchange for cession of the provisions. On the following 
day arrived Captain Wells, the Indian agent at Fort Wayne, 
together with thirty friendly Miami Indians, who wished to 
join the garrison. Seeing the great danger in turning over 
to the Indians the rich provisions of whiskey, ammunition 
and guns, the forces committed the mistake of emptying the 
whiskey into the lake and destroying the rest of the ammuni- 
tion. This flagrant breach of faith exasperated the Indians. 
One of the chiefs called on the evening of April 14, on the 
commander to return to him a medallion granted to him by 
the government for his friendly services, saying that he 
could no longer restrain the young warriors from o])en re- 
bellion. 

Provisions and ammunition being destroyed it was im- 
possible to hold the fort and there remained only the alter- 
native of retreat, which was dangerous enough considering 
the great number of hostile Indians and their exasperated 
disposition. 

Before the retreat, fixed for August 15, at 9 a. m., there 
arrived a message for John Kinzie, from a friendly Indian 
chief, assuring him safe conduct to St. Joseph, saying, that 
an attack by the accompanying Pottawattomie Indians was be- 
yond question. Kinz-ie hoping to exert his great influence over 



THE .MAShAPRE OF 1812. 463 

the Indians in favor of the parrison, deflined for himself, 
but sent his wife, his children, nurse and two servants on 
the safe route. Scarcel}' had they arrived at the mouth of- the 
river, when they received a message to halt. 

The troops had just left the fort in fiood order, accom- 
panied by the notes of a funeral march, and turning South 
along the shore of the lake, had reached a number of sand hills 
separating the shore of the lakts from the jirairie, when the 
accomiianying Indians, alxuit t"(K) in number, switched oif 
behind those hills. After a niarcli of about a mile and a half. 
Captain Wells who had been riding in advance of the 
column, suddenly galloped back to announce an immediate 
attack by the Indians. His words were almost immediately 
followed b.v a discharge from the sand hills, which the 
troops, being hastily drawn up in fighting array, answered. 
The Miami Indians accompanying them, thereupon took to 
their heels and disappeared in the prairie. The great number 
of the Indians soon brought the fight to a close. After two- 
thirds of the white men had been 'cilled, tjie rest struck arms 
after being assured tiiat their lives would be sjiared and an 
exchange be effected as soon as practicable. The attack was 
most savage. All the children of the colony, twelve in num- 
ber, were butchered, and the women who defended them- 
selves bravely, i)ersecuted. John Kinzie's wife Avas dragged 
into the lake bv two fricndlv Indians who thereby saved her 
life. 

After the attack, the fort was pillaged and the booty 
yet remaining, distributed. 

The Indians, having arraj'cd themselves in the women's 
clothes, bonnets, shawls, ribbons and feathers, they- had 
plundered, would, but for the gravity of the situation, have 
made a most ridiculous impression. The fort was burnt on 
the following morning. 

Shortly afterwards arrived a detachment of Wabash In- 
dians, who wished to take part in the pillage of which they 
had been apprised. But seeing they had come too late, they 
resolved to take tlieir share at any price, thereb}' endanger- 
ing the life of Kinzies step-daughter, who in a clever dis- 



464 REBUILDING FORT DEARBORN, 1816. 

guise, barely escaped to the French family Ouilmette. The 
latter, bein,^ on good terms with the Indians, had nothing to 
fear from them. 

Then the Indians went to the house of John Kinzie 
where they found the whole family assembled. Grood luck 
would have it, that at this moment of the greatest danger 
Billy Caldwell, (commonly called Sau-ga-nash) a half-breed, 
a chief of the nation, and a friend of John Kinzie, 
ai>peared on the scene. The savages, embarrassed by his 
presence, and ashamed to acknowledge their bloody pur- 
pose, modestly asked for some white cotton to wrap their 
dead, and on securing it, took their departure peaceably. 

Three days later John Kinzie and his family were taken 
to St. Joseph, Mich., whence the latter proceeded, in Novem- 
ber, to Detroit, leaving behind John Kinzie, who did not 
join them until January of the following year. 

The scope of this book forbids making mention of the 
interesting details attendant upon the escape of Captain 
Heald and wife. Lieutenant Helm and wife, and many other 
survivors. 

The fort then lay in ruins until four years later, in 1816, 
peace having been concluded, and the rule of the United 
States over the lakes established, the fort was rebuilt on a 
somewhat more extended and altered plan. The scattered 
remains of the victims of the massacre of 1812 were then 
buried, and two companies of infantry under the command of 
Captain Bradley stationed at the fort. 

Order being re-established, John Kinzie promptly 
returned with his family; the friendly Indians followed, new 
settlers arrived, and soon the life at the small place regained 
its old aspect. 

The treaty of St. Louis, in which the Ottawa and 
Chippewa Indians ceded to the United States a strip of land 
extending ten miles North and as many miles South of the 
mouth of the Chicago river, from Lake Michigan to the Kan- 
kakee, Illinois and Fox rivers, was concluded in the saniQ 
year. 



ORflAMZIN(J THE ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL COMPANY. 




V— ilfc-Tr'.y.^L'xi ^-,-,-!- ^ ^'--*.^ - - '' , "11 I MM 







In 1823 the garrison was removed from Chicago, the 
government having meanwhile obtained a footing on the 
Mississippi, which made a post in Chicago superfluous. 

From 1828-1831, and again from 1832-1836, the fort 
was again garrisoned. But on Dec. 29. 1836, it was definitively 

given up by the 
government; the 
troops were with- 
drawn, and all of 
the fort but one 
small building, 
was ultimately 
demolished in 
lSo7. This build- 
ing was moved to 
the South end of 
Hush str. bridge, 
on the lot on 
which stands to- 
day the ware- 
house of the firm of W. 31. Hoyt, where it remained until 
1871, when it perished in the great fire, together with many 
other monuments of old Chicago. 

A marble slab on the house of W. M. Hoyt commemorates 
the history of the former post. 

In the fourteen years from the re-construction of Fort 
Dearborn in 1816, until 1830. Chicago developed but little, 
and hardly changed in its outward appearance. 

During these j'ears however, the plan of constructing a 
canal between the lakes and the Mississippi (already con- 
ceived by Joliet, as mentioned in the beginning of this 
history) was seriously considered by Congress, and on March 
30, 1822, ten thousand dollars were granted for the survej' of 
the land through which the canal was to be cut; the State of 
Illinois being authorized to build the canal on land belong- 
ing to the United States, and receiving besides, a land grant 
of ninety feet on each side of the canal. Subsequently, in 

465 



466 LAYING OUT THE TOWN OF CHICAGO. 

1825, the Illinois and Michigan Canal Company was 
organized, which, after having with the aid of the State of 
Illinois, made several attempts to realize the project, came to 
the conclusion that, a loan being, for a long time, out of the 
question on account of the depression of the monej' market, 
a successful realization of the project could be effected only 
through an additional grant of land by the government. The 
advocates of the enterprise, (among whom representative 
Cook was especially ardent), having succeeded in obtaining a 
magnificent grant of land extending on both sides of the 
canal, over 284,000 acres, among which were 113,000 acres of 
fertile prairie land, the success of the enterprise was 
assured, and the name Chicago, which (as was mentioned in 
the introduction to this history) then signified the whole 
region about the city of Chicago of today, began to gain «a 
a more precise meaning. 



CHICAGO FROM 1830 TO 1836. 

The canal commissioners appointed by the legislature "to 
lay out the route of the canal, to survey cities, to sell 
land and to expend the revenue therefrom for the construc- 
tion of the canal," commenced in October, 1829, to lay out the 
town of Chicago, and on August 4. 1830, the survey of James 
Thompson, the government surveyor, was published, showing 
for limits of the city the present State, Madison, Desplaines 
and Kinzie streets, with an area of about three-eights of a 
square mile. The number of inhabitants in Chicago did not, 
at that time, exceed one hundred, partly whites and partly 
half-breeds, besides the two companies of U. S. Infantry sta- 
tioned at the fort. 

The hamlet of Chicago grew but little in the first year of 
its existence, as the canal commissioners did not sell much 
land, although the lots now constituting the most valuable 
property, sold for from f 11 to |T0, and the land outside the 
city limits mentioned above, was offered at only $1.50 per 
acre. 



TIIK CUEATIOX OF COOK ("OL'NTY. 467 

111 Muicli, 1831, the picsout Lake, McHeiny, L)uPa,a;e 
and Will counties were added to the precinct of Chicago, 
and the whole district named Cook County after Hon. 
Daniel H. P. Cook, in recognition of his services for the 
passage of the canal bill and the land grant in connection 
with it. 

In June, 1881, the garri.son was removed to Green Bay, 
and the fort and other government ])roperty placed under the 
charge of the resident Indian agent. 

The first commissioners of Cook County held a session on 
April 13, 1831, imposing a tax of j per cent on all estate, real 
and personal, and granting the two first licenses for the sale 
of liquors; one to Elijah Wentworth for seven dollars; and 
the other to Samuel Miller for five dollars, with a fixed 
schedule of prices for lodgings, drinks, etc., as follows: 

Each half pint of wine, rum f)r l)i-an(ly 25 cents. 

Each jiint do 37}^ 

Each half pint of gin i8^ 

Each pint do S'X 

Each gill of whiskey .o6jij^ 

Each half pint do 12^ 

Each pint do ■. i83^ 

Eor each breakfast aixt supper 25 

Eor each dinner 37/4 

Eor each horse fed 25 

-Keeping horse one night 50 

Lodging for each man jier night 12^ 

Eor cider or beer, one pint 06^ 

For cider or beer, one quart I2|^ 

It was besides resolved to run a ferry-boat over the 
Chicago river at its bifurcation, and to grant a number of 
business licenses. 

Toward the close of September of the same year, the 
peace of the settlers v/as greatly disturbed by the arrival of 
about four thousand Indians, who had come to receive their 
yearly supplies. Although by no means in a friendly mood, 
they were entreated by Billy Caldwell (Sau-ga-nash) an in- 
Hnential half-breed, who was a mutual friend to both parties 
to leave the place quietly, which they did, after having 
indulged in a wild drinking bout. 



468 TPIE BLACK HAWK WAR. 

The winter of that year passed quietly. Mark Beaubien, 
(of whom more anon) placed all his social talents at the dis- 
position of the settlement; music and dances, debates in the 
club and an occasional wolf hunt within the present limits of 
the city, helped to pass the time away. 

The young colonj' were sanguine in their expectations of 
the new year, hoping for an increased number of new 
arrivals, when in the spring the news spread of the hostile 
movements of Black Hawk, a famous Indian chief, who was 
on his way to Canada, murdering and pillaging everything he 
encountered while traversing Illinois and Michigan. The 
sparse pojmlation of the neighborhood, unable to offer resist- 
ance, fled to Chicago, seeking refuge in Fort Dearborn, 
which however, at that time had no garrison, but only a com- 
pany of volunteers to do patrol service. The settlers, as may 
be imagined, were in great distress, knowing perfectly well 
the fate in store, if the Indians made a successful raid upon 
them. The situation was aggravated by the news that the 
Ottawa, Pottawattomie and Chippewa Indians, who all be- 
longed to the Chicago agencies, were considering the induce- 
ments held out to them by Black Hawk. The fear among 
the settlers was so great, that, according to the testimony of 
a witling, they were, upon awaking in the morning, in the 
habit of assuring themselves, that they still were in possession 
of their scalps. But again it was owing to the influence of 
Billy Caldwell, the half-breed, that the peaceful relations ex- 
isting were preserved. 

The colony was somewhat re-assured by the arrival on 
June 17. of a small number of U. S. troops, who were quar- 
tered in tents outside of the fort. Four other companies, 
under General Scott, reached Chicago by steamboat on July 
10, but these, instead of inspiring the colonists with greater 
confidence, brought with them the cholera, an enemy hardly 
less dread'ed than the Indians. The families were summoned 
to leave Avithin twenty-four hours, the fort which was to re- 
ceive the troops and the patients. This order was promptly 
obeyed, although it involved great hardships for the refugees 
who were now without any shelter until they succeeded in 



IMPROVINO CHU'.AdtO IIARROR. 4g9 

buildino; some teiui)()raiy shanties. Only a small number of 
them had IVmnd ivf'nge in houses deserted by settlers tleeing 
from the cholera. Being destitute of cooking-utensils, lack- 
ing proper food and being^ crowded together, their 
situation, es|)ecially that of the patients, was almost insup- 
portable. 

Another steamer, arriving on July 18, brought more 
soldiers suffering from eliolera. Two days later, the troops, 
who had lost a hundred men within ten daj'S, started for the 
battle- field, but learned on the way thither, that on August 2. 
an encounter with an issue unfavorable to the enemj' had 
terminated the Black Hawk war. 

Although, having in no wise contributed to the military 
success, the troops that had been stationed at Chicago and 
marched through Northern Illinois, Southern Wisconsin and 
the beautiful Bock Biver Valley, were of great benefit to the 
future of the citj', since they pictured to the East in the 
liveliest colors the beauty and fertility of the sections they 
had traversed, thereby causing a very considerable increase 
in the number of emigrants who, stopping at Chicago on 
their way to the far West, greatly enlivened the place. In 
the fall of 1832, the settlement offered a very curious aspect: 
New emigrants, of all sorts and conditions and of correspond- 
ing exterior arrived daily on foot, on horseback or in 
wagons and continued after a short stop, their journey West. 
With all this Chicago had gained but twent3' souls by the 
close of the year; but its favorable geographical situation, its 
natural advantages as a harbor, had commenced to attract 
the attention of intelligent people, which found its expression 
in the now rapidly increasing number of new settlers. 

So manj' new settlers arrived in the spring, 1833, that 150 
new houses were built; at the same time the chances of the 
city were materially improved by a grant of $25,000, by Con- 
gress, (voted on March 2. of the same year) for the improve- 
ment of Chicago harbor. 

The Chicago river had so far been inaccessible for laden 
vessels, in consequence of a shelf of sand situated across its 
mouth. In order to open the entrance to it, about five 



470 AN INDIAN CAMP. 

hundred feet of the Southern liarbor dam were completed in 
the course of 1833, and as much of the Northern dam in the 
following year, thus cutting off the old channel that turned 
South. The dredging, which had hardly been begun, was, 
in the spring of 1834, suddenly brought to an end by the high 
water of the river, which swept away the remains of the 
bank and permitted for the first time large vessels to enter 
the river. 

An event of still greater importance for the city was. 
however, the treaty with the Chippewa, Ottawa and Potta- 
wattomie Indians, concluded in September, 1833, in which 
they ceded to the United States a large part of Northern 
Illinois, Southern Wisconsin and large sections of land in 
Indiana and Michigan. The surroundings of Chicago, being 
thereby opened to white settlers, and riddened from the 
dangerous neighborhood of the Indians, the city was greatly 
benefited by the treaty. 

The Indians, discouraged by the defeat of Black Hawk, 
and deteriorated by many vices adopted from the whites, 
(especially that of excessive drinking) after long urging, re- 
luctantly gave their assent to the stipulations of the treaty. 

Chicago presented in those days a curious picture. Be- 
sides emigrants in all imaginable array, there were the camp 
of five thousand Indians besieged by a host of adventurers, 
who were trying by all sorts of tricks to take advantage of 
the drunken red-skins; land-sharks, Indian-traders, horse- 
thieves, liquor-peddlers, in short, all sorts of desperadoes of 
white, black and red shades, half-breeds and other mixtures. 
There was an incessant noise about the town from early 
dawn till late at night. After the whites had done swearing 
during the day, the red-skins began to howl at night. Life 
in public was filthy, and the homes were full of squalor. 

On the wide prairie interesting scenes from Indian life 
could be observed: Indians on foot or on horseback, exer- 
cising with their spears; a race between Indian ponies, 
accompanied by the wild yells of their riders; a council of 
grave, deliberating chiefs; near by a drunken Indian, 
brandishing his bowie-knife, surrounded by his neighbors. 



TTIK rjRKAT rnT'xriT,. 471 

trying to fjuiet hiiii; a family witli ladea ponies and wolf 
dogs, about to leave the place; a drunken Indian on the arm 
of a com]>aiiion, opposite his squaw, whose weeping and wail- 
ing would be heart-rending, were it not that she too is 
drunken; at every step drunken people staggering about or 
lying on the ground— a pitiful picture of the deterioration of 
a race once so healthy and manly. 

The great council in which it was decided to cede the land 
above named, to the United States government, was a touch- 
ing affair, says Charles J. Latrobe, an English traveller, from 
Avliose graphic accounts the above pictures are taken. It had 
been preceded by a preliminary meeting, in which the U. S. 
commissioner opened the negotiations by saying that the 
great father in Washington, having heai'd of the intention of 
the Indians to sell their land, had sent them a commissioner 
to negotiate with them, whereupon the Indians replied 
jiromptly through their interpreter that the great father must 
have met an ominous bird who told him a falsehood; for they 
were far from wishing to sell their land. 

The commissioner then said that having come together 
in a council, the question had better be considered; and he 
l)roceeded forthwith to acquaint them with the wishes of the 
great father, asking them to give him their opinions about 
the question. Being thus driven to the wall, the chiefs 
looked up to the skj' and, observing a few clouds, declared 
the weather was not favorable enough for so weigthy a 
deliberation. Thereupon thoy adjourned. 

We here quote Latrobe: 

"Day after day passed. It was in vain that ll>e signal-gun from 
the fort gave notice of an assemblage of chiefs at the council tire. 
Reasons were always found for its delay. One day an inlluential 
chief %> as not in the way; another, the sky looked cloudy, and the 
Indian never performs an important business except the sky be clear. 
At length, on the 2ist of September, the Pottawatomies resolved to 
meet the Commissioners. We were politely invited to be present. 

The council fire was lighted under a spacious open shed on the 
green meadow, on the opposite side of the river from that on wliich 
the Fort stood. I'rom the difficulty of getting all together, it was 



472 OONCLUDINO THE TREATY. 

late in the afternoon when they assembled. There might be twenty 
or thirty chiefs present, seated at the lower end of the enclosure, 
while the Commissioners, Interpreters, &c. were at the upper. The 
palaver was opened by the principal Commissioner. He requested to 
know why he and his colleagues were called to the council. An old 
warrior arose, and in short sentences, generally of five syllables, de- 
livered with a monotonous intonation, and rapid utterance, gave 
answer. His gesticulation was appropriate, but rather violent. Rice, 
the half-breed interpreter explained the signification, from time to 
time to the audience; and it was seen that the old chief, who had got 
his lesson, answered one question by proposing another, the sum and 
substance of his oration being — 'that the assembled chiefs wished to 
know what was the object of their Great Father at Washington in 
calling his Red Children together at Chicago.' 

This was amusing enough after the full explanation given a week 
before at the opening session; and particularly when it was recollected 
that they had feasted sumptuously during the interval at the expense 
of their Great Father, it was not making very encouraging progress. 
A young chief arose and spoke vehemently to the same purpose. Here- 
upon the Commissioner made them a forcible Jacksonian discourse, 
wherein a good deal which was akin to threat, was mingled with ex- 
hortations not to play with their Great Father, but to come to an 
early determination, whether they would or would not sell and ex- 
change their territory; and this done, the council was dissolved. One 
or two tipsy old chiefs raised an occasional disturbance, else matters 
were conducted with due gravity. 

The relative positions of the Commissioner and the whites be- 
fore the council-fire, and that of the Red Children of the Forest and 
Prairie, were to me strikingly impressive. The glorious light of the 
setting sun streaming in under the low roof of the council-house, 
fell full on the countenances of the former as they faced the West — ■ 
while the pale light of the East, hardly lighted up the dark and paint- 
ed lineaments of the poor Indians, whose souls evidently clave to 
their birth-right in that quarter. Even though convinced of the ne- 
cessity of their removal, my heart bled for them in their desolation 
and decline. Ignorant and degraded as they may have been in their 
original state, their degradation is now ten-fold, after years of inter- 
course with the whites; and their speedy disappearance from the earth 
appears as certain as though it were already sealed and accomplished." 



CHIOA(i() T.VCORPORATED AS A TOAVN. 473 

Tlie treaty was signed on Sept. 26. 1833. Only one of 77 
chiefs was able to write his name. The others affixed, as a 
sign of assent to the stipidations of the treaty, a cross under 
it, which was ex])lained by adding the names, as Sluiw-waw- 
uulc-wiik, his X mark, Shdw-u-e-nwii-e-tcfy, his X mark, etc. 
The treaty granted to the Indians five million acres of land 
on the East side of the Missouri; the amount of $470,000, 
jiayable in different sums and at different periods; an annual 
l)ension to si)ecia]ly mentioned individuals and for twenty 
years a yearly payment of $14,000, as an indemnity for the 
cession of their lands. 

Even before the conclusion of the treaty, (which every- 
body felt sure would be effected) the incorpoi-ation of the 
town of Chicago was concluded on Aug. 5. 1833. The first 
town-trustees wer selected on Aug. 10, and tlie limits of the 
town enlarged to Jackson street, on the south, Jefferson a^wJ 
Cook streets, on the west, Ohio street, on the north; aiTd 
north of the river, to the lake, and south of the river, to State 
street, on the east. After the election of the officers, Chicago 
was, at the close of 1833, a town legally and completely or- 
ganized, with a population of about 250. 

The place extended at that time, along the south side of 
the river (the present South Water street) West to the settle- 
nujit at the bifurcation of the river. There were, besides, a 
lew shanties in the prairie, the present South side, and a few 
North of the river. The whole, however, had a pitiful ap- 
pearance. Coming from the South, out of the oak grove 
lunir 24th street, one could look over a wide plain to the 
banks of the river, sparsely dotted with trees. A large pool, 
forming a sort of bay, and allowing ferry boats to sail up 
as far as Randolph and Dearborn sts., connected with the 
South bank of the river, where to-day State street begins. 

A tannery and a saw-mill were the only industrial 
establishments. The meat interest, which has since grown 
to such gigantic proportions, was represented by George W. 
Dole, who erected at the south-east corner of Water and 
Dearborn sts. the first large frame house, in which he 
slaughtered and packed during the winter, several hundred 



474 EARLY TRANSPORTATIOX FACILITIES. 

pieces of cattle and pork, which were shipped to Detroit and 
New York in the spring. 

Charles Butler, a brother-in-law of the well-known old 
settler, William B. Ogden, travelling in the summer of 1833, 
from New York to Chicago, gives in the account of his 
journey, some interesting details as to then existing trans- 
portation facilities. Having reached Detroit by a steamboat 
from Buffalo, he continued his journey by land, following in 
his vehicle and with the aid of a guide, the only way to 
Chicago, an Indian path which led through Southern Michi- 
gan and Northern Indiana to Michigan City, a hamlet of a 
few houses in the midst of a desert of sand. On the morn- 
ing after his arrival, his host unfolded, according to Butler's 
own humorous statement, a plan of Michigan Cit}\ owned by 
him and surveyed at his instance, explaining to him with 
much enthusiasm that this place was destined to become the 
great harbor of Lake Michigan, urging him at the end to 
purchase a few lots. Thence the journey was continued on 
horseback along the shore of the lake. He speaks with much 
warmth of the first impression he received of the surround- 
ings of Chicago. The view of the wide prairie gilded by the 
setting sun; the seeminglj' boundless surface of Lake Michi- 
gan; the absence of all animal and of every sign of human 
life; all this impressed him as a beautiful picture of peace. 

The place itself, however, inhabited by a few hundred 
people who lived in houses of the most primitive character, 
bearing the mark of haste, being mostly mere shanties joined 
together in a few days, was a great disappointment to him. 
The emigrants who arrived almost daily in vehicles of all 
sorts, camped usually under the cover of their wagons until 
more jiermanent shelter was provided for them. A house, 
so-called, was generally erected in a few days; the majoritj^ 
of contracts for building houses stipulated a week for the 
execution of the work. There were almost constantly from 
200 to .300 strangers at Chicago. Butler says that in his inn, 
which was filled with emigrants and travellers to the last 
corner, the partitions of the various rooms were formed by 



PREPARING THE EXECUTION OF THE I. & M. OANAL. 475 

upright stands, with sheets attached to them. A large part 
(»f the floor was, every night, covered with guests. From the 
east window of my room situated in a house on the west side 
of the south arm of the river, I could see Lake Michigan be- 
yond Fort Dearborn near the shore of the lake, and the few 
very low houses of the settlement; and follow the course of 
the river, the water of which was, from its bifurcation, as 
clear as the water of the lake. 

The condition of Chicago, her future and that of the 
surrounding country, was naturally the subject of all dis- 
cussion. The large section between Lake 3Iichigan and the 
Missis<5i]ipi, which was then considered the western boundary 
of the West, and the country on the northwest of it — in- 
cluding the whole of Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa — was 
at that time an entirely uninhabited land with a luxuriant 
vegetation and a virgin soil. 

The eastern part of Michigan was then inhabited by 
20,000 people; the western part was only a sparsely populated 
wilderness. Northern Indiana was in a similar state, and 
Northern Illinois, including Chicago and the section toward 
the Mississippi, had only a scattered population, settled gen- 
erally along the western rivers. 

The project of connecting Chicago with the Mississippi, 
1)3' the Illinois and Michigan Canal was again and again 
taken up. The Congress of the United States had long ago 
encouraged the construction of the canal by donating every 
alternate section of the land to be traversed bj' the canal. But 
the State of Illinois had so far taken no steps. 

The entire trade of the Mississippi valley was then in 
the hands of New Orleans. The canal was universally re- 
garded as a boon not only to Chicago, but to the whole 
country, and spurred on by the general interest felt in the 
subject, the legislature of Illinois took in its session from 1834 
to l)%>o, preparatory measures by granting a loan for the exe- 
cution of the canal which was finally com]»leted in 1818 in spite 
of the financial difficulties, which be.set the State treasury 
and temporarily interrupted the work. With regard to these 
difficulties, the canal, when completed, was regarded not only 



476 THE GREAT LAND CRAZE. 

as a monument of the spirit of enterprise of the State of 
Illinois, but also of its conscientiousness in fullfilling its en- 
gagements. 

The tide of emigration setting in in the spring, 1834, after 
the conclusion of the treaty with the Indians, in Sept. 1833, 
Chicago ^as unable to accommodate the great mass of people 
looking for shelter, and the majority therefore camped in 
covered wagons oj: under some other temporary roof. Real 
estate, which had so far had no precise monetary value, hav- 
ing been purchased or disposed of by way of barter, for 
horses, etc., kept pace with the growing development of the 
place, the buyers became more and more numerous, a mass of 
real estate agents were pushing the sales, and in consequence 
of all that, a lot which had a year before been a burden on 
account of the annual tax of two dollars, or had seemed too 
high at twenty dollars, rose suddenly to fifty dollars, two 
days later to sixty and in a fortnight more to a hundred 
dollars. Toward the close of the year almost everyinhabitant 
was, besides exercising his regular profession, speculating in 
real estate; not with a view to investment, but to the gain 
realized from quick sales. 

The speculating fever reached its culminating point in 
1835. An auction by the government, lasting four entire 
months, had attracted, besides a number of bona fide sett- 
lers, a host of adventurers and speculators. The large gains 
realized in the shortest time from the sale of land, and 
the well founded confidence in the future of the newly 
opened regions, led to the formation of the most extrava- 
gant plans, and Chicago was the place where all these 
phantasmagories were realized. Large strips were day after 
day sold by the government at $H per acre; and only a few 
days later the land was resold in lots properly laid out on 
neatly drawn and colored plans, showing the streets of the 
future city, already baptized with some Indian name, the 
public squares, sites for school houses, churches, etc. The 
speculators thus parcelled out the greater part of Illinois, 
Michigan and Wisconsin, prairie, forest and sandy ground, 
located cities and streets, which, without having a house or a 



THE CRISIS (IF 1S37. 477 

man to show, were sold and resold within a few weeks. A 
goodly number of places, such as Koshkonong, Oquaka, Wis. 
and others were sold several times without existing either at 
the time of the sales or thereafter. Places which, according 
to the judgment of speculators, were destined to become im- 
portant harbors on rivers or lakes had a special attraction for 
them, and hardly a mouth of a river, however insignificant, 
was spared being made the site of a new city. The humorous 
side of the situation was not wanting; for very few of the 
buyers having personally seen the purchased lands, and the 
survey being, in many cases, inexact, the city with the 
strange Indian name could frequently not be found on the 
land, but was according to the plan, located in the I'iver or 
lake. 

Values in land of all kinds, an endless number of farm 
and wood-lands, a mass of titles, of more or less doubtful 
origin, etc., were in the market, and wherever men met, the 
trade in land was the one absorbing subject of conversation. 
The more extravagant the project, and the more remote the 
land, the greater was the craze for it. Considering that the 
same territory which was then the object of wild speculation, 
is even to-day sparsely populated, with its five million 
people, and at that time was inhabited probably only by the 
hundredth part of the population of to-day, the pursuit of 
those days must appear all the more extravagant. 

This unwholesome state of things resulted from the attrac- 
tion which the enormous gains realized from the speculation 
in land exercised over the capital stored up at the large 
mnney markets of the East, Boston, Philadelphia and New 
York. The country was moreover at that time flooded with 
bank notes, which by authorization of the loose legislatures 
of several states, had been issued in amounts altogether in- 
commensurate with the legitimate wants of business. These 
large means did not care for solid investment, but for the 
mere gain realized from the reselling of purchased land. 
Although there existed among intelligent people a certain 
distrust in the artificial values, everybody hoped to sell out 



478 FRf^M 1838 to 1870. 

before the outbreak of a crisis which was imminent and 
suddenly set in. 

On June 23. 1836, Congress passed a law instructing the 
U. S. treasury to withdraw the privilege of deposit of all pub- 
lic moneys from any banks which should at any time refuse 
to redeem their notes in cash and to refuse, at the same time 
to accept their notes in the U. S. offices. Very few banks 
disposing of sufficient cash to redeem their large issue of 
notes, a general suspension of cash payment, and the ensuing 
insolvency of most Western banks in May, 1837, was, after a 
long depression of business, the final outcome of the situa- 
tion. The consequence of this was a sudden fall of the 
prices of real estate in the West. A large part of it was in a 
short time reduced to the price it brought three years before, 
i. e., to about one-tenth of the price it had brought before the 
crisis. The burden was, however, born for the most part not 
by the settlers at Chicago, but by the Eastern speculators. 

1838-1870. 

The history of Chicago, as we have followed it down to 
this time, is intimately connected with individual men and 
localities; from here the interests of the community com- 
mence to preponderate. W"e observe the wheel-work of 
business interests commencing to co-operate; we see the 
development of highways of travel and commerce, and how 
provision is made for the common necessities of all; in short, 
we follow the constantly changing conditions of a great and 
flourishing community. Only individual features of such a 
history can be passed in review; its most essential points 
have been touched upon in other places; and its whole extent 
lies beyond the scope of this book. 

The most important events of the period from 1838 to 
1870 are: the Great Flood in the year 1849; the Great Crisis 
of 1857, and the Great American Civil War, which broke 
out in 1861. Other incidents that will be briefly mentioned 
under special dates, will be given principally to impress the 
contrasts in the very brief and extraordinary development 
of the city. :, * * * 



FRo.M 1838 TO 1870. 479 

The beginnins of the year 1838 was gloomy enough. 
Business in general was growing constantly duller, and the 
once so flourishing real estate business was almost wholly in 
the hands (if the sheriff. To tliis general distress there was 
added an epidemic malarial fever, caused by the drj'ing up of 
the swampy soil of the region in the unusual heat of that 
summer, to the fatal attacks of which many of the inhabit- 
ants fell victims. 

Courage, however, was not lost, for in the second story of 
a wooden store a theater was opened which bore the ambitious 
name " Rialfo." 

The year 1831) brought only a continuation of the oppres- 
sive conditions, which were still more heightened by the fact 
that the notes of the Michigan banks, which were circulating 
extensively in the little city, became worthless through the 
collapse of those banks. And on the 23d of October of the 
same year, the State Bank of Illinois, with its many branches, 
suspended its payments. On the 27th of October, the (jreat- 
est Jirc that the city had experienced nj) to this time destroyed 
the Trcmoitt Jlonse and seventeen other houses, entailing a 
loss of $6(K0OO. 

Not until 1842 was there any marked improvement in 
the business and growth of the city. A T^nited States bank- 
ruptcy law went into effect, and many of the merchants of 
the city took advantage of its provisions. On April 13, 1843, 
the first tri-weekly express began to run between Chicago 
and the East. On the 21st of April, a city ordinance went 
into effect, which declared the hogs that roamed at large a 
hindrance to traffic and banished them from the streets. 

The good old times finally returned in 1844. Over 600 
houses were built and the population increased to over 12,000. 

In 1845, work on the canal, which had been suspended 
on account of the lack of funds, was again resumed. And 
on the 26th of November, of this year, the first newspaper in 
the German language, the " CJiicdnit VollisJ'riim<J ^" nuide its 
a])pearanc('. 

In lS4(i. ("liicauo was made a port of entry, and on Jul}' 
5, 1847, the great ^ River and Harbor Coiicention assembled 



480 THE GREAT FLOOD. 

here. On the 15th of January, 1848, the first telegraphic 
despatch was sent over the line between Milwaukee and Chi- 
cago. On the 10th of April, the first boat, the '' General 
Frye," passed through the Illinois and Michigan Canal; and 
on the 25th of October, the lirst trial trip was made on Chi- 
cago's first railroad, the " Galena and Chicago Union Road." 

The year 1849 brought with it the outbreak of the Cali- 
fornia gold fever, which drew away a large number of the new 
settlers of Chicago. But the most important event of the 
year was the Great Flood. The winter, with its abundant fall 
of snow, was followed by frequent heavy rains. In the early 
days of the month of March, after several days of continu- 
ous rain, the ice in the Des Plaines river broke loose and 
jammed itself in the river-bed, so that the water flowed oflf 
into Mud Lake. From there it made its way into the south 
arm of the Chicago river; the ice of the latter was lifted by 
the swollen waters and swept toward the lake by the swift 
current. Between nine and ten o'clock, on the 12th of 
March, the crashing and crushing of the ice as it broke up 
was heard in the southern end of the city. We quote below 
a very vivid description from " Blanchard's History of the 
Northwest:" 

Of course each owner or person in charge at once sought the 
safety of his vessel, added additional moorings to those already in 
use, while all waited with anxiety and trepidation the result of the 
totally unexpected catastrophe. It was not long in coming. The 
river soon began to swell, the waters lifting the ice to within two or 
three feet of the surface of the wharves; between nine and ten A. M. 
loud reports as of distant artillery were heard towards the southern 
extremity of the town, _ indicating that the ice was breaking up. 
Soon, to these were added the sounds proceeding from crashing tim- 
bers, from hawsers tearing away the piles around which they were 
vainly fastened, or snapping like so much pack-thread, on account of 
the strain upon them. To these in turn were succeeded the cries of 
people calling to the parties in charge of the vessels and canal boats 
to escape ere it would be too late; while nearly all the males, and 
hundreds of the female population, hurried from their homes to the 
banks of the river to witness what was by this time considered to be 
inevitable, namely, a catastrophe such as the city never before sus- 



THE GREAT FLOOD. 481 

taineil. It was not long before every vessel and canal-boat in the 
South Branch, except a few which had been secured in one or two 
little creeks, which then connected with the main channel, was swept 
with resistless force toward the lakes. As fast as the channel at one 
spot became crowded with ice and vessels intermingled, the whole 
mass would dam up the water, which, rising in the rear of the ob- 
struction, would propel vessels and ice forward with the force of an 
enormous catapult. Every lightly constructed vessel would at once 
be crushed as if it were an egg-shell; canal-boats disappeared from 
sight under the gorge of ships and ice, and came into view below it 
in small pieces, strewing the surface of the boiling water. 

At length a number of vessels were violently precipitated against 
Randolph-street bridge, then a comparatively frail structure, and 
which was torn from its place in a few seconds, forcing its way into 
the main channel of the river. The gorge of natural and artificial 
materials — of ice and wood and iron — kept on its resistless way to 
the principal and last remaining bridge in the city, on Clark Street. 
This structure had been constructed on piles, and it was supposed 
would prevent the vessels already caught up by the ice from being 
swept out into the lake. But the momentum already attained by the 
great mass of ice, which had even lifted some of the vessels bodily 
out of the water, was too great for any ordinary structure of wood, 
or even stone or iron to resist, and the moment this accumulated ma- 
terial struck the bridge, it was swept to utter destruction, and with a 
crash, the noise of which could be heard all over the then city, while 
the ice below it broke up with reports as if from a whole park of ar- 
tillery. The scene just below the bridge after the material composing 
the gorge had swept by the place just occupied by the structure, was 
something that bordered on the terrific. The cries and shouts of the 
people, the crash of timbers, the toppling over of tall masts, which 
were in many cases broken short off on a level with the decks of the 
vessels, and the appearance of the crowds fleeing terror-stricken from 
the scene through Clark and Dearborn streets, were sounds and sights 
never to be forgotten by those who witnessed them. At State street, 
where the river bends, the mass of material was again brought to a 
stand, the ice below resisting the accumulated pressure, and the large 
number of vessels in the ruck, most of which were of the best class, 
the poorer ones having previously been utterly destroyed, helping to 
hold the whole together. In the meantime several canal boats, and 
in one instance a schooner with rigging all standing, were swept 
under this instantaneously constructed bridge, coming out on the ea§t- 



482 FIRST RAILROAD IN CHICAGO. 

ern side thereof in shapeless masses of wreck, in the instance of the 
schooner, and of matchwood in the instance ot the canal boats. 
Presently the ice below this last gorge began to give way, clear water 
appearing, while a view out into the lake showed that there was no 
ice to be seen. It was then that some bold fellows, armed with axes, 
sprang upon the vessels thus jammed together, and in danger of de- 
struction. They succeeded in detaching the vessels at the eastern 
end of the gorge, one by one, from the wreck, until finally some ten 
or twelve large ships, relieved from their dangerous positions, floated 
out into the lake, their preservers proudly standing on their decks and 
returning, with salutes, the cheers of the crowd on sh<<re. Once in 
the lake, the vessels were secured, in some cases by dropping the 
anchors, and in others by being brought up at the piers by the aid of 
hawsers. 

In the winter of 1849, when the population was 23,047, 
cholera made its ai)pearanee in Chicago, and spread con- 
stantly, until in August the death rate had risen to thirty in 
a single day. 

The most important events of 1850 were the opening of 
the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad to Elgin and the 
lighting/ of the city hy gas. 

On the 20th of February. 1852, the first through railway 
train on the Michigan iSoutliern R. R. arrived from the East, 
and was received with salvos of artillery. And this was fol- 
lowed on the 21st of May by the first train on the Michigan 
Central R. R. 

On the 7th of February, 1853, the new Court House was 
occupied. On the 23d of April, a great ovation was given by 
the Scandinavians to their countryman Ole Bull, the famous 
violinist. 

The first train on the Chicago cf- Rock Island R. R. ar- 
rived June 5, 1854. From June till September a malignant 
type of cholera prevailed. 

The year 1855 was marked by the great " Beer Riot.'' 
iVn attempt by the dominant party to bring about a reduction 
in the number of saloons by increasing the license fee from 
$50.00 to 300.00, as well as the enforcement of old Sunday 
laws against saloons, created much bad blood. An attempt 
to liberate several saloon keepers who had been arrested led 




SOUTH CUXGRLGATIUNAL CHURCH, 
iJicxcl Boulevard, Northwest corner of Forlicht Street. 



484 THE r.REAT CRISIS. 

to a fi^lit between the police and the rioters, in which the 
latter suflFcred the death of one man, the wounding of sev- 
eral more, and the arrest of 60 others. This ended the affair. 

On the 30th of May of this year, the railroad to Burling- 
ton, Iowa, was opened. 

The first steam-tugs were used in May, 1856. 

In 1857 occurred the Great Crisis which affected the 
whole country. A large number of merchants failed; several 
banks susijended; the city's orders could not be paid and 
went to protest; and the business situation was much de- 
pressed. But the population of the city had increased to 
93,000. 

The year 1861 brought with it the outbreak of the Civil 
War. The enlistment and equipment of troops and the erec- 
tion of the famous Camp Douglas on Cottage Grove ave. and 
33d St., brought much life into the city. The camp, which 
covered about fifteen blocks, was first used by the Illinois 
volunteers, and later for the detention of prisoners of war. 
Chicago took the most active interest in the care of the 
wounded; and the organization of many aid societies, the 
great Chicago Sanitarj/ Fair, as well as the events of the 
war, completely occupied the public interest. 

The next important event, and indeed the most import- 
ant in the history of Chicago, was the Great Fire of the year 
1871. 



THE GREAT FIRE. 



At the time wlioii in iMiuutrics of the old world the 
heat of .siiimuer and ;i short autuinii are, almost without trans- 
ition, succeeded by the rudeness of winter, this country enjoys 
the most delij^htful days of the year, the Indian summer. 
A new activity sets in. A fertile soil has rewarded the 
hiishandman with rich harvests; the winter with its needs is 
appniachinir, and the liveliest intercourse between city and 
country during the whole year, the fall trade, begins. So it 
had always been, and the prospects for the wholesale business 
of the city of Chicago which was increasing year after year, 
were brighter than ever in October 1871. An inland popu- 
lation of more than eleven million people was accustomed to 
supi)ly its wants from this market, and the most feverish 
activity could scarcely meet the demands of the gigantic 
traffic which, crowded into a few months, terminates the suc- 
cessful commercial year. Not a cloudlet on the sky to disquiet 
the good people of Chicago. 

But the ironj'^ of fate would have it that a cow should 
upset all human calculations. 

On the West Side of the city, near the crossing of De- 
Koven and Jefferson sts., in a locality densely covered with 
^he small fninu; houses, barns, sheds and high wooden fences 
of a poor population, stood the house of the now liistorical 
Mrs. O'Leary. On the evening of the fatal Monday. Oct. 8, 
1871, the heroine of this episode went into her barn with a 
kerosene lanij), intending to feed or milk her cow. While 
doing this, the cow, signalizing either satisfaction or the 
opi»osite, kicked with one of her hind leirs and upset the lamp. 

485 



4<^(^ THE GREAT FIRE. 

An explosion; burniiii? oil spreading over the hay and 
straw around, an immense flame which soon reaches the low 
roof of the barn, and the most fatal chapter in the history of 
Chicago had begun. 

This version of the origin of the fire, seeminglj' supported 
by a later discovery of a kerosene lamp in the ashes of the 
barn, has been frequently attacked. The poor woman who 
according to the statements of her neighbors, ran up and 
down in front of her burning property, cursing the cow, after- 
ward denied it all. It is possible that the enormous conse- 
quences entailed by the accident, opi)ressed the mind of the 
woman with a sense of guilt, and that fear led her to change 
her account' of it. Be that as it may, this is the favorite 
theory and, it has been popularized in various manners by 
numerous verses and pictures of more or less merit. 

Insignificant as the whole occurrence was in itself, in con- 
juncture with certain conditions prevailing in the city it was 
unfortunately very favorable to the development of a large 
conflagration. 

In the article "Architecture of the City" we have shown 
that more than two thirds of the city consisted of wooden 
buildings, and have given the reasons therefor. To this must 
be added that wooden sidewalks were commonly used, these 
being replaced by stone only in the business portion of the 
city and that inhabited by the wealthy. The erection of 
wooden buildings in certain parts of the city had been for- 
bidden by law; but the ordinance had been in eflFect since 
1865 only and had therefore changed but little the existing 
order of things. The law that was passed tml}' with great 
difficulty was, on the other hand, constantly violated by the 
erection of new wooden buildings, the authorities frequently 
deeming it in the interest of their popularity not to enforce 
it. Thus the number of wooden buildings, in the new fire 
district, remained about one half of all, a new brick building 
almost always alternating with a new frame house. 

Thus a large part of the so-called business centre con- 
sisted of wooden buildings, some of them very miserable. 
The portion extending a few blocks South between La Salle 



THE rtUEAT FIRE. 43-^ 

and Madison streets and- the river, where to-day the wholesale 
business is so admirably located, was at that time covered 
with numerous miserable booths half-decayed. There were 
but a few better establishments. The population was made 
up of a ,s;reat number of mongers of all sorts, prostitutes and 
other doubtful characters. The so-called Conley-P|tch, a 
portion of those <(uarters situated alouii! the river, lodeed the 
most datif^erous elements in the city. 

Even the better class of buildings which is to-day so 
honorably represented in Chicago, was then oj)en to much 
censure. The "Chica.iro Tribune" published on Sept. 10th, 
but a month before the fire, ai)ui).<ient editorial on the subject: 

"Cliicago, as wc arc all persuaded in our secret hearts, and as 
we sometimes venture to hint in our more confidential moods, has 
some things to be proud of. So conscious are we of our merits, and 
so confiilent of our superiority over all other places, both in the Old 
World and the New, that we can estimate at their true value the 
carping criticism and envious jibes of peripatetic letter-writers, who 
profess to find in us something of the spirit of self-glorification and 
something of that overweening sense of our own excellence, which 
assumed that wc have nothing to learn from the experience and the 
ways of older communities. It is well enough for them whose growth 
has been slow, and whose development has been gradual, to talk of 
arslonga; it is only for us to remember the other half of the rusty 
old adage, that life is short, and to do what we do quickly, per- 
suaded that, if only a thing is done at all, it is necessarily done well 
because we do it. If our buildings sometimes tumble down over 
our heads, because we run up walls, a hundred feet or more in 
height, of a single brick's thickness; if our magnificent cornices 
sometimes come rattling down into the street in a high wind, be- 
cause their seemingly beautiful stone carvings are only ingeniously 
molded and skillfully painted sheet-iron; if our stately Gothic church- 
towers sometimes topple over, or depart from the perpendicular, be- 
cause they are tin only, and not the massive stone they are meant 
to represent; if our marble fronts are sometimes only thin veneers, so 
chamfered as to cheat the eye into believing that they rest upon solid 
blocks; if on these fronts we stick figure heads of stucco, or soft 
stone, in places where, neither in the heavens above nor in the earth 
beneath, there can be found any reason for putting Ihcm at all, or any 



4h8 THi! QREAi' PlRE. 

reason whatever even for the existence of such effigies; if we mix up 
Ionic and Corinthian, Renaissance and Elisabethan, in inextricable 
confusion, their lines of Ijeauty and of strength preserved in ever- 
lasting pine and shingle-nail and putty — in doing these and a hundred 
other things like them quite as shocking, when judged by any true 
standard in art or science, we hug ourselves with a comfortable feel- 
ing of self-complaisance, and rejoice, and possibly boast, that if we 
have not got the real thing itself — if we are sure we know what that 
is — we have got, at least, the semblance of it. And the worst of it is, 
we are growing content with that semblance. The dispensation of 
veneering, of sheet-iron, of pine planks, of stucco, of the meretricious 
in architecture and the false in art, seems of late to be becoming the 
established order, and if so be that we can achieve the outside appear- 
ance of some respectable reality, we are quite indifferent to the fact 
that the thing itself is only a sham and a cheat, a snare and a lie. 
Whether it is that sudden prosperity has debauched us, this is not the 
spirit that distinguished the Chicago of a few years ago. * * * 
But where is that spirit now? Has it all run to shams and shingles?" 

The exceedingly great draught which had prevailed dur- 
ing the summer, was, furthermore of the greatest moment. 
From July 3rd to October 9th only 2J in. of rain had fallen, 
against an average rainfall of 81 in. in former years. 

The exhaustion of the firemen must moreover be taken 
into account. On the very eve of the great fire, they had, 
after a very busy week, (28 fires, among which several im- 
portant) successfully fought one of the largest conflagrations 
of Chicago (only nine blocks north of the place where the 
great fire originated on the following day). The great area 
of the burning district, four entire blocks with 300 houses, 
had required the services of the whole force, an event which 
occurs but a few times in the course of a year. 

To heighten the calamity a violent wind had arisen in 
the course of the evening, which, the city being situated in 
an open prairie, and exposed on all sides to the winds, had its 
full sweep. 

In a premeditated plan for destroying this city, things 
could not have arranged more favorably. 



490 THE GREAT FIRE. 

A circumstance of most fatal consequences was, liowever, 
the belated alarm of the fire department. The fire had started 
at 8:45, and no later, as is often asserted. Not until 9:15, 
half an hour after the outbreak of the fire, was an engine 
summoned, which found two barns and three sheds ablaze, 
and was at work at 9:172. The firemen of the neighboring 
stations, alarmed by the reflection of fire, which they thought 
was occasioned by a re-kindling of the fire of the night pre- 
ceding, were waiting, from second to second, for a signal for 
their departure, which was, however, not given until 9:32, 
when a so-called first alarm was sounded from the court house 
by the watchman stationed there, who directed, however, the 
engines to a point about a mile south of the theatre of the 
conflagration, thus occasioning an unfortunate delay. When 
the fire marshals arrived a few minutes later, the second 
alarm was immediately sent out, and soon after the third. 
The majority of firemen summoned thereby ai'rived; however, 
too late to render efilcient service, being stationed at too great 
a distance from the fire. At 9:45 a second engine was put to 
work, but was soon disabled bj' a burst in the hose. 

The fire had meantime, within hardly more than an hour, 
spread so alarmingly that the firemen, who then arrived in 
greater numbers, were at a loss where to begin work. When 
the fire was successfully repressed in one place, it spread the 
more fiercely in other places. At 9:30, the fire crossed Tay- 
lor St., thereby spreading beyond the block in which it origi- 
nated; and at 10:20 the whole district was on fire between 
the river and Jefferson st. on the east and west, between 
De Koven and Harrison sts. on the south and north — an area 
of about four blocks, crossed from east to west by Taylor, 
Forquer, Ewing, Polk, Mather and Sebor sts. From Tyler st. 
the fire narrowed down to two blocks (as far as Clinton st. on 
the west); partly on account of a sharp turn of the river on 
the east, and partly on account of the efi'orts of the firemen 
on the west. It had, however, then reached quarters which, 
containing immense quantities of combustibles, made the 
calamity all the more formidable. 

It must here be added that, if the alarms had been sent 



THE OREAT FIRE. ^g-^ 

out ill time, the firo would in all likelihood have been luas- 
tert'il in a short time, as within six minutes three powerful 
enf!;ines would have been on the scene. 

Shortly before 10:80 the fire had arrived at Batehams 
large saw-mill and lumber-j'ard on Canal and Harrison sts. 
A fire in this immeii.se establishment iiivolvint;; the f^reatest 
danj^ers, the owners had for nearly an hour sprinkled the 
wood piles and buildini^s with their private engine. But, in 
spite of the greatest eiforts of the firemen, the fire attacked 
in a few minutes the lumber yard, and the fearful heat soon 
forced the men to give up all further attempts of combating 
the tire, which then rapidly sjMead over the wood and coal 
yards, railroad shops, furniture manufactories, etc., situated 
along the river. It was then evident that all human efforts 
were vain and only a natural bar could bring the tire to a 
stand still. The whole city seemed for a time in danger. 
+ * +• 

When, at about 9:30, a shower of sparks began to descend 
on the adjacent business centre and even on the North Side, 
which was 11 miles distant, the public became alarmed and 
Hocked to the scene of the fire, thereby increasing the con- 
fusion in the streets caused by the calamity and the fleeing 
inmates of the burning houses. 

The roofs of the houses in the business section of the 
South Side were soon tilled with spectators, house owners and 
tenants, who were anxiously watching the i)rogress of the fiiv 
The view of the conflagration was at that time - about 10:30 
— overwhelming; fire and wind emulating in wild fury, made 
it every minute more evident that the efforts of the firemen 
were vain. The fire not progressing regularly, but advancing 
by leai)s, often surrounded the firemen and left them barely 
time to save themselves and their imjilements. At the foot 
of Van Huren st. bridge the men were even obliged to leave 
behind the magnificent engine Fred (Juiid. having scarcclj- 
time enough to save their lives. The fire advanced steadil}' 
northward, in two separate columns, the eastern one progres- 
sing between Clinton and Jeffer.son sts., and reaching at 
11 ;;)(!, the large lumber yards on Van Buren st.; while the 



492 THE (5R£At FIRE. 

western one stood at Harrison st. Thft fire now encountering 
natural barriers on the north, in the scene of the tire of the 
preceding night, in which four blocks had been burned down; 
and on the east, in the river, the firemen concentrated all 
their efforts on the west side of the firo, and indeed sueceeded 
in controlling it there. The wooden draw-bridges spanning 
the river had, of course, been drawn, and the situation began 
to look more hopeful. 

Shortly before midnight, however, a fire suddenly started 
at the corner of .Jackson and Franklin sts., in Parmelee's 
spacious stables, just then completed. This was the most 
fatal moment of the ni^ht. Whatever engines could be 
moved were speedily ordered to that point, and the fire on 
the west left to itself. A house between Adams, Monroe, 
Wells, (5th ave.) and Market sts. cau.s;ht fire almost simulta- 
neously with Parmelee's stables, a large brand carried across 
the river by the violent storm having in a wink set the dry 
roof ablaze. A minute later the whole house was burning. 
The fire then progressed with lightning speed, the district 
along the river consisting of wooden buildings which had 
been prepared for kindling by the hot air carried by the wind 
across the river. In a few minutes the conflagration had 
spread to the centre of Conley Patch, comprising about three 
blocks, whose miserable booths fell an easy prey to it. The 
male inhabitants of that section had almost all gone to the 
West Side in quest of booty. The frightened women, with 
their numerous children, fled in crowds through the streets, 
and, although most of them managed to escape, not a few 
who in their confusion knew not where to go, perished mis- 
erably in the flames. At midnight the fire had reached 
the tar works of the South Side Gas Company on Adams st. 
The firemen, entirely exhausted, were unable to check the 
progress of the fire. In less than five minutes the gas-works 
and the entire block around them were enveloped in flames. 

During this time, the fire on the West Side had formed 
new connections with the South Side by the wooden bridges 
on Polk, Van Buren and Adams sts., and the great number 
of wooden vessels in the river. The immense coal yards on 



THE CJREAT FIRE. 493 

the cast hank of tlie river took fire in a short time, and then 
an unbroken column of fire was established reaching from 
Monroe to Jackson st. There the tire again advanced in two 
separate columns— an eastern one, which soon reached the 
frii)i)crs' booths on Wells st. (5th ave.), and, behind, the busi- 
ness palaces on La Salle st. ; and a noi'thern one, progressing 
thi'ough ^loiiroc st. toward Madison and Washington sts. 

The tire had thereby reached a vast extension, and 
(irt'cred. from elevated standi)oints, a spectacle of overwhelm- 
ing grandeur. A writer in the Post describes the scene as 
follows: 

"Fnim the loof of a tall stable and warehouse to which the writer 
clauibcrccl, the sight was one of unparalleled sublimity and terror, 
lie was above almost the whole fire, for the buildings in the locality 
were mostly wooden structures. The crowds directly under him 
could not be distinguished, because of the curling volumes of crim- 
soned smoke, through which an occassional scarlet rift could be seen, 
lie could feel the heat and smoke and hear the maddened IJabel of 
sounds, and it required but little imagination to believe one's self 
looking over the adamantine bulwarks of hell into the bottomless pit. 
( )m the left, where two tall buildings were in a blaze, the flame piled 
u|) high over our heads, making a lurid background, against which 
were lined in strong relief the people on the roofs between. Fire was 
a strong painter and dealt in weird effects, using only black and red, 
and laying them boldly on. We could note the very smallest actions 
of these figures — a branchman wiping the sweat from his forehead 
and resettling his helmet: a spectator shading his eyes with his hand 
to peer into the fiery sea; another gesticulating wildly with clenched 
fist brought down on the palm of his hand, as he pointed toward some- 
thing we could not sec what. To the right, the faces in the crowd 
could be seen on the streets below, but not the bodies. AD faces were 
white and upturned, and every feature was as clearly mavked as if it 
were part of an alabaster mask. Far away, indeed for miles around, 
could be seen, ringed by a circle of red light, the sea of housetops, 
broken by spires and tall chimneys. To the eastward was the black 
and angry lake. 

"The brute creation was crazed. The horses, maddened by the 
Itcat and noise, and irritated by falling sparks, neiglied and screamed 
with affright and anger, and roared and kicked, and bit each other, 
or stood with drooping tails and rigid legs, ears laid back and eyes 



494 THE GREAT FIRE. 

wild with amazenienl, shivering as if with cold. Dogs ran hither and 
thither, howling dismally. When there was a lull in the roaring, far 
off dogs could be heard baying and cocks crowing at the unusual light. 
Great brown rats, with bead-like eyes, were ferreted out from under 
the sidewalks, by the flames, and scurried along the streets, kicked at, 
trampled upon, hunted down. Flocks of beautiful pigeons, so plen- 
tiful in the city, wheeled up aimlessly, circled blindly, and fell into 
the raging fire beneath. At a bird-fancier's store on La Salle Street 
the cries of his imprisoned pets sounded like human wailings, as the 
suffocating flames reached them. 

"The firemen labored like heroes. Grimy, dusty, hoarse, soaked 
to the skin — time after time they charged upon the blazing foe, only 
to be driven back to another position by the increasing fierceness, or 
to abandon their task as hopeless. Or, while hard at work, the wind 
would shift, a puff of smoke would come from a building behind them, 
followed by belching flames, and they would discover that they 
were outflanked. There was nothing to be done but to gather up 
their hose, and lash the snorting horses through the flames to a place 
of safety beyond. 

The people were mad. Despite the police — indeed, the police 
were powerless — they crowded upon frail coigns of vantage, as fences 
and high sidewalks were propped on wooden piles, which fell beneath 
their weight, and hurled them, bruised and bleeding, in the dust. 
They stumbled over broken furniture and fell, and were trampled un- 
der foot. Seized with wild and causeless panics, they surged to- 
gether, backwards and forwards, in the narrow streets, cursing, 
threatening, imploring, fighting to get free. Liquor flowed like wa- 
ter; for the saloons were broken open and despoiled, and men on all 
sides were to be seen frenzied with drink. Fourth Avenue and Gris- 
wold Street [Pacific Avenue] had emptied their denisons into the 
throng. Ill-omened and obscene birds of the night were they — vil- 
lainous, debauched, pinched with misery, they flitted through the 
crowd, ragged, dirty, unkempt, — those negroes with stolid faces 
and white men who battened on the wages of shame; they glided 
among the mass, like hyenas in search of prey. They smashed win- 
dows with their naked hands, regardless of the wounds inflicted, and 
with bloody fingers rifled till and shelf and cellar, fighting viciously 
for the spoils of their forage. Women, hollow eyed and brazen faced, 
with filthy drapery tied over them, their clothes in tatters and their 
feet in trodden-over slippers, moved here and there — scolding, steal- 
ing, fighting; laughing at the beautiful and splendid crash of walls 



496 THE GREAT FIRE. 

and the falling roofs. One woman was drawn out of a burning build 
ing on Adams Street three times, but rushed back, insane for the mo- 
ment. Everywhere, dust, smoke, flame, heat, thunder of falling 
walls, crackle of fire, hissing of water, panting of engines, shouts, 
bracing of trumpets, wind, tumult, and up oar." 



The fire raging in the western part of the city had been, 
on account of the late hour and the remote scene, but little 
noticed in the southern and northern parts of the city -a fire 
being such a common occurrence that it usually attracts the 
attention of only a few people outside of the district in which 
it is located — the majority of people, in so restless a place as 
Chicago, being occupied with their own afi'airs, and expecting 
the firemen to do their duty. The people in the remoter dis- 
tricts went to bed, ascribing the reflection of the fire to a 
re-kindling of the remnants of the conflagration of the pre- 
ceding night; and not a few did not learn of the calamity 
that had befallen the city until the following morning. 
* * 4. 

It was now about one o'clock in the morning. For a 
whole hour the air in the neighborhood of the conflagration 
had been excessively hot, and in some places it was irapossi- 
sible to approach the fire. Even at great distances the air was 
sensibly heated. Innumerable fragments of burning wood, 
accompanied by a sea of whirling sparks and thick, suflPocat- 
ing smoke, tilled the air. The whole mass, comparable to an 
illuminated snow-storm, was driven by the terrific wind 
through the streets, away over the roofs, and far beyond the 
real seat of the fire. So it happened that, because of the 
flying brands, buildings at great distances away were in 
flames before others in the heart of the conflagration had 
been touched. This was the most dangerous feature of the 
great catastrophe, and wholly beyond the reach of ordinary 
calculations and precautions. Nothing but a fire-brigade 
numbering its men by the thousands and assisted by a corps 
of trained pioneers, might have withstood the fire successfully. 
For it now had entered the long rows of great wholesale ware- 
houses; and the atmosphere took on peculiar conditions, the 



THE GREAT FIRE. 497 

observation of which had jirobably never before been possi- 
ble on such a scale as here, and wliich alone can explain the 
unusual appearances that became visible with the rapid spread 
and intense destructive power of the fire, which was now ap- 
proaching its culmination. 

When, at about one o'clock, the two above-mentioned 
columns of fire had apjiroached each other at La Salle St., and 
the gigantic flames, borne on the wings of the wind, began 
to spread over acres of territory, it was noticed that high in 
the air enormous sheets of flame instantaneously appeared, 
which spread like a great cloth over whole squares of houses, 
barely giving the inmates time to save even their lives. Great 
balloon-like masses of fire swept through the air, suddenly 
descended to the earth like water-spouts, destroying, while 
they broke asunder, every trace of human life and property, 
and so caused the death of many who had taken refuge in 
open places. In many i)laces great glowing arches of flame 
were formed, which spanned whole streets, until a strong 
blast of wind tore them asunder. 

For the explanation of these phenomena, taken at ran- 
dom from among many similar ones, various theories were 
afterwards advanced. We give that of Ellas Colbert as the 
most worthy of notice among them, the scientific foundation 
of which, we have, however, not been able to confirm. Col- 
bert seeks to explain these v>henomena by the liberation of 
vast quantities of carhonic acid from its union with other 
elements, as a result of the immense burning, which, by 
union with the oxygen masses of the air, were changed to 
carbonic acid gas. The presence of even eight per cent, of 
this gas in ordinary air is dangerous to life; and to this is to 
be ascribed the death of the many people who were afterward 
found dead in the vicinity of -the burnt district, but on whose 
persons not the slightest injury by fire could be found. The 
great quantities of water that were evaporated by the fire in 
Chicago, and which filled the air in the form of super-heated 
vapor, were attacked by the carbon present in the air; and the 
carbon formed by union with hydroijen a light carburetted hy- 
drogen gas, while the liberated oxygen also united with carbon 



498 THE GREAT FIRE. 

to form carhonic acid. This carburetted hydrogen, which is 
also known as marsh-gas, and so frequently causes explosions 
in mines when brought in contact with ordinary air, was also 
largely increased in quantity by the coal gas that streamed 
forth from the retorts and thousands of ruptured gas pipes. 
By the mixture of this gas with the ordinary air, the latter 
became in many places highly inflammable, and thus made pos- 
sible the lightning-like and leaping propagation of the flames 
to great distances. In this way also, the remarkable balloon- 
like bodies of fire that had their origin in the upper air, are 
explained as accumulations of this gas, which found the oxy- 
gen necessary for its ignition only at a great height, because 
the oxygen in the strata or air immediately over the fire was 
consumed by the intensely glowing carbon. 

And it was this atmosphere, saturated as it was with hy- 
drogen gas, that kept in a blazing condition the innumerable 
brands that went flying through the air. In an ordinary at- 
mosphei'C these would have quickly died out, but here they 
found, in the great accumulations of hydrogen gas, constantly 
renewed ignition while on the way, and hence fell, still blaz- 
ing, in vast numbers on the Crib, two miles out on the lake. 

Another important chemical change in the atmosphere 
was the formation of considerable quantities of ammonia, 
by the union of hydrogen and the highly heated niti'ocjen of 
the air. But no inconsiderable percentage of the whole 
united with carbon, to form the carbonates of ammonia, or 
become oxygenated more slowly, evolving an abundance of 
nitric acid. To the latter is to be ascribed the peculiar odor 
that was noticed by many in the burnt district after the fire, 
which was remarked by many as identical with that noticed 
after a severe thunder storm, and is now known to be due to 
the formation of nitric acid in the air. 

The peculiarities of the air-currents and their efi'ects de- 
serve especial mention. During the whole continuance of 
the fire, a high wind blew from a southwesterly direction, 
varying hardly more than one or two points of the compass 
from its course above the buildings, from midnight till five 
o'clock in the morning. But when observed from the street 




CATIiEDKAl, OK THK HOLY NAME, 
Lor Superior and N. Slate sty. 



500 THE GREAT FIRE. 

the wind seemed to blow from every direction. The attenua- 
tion of the air arising from the continuously spreading fire, 
resulted in the constant movement of masses of air, and thus 
there arose constantly shifting artificial currents, which 
swept around the corners and through the alleys with the 
force of a whirlwind. 

The violent wind at the same time acting like a blow- 
pipe, fanned the already great fire to a higher pitch of heat, 
and carried up the almost smokeless flames to a height of a 
hundred feet and more. 

Only the combined action of such chemical and physical 
forces as those described above can make comprehensible the 
burning power of the fire. Gigantic stone buildings, which, 
under ordinary conditions, would have fallen only after sev- 
eral hours, here succumbed to the element in as many min- 
utes. It was of little consequence whether the building was 
a so-called fire-proof stone or brick structure. Most kinds 
of stone burst in the heat. Under the influence of the heat 
the much-used limestone separated into layers, which flew 
ofi", snapping like the salvos of an incessant discharge of fire- 
arms. The much-used Athens marble, a kind of pure lime- 
stone which only hardened in the air, even burned when 
pieces of it fell on glowing coals. Walls of fortress-like 
thickness burst asunder, and of the many very substantial 
structures that burned, but very few ruins worthy of mention 
remained standing. Strangely small were the remains of the 
vast masses of stone afterwards found where once large build- 
ings had been standing, and which in many cases only partly 
filled the cellars. Much of the stone that retained its form, 
afterwards crumbled to dust at the slightest touch. The 
many great iron beams and pillars which supported the builds 
ings proved especially fatal. Under the influence of the 
extraordinary heat they either lengthened out or bent, so that 
their burden fell. 

Most remarkable of all was the complete combustion of 
the wood. Of those half-charred remains that are always 
left, even after a fire that has been left to itself, not the 
slightest trace was to be found on the whole vast burnt are^,. 



THE oheat pire. 501 

Only a fine white ash was left. Even the dust and dirt in 
the streets was burned, and only the firm wood-iiaveniunt, with 
its hard ui)i)er surface, remained, although even that was 
badly charred in places, The heat, alone, had raised the rails 
of the street railways from the pavement, tearing up the 
great nails with them, leaving them bent into various serpen- 
tine form.s, lying on the streets. 

The incessant tones of warning that had been pealing 
forth for hours from the great bell in the City Hall; the red 
horizon, fire-tinted for many miles; the thousands of messen- 
gers sent by anxious friends; the word that passed from 
neighbor to neighbor — had by midnight carried the news of 
the common misfortune into every corner of the city. The 
danger att'ected everybody; it threatened the heart of the 
city; and every one, whether merchant or servant, manufac- 
turer or laborer, had some interest here, whether his friend's 
or employer's, which had to sufl'er. 

So by midnight the great thoroughfares of the citj' were 
closely crowded with an excited multitude and vehicles of 
everj' description, whose numbers constantly increased. 
Thousands of busy harrds loaded, with feverish haste, the 
freight-wagons in front of the great stores; innumerable 
wagons loaded with wares and household furniture of every 
description and seeking a refuge on the Lake Shore toward 
tlie north or east, hastened through the streets; among these 
tlie carriage of the rich merchant, anxious to reach the scene 
of the disaster before the fruits of years of anxiety and 
labor vanish in smoke; thousands upon thousands of footmen, 
carrying, lugging, dragging whatever they hope to save, shov- 
ing and trampling under foot whatever gets in their way — 
tlius tlie great stream moved on and increased with every 
passing moment. 

Law no longer reigns. Every one stands for himself, and 
the selfishness of man in despair becomes everywhere pain- 
lully apparent. IMore yet— the greed of the lawless— now that 
the hand id' law can no longer reach them; a robbery such as 
can be imagined only in war-times of centuries gone by now 
sets in. 



502 THE GREAT PIRE. 

In returning to the description of the fire, it needs to be 

remarked that from here it can be described as a whole only 

in its most general features. No one man could survey the 

whole nor even a great jtart of the conflagration, and what 

we know is only the combination of the sej arate expei'iences 

of many. Yet more. The frequent comparison of the 

ruighty catastrophe with a great battle, in which the fight is 

kindled in a hundred places at once, is no doubt apt, except 

that in our ease the other witness of history, the enemy and 

victor, forever silent, will never relate his deeds. 
* * * * 

When, toward one o'clock in the morning, as we said 
before, the two fire-columns, steadily increasing in extent as 
they advanced, approached each other at La Salle st., the 
already enormous conflagration became comparatively greater, 
in spite of the fact that the more substantial and larger stone 
buildings which began here seriously checked its progress. 

At this time the wooden buildings on Market, Wells and 
Franklin streets, and at the river ends of Jackson, Quincy 
and Adams streets, formed one vast sea of flames. 

One of the first of the larger buildings which the fire- 
column moving eastward surrounded, was the Grand Pacific 
Hotel, located as it is to-day, a magnificent new hotel, which 
had just been completed. Almost simultaneously with this, 
the neighboring depot of the Michigan Southern Railroad 
went up in flames. Turning more to the north again from 
here, in hardly more than 20 minutes the raging element had 
made its way as far as Madison and La Salle sts. 

The Chamber of Commerce soon fell a victim, after the 
well known Farwell Hall, and now the fire faced the Court 
House, which was separated from the street on all sides by a 
broad strip of lawn, and stood completely isolated in the 
middle of a whole block. The opinion prevailed that this 
building could surely be saved. In order to check here the 
fire still more effectually, the business palace of the Mer- 
charifs Insurance Company, opposite the Court House, on the 
northwest corner of La Salle and Washington streets, was 
blown up with powder. Thus, a very broad open space, in- 




CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH. 
Cor. Michigan ave. and Twenty- lliird st. 



^04 *HE GREAT i'lftfi. 

eluding the street, was made, but even this could not set 
bounds to the fire. As if this space were nothing but a little 
alley, the gigantic tongues of flame swung over the chasm 
and around the banks and insurance buildings beyond. And 
with this vanished the last hope to repress the ravaging ele- 
ment. At the same time, almost, a light full of evil fore- 
bodings appeared within the City Hall. 

Indeed, the roof of the C !ty Hall haa already caught 
fire several times during the night, which was suppressed by 
the watchmen with the apparatus that was at hand. An in- 
cessant rain of sparks and fire-brands poured down upon the 
building, and at two o'clock in the morning the watchmen 
became convinced that they could no longer hold their post. 
They abandoned the bell, whose continuous sounds had for 
several hours announced the danger to the citizens. They 
were overtaken, however, by the flames, which spread rapidly 
through the whole tower, and only made good their escape 
after being severely scorched. In a very few minutes the 
tower was all in flames, and rose like a smelting furnace out 
above the building, the central part of which fell with a 
thundering crash at twenty minutes past two. 

The great City Hall bell, which was rung by machinery, 
was kept going by the steam engine which the watchmen had 
left running when they abandoned the tower. In the midst 
of the flames, and accompanied by their crackling and snap- 
ping, the deep tones of the bell-strokes pealed forth upon 
the air, until it also, with the central part, fell to the earth, 
tearing with it the iron stair-way that led up to it. 

The bell, which had so faithfully proclaimed the ap- 
proaching dangei', was bought by an Eastern firm. Her 10,- 
800 pounds of metal were recast into little bells, mementoes 
of the fire, and sold by the thousands, in the city and all 
over the country. 

The inmates of the county jail, which was then on the 
ground floor of the City Hall, were, as may be easily imag- 
ined, in a state of no small agitation. Almost choked by the 
smoke, and in fear of being burned alive, they kept up a 
shrill clamor for help, mingled with all conceivable impreca- 



THE OREAT FIRE. 505 

tions and exclamations of despair, and tugged with the 
strength of madness at the iron bars of their cells. When 
the building could no longer be saved the keepers opened the 
cells, and the liberated prisoners, most of them bare-headed 
and bare-footed, ran out howling like demons, into the streets. 
A large freight-wagon, loaded with ready-made clothing, 
which was passing at that moment, was halted by the released 
prisoners and robbed of its load, whereui)on the thieves fled 
to dark and distant passages in order to comi)lcte their toilets. 
Only those arrested for murder were held. 
Just as the bell had broken down, the mayor, Mr. Mason, 
left the City Hall in company with his son. He relates that 
when he ste|>ped out into the street and looked toward the 
south. La Salle street looked like a furnace; Washington 
street presented the same spectacle; and Randolph street, to 
the east, was likewise a great sea of fire. Hastening down 
La Salle st. toward Lake st., he again found everything to the 
east in flames, and at South Water st. the same condition. 
Clark St. was likewise impassible. An attempt to reach the 
North Side through the La Salle st. tunnel proved a failure, 
on account of the crushing mass of human beings. He 
reached the North Side at last over the Wells st. bridge. 
When he arrived at the place where the Criminal Court 
building now stands, at the corner of Michigan and Dearborn 
sts., Wright's stables, northeast of the State st. viaduct, were 
already in flames. But the Rush st. bridge was still passable, 
and hastening over it. they reached their home on Michigan 
ave. and 12th st., at half past three o'clock in the morning. 

The other column of fire had in the meantime worked 
its way in a northeasterly direction toward the lake, as far as 
the corner of Madison and Dearborn sts. There it stood, at 
about four o'clock in the morning, before the Tribune Build- 
ing, one of the finest and most nearly fire-proof l)uildings in 
the city. This had outlived the fate of its neighbors, and 
still stood unscathed, although surrounded on three sides by 
the flames. Then the hope was renewed, as it had been so 
many times before, that here at last the fire would find a 
limit. At four o'clock the Tribune BnUdlng was the only 



506 THE GREAT FIRE. 

newspaper building that was left; McVicker's the only thea- 
ter, and the Palmer House the only large hotel. But the 
flames, advancing from the south, from the Michigan South- 
ern Depot, had devoured the De Haven Block, the magnifi- 
cent Bigeloio House, the two ni^y^sive Honore hrdldings and 
the Academy of Dextrin (66 Adams st.), and had already 
reached the Palmer House. And from here an irresistible 
column of fire worked its way northward, and soon attacked 
the McYicker Theater, which stood east of the Tribune 
Building and was separated from the latter by an alley. In 
a short time the iron shutters of the Tribune Building began 
to bend under the influence of the intense heat, the flames 
found an entrance, and in a few minutes this building, too, 
had fallen beneath its fate. 

Even at this late hour, the opinion prevailed that the fire 
would reach its limit on the east side of State st.; and that 
Wabash and Michigan avenues might be regarded as reason- 
ably safe. But many of the business men on these streets 
found it advisable to remove their more valuable wares to the 
open spaces of Dearborn Park and the Lake Front. Here it 
was believed that there was absolute safety; but this very 
region was to be again the meeting place of the two great 
columns of fire that had started in the region of the gas-works. 

Then, for a number of minutes, the fire held its course 
more to the east, and burned its way through the whole of 
Washington street as far as Dearborn st., reaching then the 
large Crosby Opera House, which had just been renovated 
at a great cost and was to be dedicated that night by the 
famous Thomas Orchestra. And soon afterwards the fire 
had reached the St. James Hotel, corner of State and Wash- 
ington streets, where the two columns of fire again met. 

About this time the fire column that had moved north- 
ward, and, passing Market, Franklin and Wells sts., had 
advanced to La Salle st., had devoured all the cheap buildings 
on its way on Jackson, Quincy and Adams sts., and had 
reached Madison st. The well known Nevada Hotel., a meet, 
ing place of artists, actors, journalists, etc., at the corner of 
Washington and Franklin sts., stood in flames, and turning 



THE GREAT FIRE, 507 

jrratUially tn the northeast from tliere, the fire ran along tlie 
river. 

At tlie INIaJison st. bridge, the f^reatest anxiety was en- 
tertained h'st the f,Meat Oriental Flourinj? Mills, on the west 
shore of the river, should catch fire, and thus the conflagra- 
tion gain once more a footing on the West Side. Fortunately, 
the buildings had for hours been drenched on all sides with 
water by their own powerful steam pump, and in this way the 
danger was hapi)ily met. 

At four o'clock in the morning, this division of the fire 
had aln^ady reached the Bn'(/<js liousc, the M<t ropolitan 
HiiKsc and the large Scliiiftler W(i<jt»i Work-K; and also the 
large i)aint and oil establishment of Heath and Mi/ligan, on 
Randolph street, between La Salle st. and 5th ave., where the 
thousands of barrels filled with oils and other highly inflam- 
mable materials, exploded with thundering detonations. From 
the Randolph st. bridge, toward the east and northeast, noth- 
ing but a great mass of flames was to be seen. Madison street 
bridge had already been impassable for hours, and an inde- 
scribable crush of men and teams of all kinds sought to 
escape to the West Side across the Randolph st. bridge. Col- 
lisions were constantly occurring, and sometimes the breaking 
down of a wagon heightened the confusion. Adjoining this 
bridge stood one of the two only buildings that were spared 
in the burnt district of the South Side. This was the so- 
called Liiul Block; which owed its escape to its isolated posi- 
tion by the river, to the great breadth of Market street, and 
to the favorable direction of the wind. 

The great Slarmaii IIoHsr, cor. Randolph and Clark 
streets, held out nobly, although it had been almost com- 
pletely surrounded by flames for more than an hour— the 
Tremont House, only a block to the east, had been burning 
ever since half past three— those connected with the house 
having succeeded in suppressing every outbreak of the flames. 
But when the flames finally broke out of a third story window 
on the south front, it was not long before the rapidly spread- 
ing, bodeful light from within gave notice that this building, 
too, was doomed. 



508 THE GREAT FIRE. 

One scene during the evacuation of this hotel was ex- 
ceedingly affecting. Among the three hundred guests were 
many ladies without male protection; and of these several 
were sick and unable to leave their beds. The clerk who was 
then on duty had early informed the guests of their danger, 
had had the women who were without protection taken to the 
lake shore, and there turned them over to the care of police 
officers. The sick women were already on the way in a vehi- 
cle, when one of the employes, obeying a sudden misgiving, 
rushed after, and convinced himself that of the five women 
registered on the sick list, only four could be found. The 
manager and his assistant then rushed back into the hotel, 
snatched an axe from a fireman on the way, rushed up the 
smoke-filled stairs and passages, and with a few heavy blows 
of the axe broke in the door. The woman, ignorant of the 
danger and suddenly awakening, raised herself in bed fright- 
ened almost to death, and after a word of explanation allowed 
herself to be wrapped in a wet woolen blanket. Her rescu- 
ers threw some wet clothes over their heads, and in almost 
less time than it takes to tell this, the fainting woman was 
on the street and in a wagon. A few minutes afterwards the 
building fell. 

At this time the Wells and Clark street bridges were 
also in flames, as well as the depot of the Northwestern Rail- 
road, north of the river; the whole district from Van Buren 
St. north up into the North Side, from the river to Dearborn 
St., was now one great sea of flames. 

At half past six o'clock Monday morning it seemed as if 
the fire had found a limit at Dearborn st., south of Madison 
st. Many of the tired spectators had already returned home. 
Here the fire might have been stopped, if water had been ob- 
tainable. But this had failed since 3:20 Monday morning. 
At this time the roof of the engine-house of the water-works 
on the lake at the end of Chicago ave. had caught fire, in spite 
of the fact that it was covered with slate and tin, and every 
effort had been made to prevent it from catching fire. In a 
short time the roof fell in and brought the machines to a 
stand-stilh 



THK (iUKAT FIRE. 509 

It was must foituiiate tluit the steam tiro-engines could 
draw water from the river, as otherwise the fire would un- 
doubtedly have again crossed over to the West Side at the 
Lake street bridge. This would have endangered the whole 
city. 

Thousands of spectators on the west bank of the river 
watched the struggle of the heroic firemen with the raging 
element. Only after hours of the greatest exertion, just 
when the blood-red sun rose above the horizon, were the 
cflForts of the brave men crowned with success. Here the 
enemy, everywhere else victorious, had to succumb, and the 
West Side was saved. 

At seven o'clock in the morning a sudden blast of wind 
swept from Jackson st. down through Dearborn street, at a 
time when the fire in this region had burned down to a mass 
of glowing ashes. Vast numbers of gleaming firebrands were 
lifted by the violent wind and driven against the wooden 
buildings on the ()iii)osite side of the street; in an instant the 
fire had again gained a hold and spread out toward the north 
and east. Everything that had escaped destruction between 
Jackson and Madison streets, from Dearborn street to the 
lake shore, seemed doomed. 

Before this time, at five o'clock, the First National Bank 
building, on the corner of Washington and State streets, a 
splendidly built and completely fire-proof structure, had sunk 
beneath its fate. Diagonally across, on the east side of the 
street, stood the business palace of the famous firm, Field, 
Leiter & Co. It was seriously believed that here it would be 
possible, counting on the broad street, to bring the fire to a 
halt. The employes stood everywhere ready to suppress any 
outbreak. The whole front was hung with wet blankets. At 
the doors stood the many teams of the firm, part of them, to 
forestall the coming danger, already loaded with the most val- 
uable wares. But in sjiite of all precautions, and especially 
because of the lack of water, at 7).''M tli(! fin; finallj' gained a 
hold and spread with marvelous raj idity. Soon the tongues 
of flame played from the hundreds of windows of the gigan- 
tic business palace, the great white marble fronts glowed »S 



510 THE GREAT FIRE. 

if lighted by an aurora, and a few minutes later a thundering 
crash procUiinied that this proud structure, too, had fallen. 
At ciftht clock the three ^rcat establishments of the " Book- 
sellers' Row ' were overcome by the enemy. Soon after, the 
Drake Block, cor. Washington st. and Wabash ave., which 
had been burned once before, fell. From here the fire, fol- 
lowing the direction of the wind, spread southward again as 
far as Van Buren st. There, leaving the block bounded by 
Congress, State, Wabash and Harrison streets to its fate, a 
strong effort was made to save the buildings on the north side 
of Harrison street, by blowing up houses. Thus a wide open 
space was made between the fire and the Wabash Methodist 
Church. At the corner of Wabash ave. and Congress st., 
powder was again used, and here, by the rescue of the large 
freight depot on Griswold street, south of Harrison, the 
spread of the fire southward ,was finally stopped. 



SUBURBAN STATIONS. 



The length of this list of Suburban Stations is readily 
oxi)lained by the fact (see article Railroads) that a very large 
number of Chicago people live remote from the centre, or be- 
yond the limits of the city. This accounts for the insertion 
of places which are too remote to be properly considered sub- 
urbs of the city and yet to a limited extent stand in this 
relation to Chicago. 

1.) In selecting a train ascertain whether same be daily; 
or daily excci»t Saturday; or daily except Sunday; stopping 
at place wanted; or otherwise. 

2.) Tickets should be procured at the ticket offices in 
depot; when paid on the train a higher fare is exacted. 

3.) Running time and prices given are only approximate 
and subject to changes. 

4.) Round tri]) tickets are variously limited in value to 
day of issue, month, unlimited time, or otherwise. 

5.) Suburban fares find a very material and progressive 
reduction in 10, 2o, 50, 100 ride tickets, school tickets, semi- 
aiiiiual tickets, frecjuently reducing the fare quoted 60 to 
70 per cent. 

(i.) For reliable particulars as to 1-5 see suburban time 
tables, to be had at all depot ticket offices. 

7.) Stations marked * are more commonly reached by 
the street car-system. 

ABRRKVIATIONS OF RAIL ROADS: C. B. & Q.: 

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. C. «& E.: Chicago and Erie. 
C. & E. I.: ChicaiTo and Ecastern Illinois. C. &. G. T.: 
Chicago and Grand Trunk. C. M. & St. l^: Chicago, Mil- 
waukee & St. Paul. C. «fc N. P.: Chicago and Northern Pa- 
cific. C. & N. W.: Chicago and Northwestern. C R. I. & P.: 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific. Ills. C: Illinois Central. 
].. S. & M. S.: Lake Sh(n-e «fe Michigan Southern. P. C. C & 
St. L : IMttsburuh. Chicago, Cincinnati & St. Louis. P. Ft. W. 
& C.: Pitt.«^burgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago. WABASH: Wabash 
llailwav. 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 

*Addison Street . 

Ainsworth 

Air Line Junction 

Alpine 

Altenheim 

Argyle Park 

Arlington Heights, 
Auburn Junction 
Auburn Junction 
Auburn Park . . . 
Auburn Park . . . 
Auburn Park . . . 

Aurora 

Austin 

Austin 

Austin Avenue . . 

Avenue 

Avenue Station. 

Avondale 

B&O Cross. (84tli 
Barr(Oak Glen) . 

Barrington 

Bartlett 

Batavia 

Beecher 

Belmont 

*Belmont Avenue 
Belt Crossing. . . . 

Bensenville 

Benton 

Berger 

Berwyn 

Beverly Plill 

Birchwood 

Bloom 

Blue Island 

Blue Island 



5 
45 
29-3 
26.5 
10.9 

6.9 
22.4 

7.6 

8 

7.6 

8.6 

8.6 

37-4 
6.7 
8.8 
7.2 
8.2 

10.3 

5-1 
II. 8 

17.4 
31.6 
30.2 
38.2 
37-6 
13-3 
4-5 
12.6 

17-3 
39-9 
-3-3 
10.2 

II-3 

10 

26.9 

16.4 

19 



20 
130 

82 
85 
45 
32 
66 

35 
32 
36 
34 
35 
87 
24 

32 

27 
29 

36 
20 

43 
47 
86 
70 

98 
108 
52 
24 
37 
63 
98 
69 

30 
43 
38 
82 
60 
62 



Railr 



C. M. & St. P. 

C. cSc G. T, 
p. C.C.&St. L 

Wabash 

C. & N. P. Ry. 

C. M. cSc. St. P 

C. & N. W. 

Wabash 

C. & E. I. 

C. & E, Ry. 

C. & E. I. 

C. R. I. & P. 

C. B. & Q. 

C. & N. W\ 

C. & N. P. 

C. cS: N. W. 

C.&N. W. 

C. &N. P. 

C. & N. W. 

Ills. C. 

C. M. & St. P. 

C. & N. W. 

CM. &St. P. 

C. & N. W. 

C. & E. I. 

C. R.I. &P. 

C. M. &St. P. 

P. C.C.&St. L 

C. M. &St. P. 

C. & N. W. 

P. C.C.&St. L 

C. B. &Q. 

C. R. I. & P. 

C. M. & St. P. 

C. «&E. I. 

C. R. I & P. 

C. &G. T. 



Depot 



Round 
Trip 



Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 

Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 
Harrison&5.ave. 

Canal & Adams 

Wells & Kinzie 
Polk & Dearborn 



V. Bur. & Sherm 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 

Harrison & 5. ave 
Wells & Kinzie 

Harrison &5- ^^^ 
Wells & Kinzie 
Foot of Lake 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 
Polk & Dearborn 
V.Bur.&Sherm 
Canal & Adams 



Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 

V.Bur.&Sherm. 
Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 
V. Bur. & Sherm 
Polk & Dearborn 



SUBURBAN RAILWAV STATIONS. 



Station 



Miles 


Min. 


19-5 


64 


19.4 


57 


49 


^33 


10.7 


42 


23-5 


75 


18.5 


6o 


7.6 


27 


35-3 


107 


8.6 


33 


8.6 


28 


9.1 


30 


5-8 


29 


19-3 


57 


II. 7 


39 


12.4 


42 


24.2 


73 


10.2 


32 


10.8 


33 


48.4 


121 


38.3 


102 


20.2 


61 


13-5 


37 


7-9 


34 


4.2 


16 


8.6 


37 


II. 2 


41 




43 


10 


39 


18.8 


52 


12.5 


46 


24.2 


70 


175 


59 


39-2 


94 


8.4 


27 


14.6 


46 


14. 1 


44 


24.1 


64 



Railroad 



Depot 



Round 
Trip 



iiluo Island Junct. 
lilue Ishiml Road 
Boone Grove .... 

Brainerd 

Bremen 

Brick Yard 

Ilrii;lit(in Park . . . 

Brisbane 

Brookdale 

Brookline 

Brookline 

Buena Bark 

Burnliani 

Buruside 

Burnside Crossing 

Calumet 

Calvary 

Calvary 

Carpentersville . . 

Gary 

Cassello 

Central Avenue. . 
Central Avenue. . 
Central Park . . . 

Chandler 

Chelteidiam (79th 
CheltenhamBcach 
Chicago Lawn . . 
Clarendon Hills 

Clarkdale 

Clarke 

Clifton 

Clintonville .... 

Clyde 

Colehour 

Colehour 

College Avenue. 



C. & G. T. 
P. C. C. & St. L, 

C. & Erie 

C. R. I. & P. 

C. R. I. & P. 

C. & G. T. 

P.C.C.&St.I. 

Wabash 

Ills. C. 

L. S. & M, 8. 

P. Ft.W.&C. 

C. M. & St. P. 

P. Ft. W.&C. 

C, & Erie 

Ills. C. 

C. & E. 

C. & N. W. 

C. M. & St. P. 

C. & N. W. 

C. & N. W. 

P. Ft. W. & C. 

C, M. & St. P. 

C. & N. P. Ry. 

C. & N. W. 

Wabash 

Ills. C. 

Ills. C. 

C. & G. T. 

C, B. & Q. 

C. & G. T. 

P. Ft. W.&C. 

C. & G. T. 

C. & N. W. 

C. B. & Q. 

P. Ft. W.&. C, 

L. S. &M. S. 

C. & N. W. 



Polk& Dearborn 
Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 
V. Bur. &Shcrni. 

Polk & Dearborn 
Canal & Adams 

Polk & Dearborn 
Foot of Lake 

V. Bur. &Sherm. 
Canal & Adams 



Polk & Dearborn 
P'oot of Lake 

Polk & Dearborn 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 
Wells «fc Kinzie 

Canal & Adams 

IIarrison&5.ave. 

Wells & Kinzie 

Polk & Dearborn 

Foot of Lake 

Polk & Dearborn 
Canal & Adams 

Polk & Dearborn 
Canal & Adams 

Polk & Dearborn 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 

V. Bur. &Sherm. 
Wells & Kinzie 



$ .80 

.80 

2.6.) 

.60 

1.00 

.80 

.25 

1.91 

•30 

• 30 

.30 

•30 

.85 

.65 

•45 

1.25 

•50 

.50 

2.20 

2.05 

1. 10 

.65 

.35 

.20 

.47 
.35 

Special 

.35 
.82 

.50 

1.35 

.70 

1.90 

.38 

•50 

•50 

'•25 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 

*Coloi"aclo Ave . . 

Conley 

Constance 

Constance 

Conway Park. . . 
*Cott. Grove & 41. 

Cragin 

Crawford 

*Crawford Ave . . 

Crete 

Crown Point . . . . 
Crown Point . . . . 
Crystal Lake .... 

Cummings 

Cummings 

Cuyler 

Dauphin Park . . . 

Deerfield 

*Deering 

Dempster street. . 
Dempster street. . 

Des Plaines 

Dolton 

Do] ton Junction. . 
Dolton Station . . . 
*Douglas(35thst.) 
*Douglas Park. . 
*Douglas Park . . 
Downers Grove. 
*DrexelBoul'd(4i 

Dundee 

Dunning 

East Avenne . . . 
East Chicago. . . 

East Grove 

Edgewater 

Edison Park. .... 



Miles 


Min. 


6.1 


24 


19.4 


73 


IO-5 


35 


II 


37 


II. 7 


40 


5-4 


24 


7 


37 



Railroad 



6.1 

5.8 
30-4 
36 
41.2 
42.9 
14 
15 

5-3 
II. I 
23.8 

3-2 
12 

II-3 
16.6 
21.6 
16.9 
16.6 

4 

4.4 



21 

26 

91 
100 
108 
1 12 

45 
44 
20 

39 
58 
14 
37 
35 
52 
66 
58 

57 
16 

19 
17 
60 

25 
119 

47 
35 
67 
57 
35 
40 



C. & N. P. Ry. 

Wabash 
L. S. &M.S. 
P. Ft. W. & C. 

C. & N. P. 

L. S. & M. S. 

C. M. & St. P. 

C. B. & Q. 

C. & N. P. 

C. & E. I. 

C. & E. 

P. C. C. & St. L. 

C. & N. W. 

P. Ft. W.& C. 

C. & Erie 

C. & N. W. 

Ills. C. 

C.M.&St. P. 

C. &N. W. 

C. M. & St. P. 

C. & N. W. 

C. & N. W. 

P.C.C.&St.L 

C. & E. I. 

C. & E. I. 

Ills. C. 

C. & N. P. 

C. B. & i). 

C. B. & Q. 

L. S. & M. S. 

C. & N. W. 

C. M. &St. P. 

C. & N. P. 
P. Ft. W.&. C, 

C. B. & Q. 

C. M. &St. P. 

C. & N. W. 



Depot 

Harrison&5.ave 
Polk & Dearborn 
V. Bur. & Sherm. 

Canal & Adams 
Harrison & 5. ave, 
V. Bur. & Sherm. 

Canal & Adams 

Harrison & 5. ave 
Polk & Dearborn 

Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 
Wells & Kinzie 
Foot of Lake 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 

Canal & Adams 
Polk & DearlK)rn 

Foot of Lake 
Harrison «& 5. ave 
Canal & Adams 

V. Bur. & Sherm 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 

Harrison & 5. ave 
Canal & Adams 



Wells & Kinzie 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 


Miles 


Mill. 


Rnilioatl 


Depot 


Round 
Trip 


Kgfjers 


i6.6 


50 


P. Ft. W. A:f. 


Canal & Adams 


$ .60 


Eggleston 


7.8 


33 


C. R. 1. cV P. 


\M>ur. &Sherni. 


.40 


Kighty-fiist siroel 




36 


C. & E. I. 


Polk&Dearlx.rn 


• 54 


Eighty-third St. . . 




37 


C. & E. I. 


" 


• 54 


Eighty-fourth st. . 


II. 8 


43 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


•45 


Eighty-seventh si. 


12.2 


45 


Ills. C. 


" " 


.45 


Ellnirn 


44 




C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


2.40 


Elgin 


42.5 


80 
108 


C. M.&St. P. 
C. &N. W. 


Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 


1.90 
1.90 


Elgin (East side). 


Eimhurst 


15-8 


43 


C. & N. W. 


" 


.80 


Elsdt)n 


8.5 
5.6 

6.5 


35 
26 

24 


c. & c;. T. 

C. M.&St. p. 
p. S. & M. S. 


l'iilk& Dearhon 
( 'anal & .\dams 
v. Pur.&Sherm 


• 25 
2; 


Elsnicre 


*Englcwood 


• J 
•3" 


*Englcwood. . . . 


7.2 


25 


}'. Ft. W.&C. 


Canal & Adams 


.30 


*Engle\vood(63rd ; 


6.6 


27 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.4''> 


*Engle\vood 


6.6 


28 


C. R. I & P. 


y. Bur. &Sherm. 


•30 


*Kngle\vot)d 


6.3 


30 


C. & E. 


Polk & Dearborn 


•40 


* Kngle\vood(63rd ) 


6.6 


30 


Wabash 


" 


•40 


Ei.la 


33-5 
9.6 
11.2 


80 


C. B. &Q. 
C. & N. P. 


Canal & Adams 


2.02 


Erwin 


34 


IIarrison&5.ave. 
!'olk& Dearliorn 


.40 

.64 


Euclid Park 


42 


C. & E. I. 


Evanston 


II. 8 


37 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


.60 


EvanstDu 


12.4 


40 


C. M. & St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


.60 


Evergreen Park. . 


14-5 


51 


C. & G. T. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.60 


Eairview P;uk . . . 


'5-1 


45 


P. C.C.&St. 1.. 


Canal & Adams 


.6.. 


Ecrnwood 


II. 7 


45 


C.&E. I. 


Polk& Dearborn 


.70 


Eields 


17.8 


53 
19 


P. Ft. W.&. C. 

L. S.&M.S. 


Canal & Adams 
V. Bur.&Sherm. 


.60 


*Eifty-first street . 


•25 


*Eifty-first street . 


5-5 


20 


P. Ft. W.&C, 


Canal & Adams 


•25 


*Fifty-first street . 


5-2 


24 


C. R. I. &P. 


V. Bur.& Sherm. 


.25 


*Eifty-fifth street. 




20 


L. S. & M. S. 


" 


•25 


*Fifty-fifth street. 


6 


21 


P. Ft. W. & C. 


Canal & iVdams 


.25 


*l'ifty- fifth street. 


5-4 


23 


C.&E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


•34 


*l'ifty-fifth street. 


5-7 


26 


C. R. I. & P. 


V. Bur.& Sherm. 


• 25 


*Kifty-fifth street. 


8.9 


37 


c & c;. T. 


Polk & 1 )earborn 


.35 


*57thst. (S. Park) 


6.9 


27 


Ills. c. 


Foot of Lake 


.25 


*Fifty-ninth street 




22 


E. S. & M. S. 


V. Bur.&Sherm. 


.30 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 


Miles 


Mill. 


Railroad 


Depot 


Round 
Trip 


*Fifty-ninth street 


6.0 


25 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


$ .36 


*Fifty-ninth street 


6.2 


27 


C. R. I. & P. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 


.30 


*Hfty-ninth street 


9-5 


38 


C. & G. T. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.35 


Fordham 


10. 1 


38 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.35 


Forest Glen 


10.2 


30 


C. M.&St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


.50 


Forest Hill 


12.9 


41 


P. C.C.&St. L. 


" 


.55 


Forest Hill 


9-7 


42 


Wal^ash 


Polk & Dearborn 


.50 


Forest Home. . . . 


10.5 


42 


C. & N. P. 


Harrison&5.ave. 


.50 


Fort Sheridan . . . 


24.2 


68 


C. &N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1.25 


*Fortieth st.Junct 


5-7 


23 


C. & N. P. 


Harrison & 5. ave 


.25 


*Forty-first street 


4.2 


17 


P. Ft. W. &C. 


Canal & Adams 


.25 


*Forty-first street 


4 


17 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.24 


*Forty- third St.. . 


5 


20 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.25 


*Forty-third st. . . 


5 


16 


L. S. & M. S. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 


•25 


*Forty-fourth st. . 


4.3 


20 


C. R. I & P. 


>> II 


.25 


*Forty-fifth street 


6.5 


28 


C. &N. P. 


Harrison & 5 . ave 


.30 


*Forty-seventh st 


4.6 


22 


C. R. I. &P. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 


•25 


*Forty-seventh st 


5-6 


22 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.25 


*Forty-eighth st . . 


6.8 


30 


C. & N, P. 


Harrison &5. ave. 


.30 


*Forty-ninthst. . . 


4.8 


20 


. C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.28 


Franklin Avenue . 


9-3 


33 


C. & N. P. 


Harrison & 5. ave 


•40 


Franklin Park. . . 


15-1 


51 


C. &N. P. 


" " 


.65 


*Fullerton Ave . . 


3-5 


15 


C. M.&St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


•15 


Galewood 


8.7 


41 


CM. &St. P. 


" " 


.44 


Gardners Park. . . 


15-3 


53 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake. 


.55 


Geneva 


35-5 
61.7 


86 
154 


C. & N. W. 
C.&N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1.90 

3.25 


Genoa Jnnction. . 


Givens 


12.8 
18.9 
23-5 


44 
54 
74 


C. R. I. & P. 

C. &: N. \V. 

C.&E. I. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 
Wells & Kinzie 
Polk & Dearborn 


.70 


Glencoe. 


•95 
1.42 


Glenwood 


Globe 


25.1 

34.2 


72 
100 


P.C.C.&St.L. 
C. & E. I. 


Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 


1. 15 


Goodenow 


2.06 


Graceland 


5-8 


22 


C. M.&St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


.30 


*Grand Boulevard 


4-7 


21 


L. S.&M. S. 


V.Bur.&Sherm 


.20 


Grand Crossing. . 




30 


L. S. & M. S. 


I) )i 


.30 


Grand Crossing. . 


9.6 


32 


P. Ft. W. & C. 


Canal & Adams 


.30 


Grand Cross. (75th 


9-3 


36 


Ills. C. Foot of Lake 


.30 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 



GrandTrunkCros 

Chant Park 

(I ray land 

<''eggs 

(Jriffith 

(Iriffith 

Grossdale 

*Gross Park 

Gurnee 

Hammond 

Hammond 

Hammond Junct . 

Hammonds 

Harlem 

Hartsdale 

Harvey 

Harvey 

■ Hawthorne 

Hayford 

Hegewisch 

Hegewisch 

Hermosa 

Highland Park . . 

Highlands 

Highlands 

High Ridge 

Hinsdale 

Hohart 

Homewood 

Hulberts 

♦Humboldt 

Hunting Avenue. 
*Hyde Park (53.) 
Ills. Central Cross. 

Irving Park 

Itaska 

Jefferson Park. . . 



44-7 

8.2 

19.4 
28.9 
35-8 

12. 1 

4-3 
38.6 
20.4 
21.8 

9-5 
34-2 

11. 2 

33 
23 
19.6 
6.9 
11.5 
18.5 
18.2 

5-9 
22.9 
16.3 
25.8 

8.1 
16.9 
33-4 
23-3 
46.7 

4.9 
7.2 

6.4 
20.6 

6.7 
21.2 

8.7 



Mill. 

52 
•25 
25 

55 
85 
98 
35 
17 
82 
60 
62 
38 
76 

39 
92 
72 
66 

23 
44 
55 
5> 
32 
65 
45 
78 
28 
48 

9' 

70 

127 
22 
25 
25 
61 

24 
54 
32 



Railroad 



Wabash 

C. & E. I. 

C. M. & .St. P. 

C. B. & Q. 

C. & Erie 

C, & G. T. 

C. H. &Q. 

C. & N. W. 

C. M.&St. P. 

C. & Erie 
P. Ft. W. & C, 

C. & E. 
CM. &St. P. 

C. & N. P. 

P. C.C. &St. L 

C. & G. T. 

Ills. C. 

C. B. & Q. 

C. & G. T. 

P. Ft. W. & C. 

C. & E, 

C. M. & St. P. 

C. & N. VV. 

C. B. & Q. 

C. &E. 

C. & N. W. 

C. B. & Q. 

P. Ft. W. «&C. 

Ills. C. 

C. & E. 

CM. & St. P. 

C & N. W. 

Ills. C 

P. C.C. & St. L, 

C & N. W. 

C M. & St. P. 

C & N. W. 



Depot 



Polk & Dearborn 

M J) 

Canal & Adams 
Polk & I )earborn 

Canal & Adams 

Wells & Kinzie 

Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 

Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 

Canal & Adams 
Harrison&5.ave. 

Canal & Adams 

Polk & Dearborn 

Foot of Lake. 

Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 

Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 

Canal & Adams 

Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 
Polk & Dearborn 

Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 

Foot of Lake 
Polk & Dearborn 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 

Foot of Lake 
Caual & Adams 
Wells «& Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 



Round 
I'rip 

$ .54 

2.68 
•35 
.87 

1-55 

1.55 
.55 
.25 

1-95 
.85 
.85 
.55 

1.70 

•50 

1.50 

.90 

• 75 
.31 
.40 
.70 
.70 
•30 

••15 
.73 

1.35 
.40 
.76 

1.60 
.90 

2.45 
.22 

.40 
.25 
.90 
.35 
1.05 
.45 



SUBITRBAX RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 


Miles 


Min. 


Railroad 


Depot 


Round 
'I'rip 


Jeffery Avenue . . 


9-4 


35 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake. 


$ .30 


Johnstone 


16.4 


61 


Wabash 


Polk & Dearborn 


.80 


Juliet 


4'^- 5 
152 


120 
44 


C. R. I & P. 

C. & N. W. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 
Wells & Kinzie 


I 00 


Kenilworth 


• 75 


Kenosha 


51-4 


119 


C. & N. W. 


" " 


2.9s 


Kensington ( 1 16,) 


14.4 


50 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


• 50 


Kensington 


13-7 


50 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.82 


*Kenwood(47th). 


5.6 


22 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.25 


Kirwin 


9-4 


39 


C. & N. P. 


Harrison & 5. ave 


.45 


Kouts 


55-1 
22.6 
40.6 


146 
61 


C. & E. 
C. B. & Q. 

C. & N. W. 


Polk & Dearborn 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 


2.90 
1.36 
2.20 


Lacton 


La Fox 


LaGrange(5th ave 


137 


39 


C. R. & Q. 


Canal & Adams 


.62 


La Cj range (St. ave 


14.2 


41 


C. B. & Q. 


" " 


.64 


*Lake Ave (&4ist 


5-7 


25 


L. S. & M. S. 


V. Bur.i&Sherni. 


• 25 


Laive Bluff ...... 


30.1 


75 


C. &N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1-55 


Lake Forest 


28 


75 


C. & N. W. 


" 


1-45 


Lake Geneva .... 


70.4 


172 


C. & N. W. 


" 


3-75 


Lakeside 


17-5 


51 


C. &N.W. 


" 


.90 


Lancaster 


28. 


65 


C. M.&St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


1.40 


*Langley Ave. (40. 


5-2 


23 


L. S. & M. S. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 


•25 


Lansing 


28.1 
9.2 


80 
34 


P. C.C.&St. L. 
C. & N. W. 


Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 


1-35 
• 50 


Lathrop Ave 


La Vergne 


9.1 


29 


C. B. & Q. 


Canal & Adams 


.41 


Libertyville 


35-3 


77 


C. M. & St. P. 


" 


1.80 


*Lincoln Ave. . . . 


4.1 


22 


C. M.&St. P. 


" 


.20 


Linden Park 


8.3 


30 


C. &N. P. 


[Iarrison&5.ave. 


•35 


Linden Park 


6.2 


22 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


.30 


Lisle 


24.4 


60 


C. B. & Q. 
P. Ft. W &C. 




1.56 
1.60 


Liverpool 


30.5 


84 




Llewellyn Park . . 


14. 1 


45 


C. M.&St. P. 


" " 


•65 


Lombard 


20 


50 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1. 00 


Longwood 


11.8 


45 


C. R. I. & P. 


V. Bur.& Sherm. 


.60 


Me Caffrey 


11 


42 


C. & G. T. 


'oik & Dearborn 


.40 


Mc Henry 


5^.2 


12S 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


2.45 


*Madison Park (50 


6 


24 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


•25 


*Madison st 


6.6 


25 


C. & N. P. I 


Iarrison&5.ave. 


•25 



SUBtfilBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 



Manhattan .... 
Mannheim .... 
Maple I'ark . . , 
*.\Iaplevvo(Kl . , 

M alley 

Marvin , 

Maynard 

Maynard , 

May wood .... 
Meacham .... 

Melrose 

*Michigan.\vc.(40 
*Millard Avenue 
*.Mil\vaukee .\ve. 
Milwaukee .... 
Milwaukee .... 

Mokena 

Monience 

Mont Clare. . . . 

Montrose 

Montrose 

Moreland 

Moreland 

Morgan Avenue 
Morgan Park . . 
Mnrrell I'ark . . 

M()rt(jn 

Morton Park . . 
Mount (Ireen wood 
Mount 1 lopc ..... 
Mount Olivet .... 
Mount Prospect. . 

Naperville 

New C'hicago. . . . 
New Lennox .... 
New Lenno.x .... 
Ninety first st . . . 



Miles 



39-6 
14. 1 
50.6 

4.1 
29.9 

7.2 
29.9 
31.2 
10.4 

23- I 

II-3 
4 

5-4 
3-9 

85 
f^5 
29.7 

50 
9.6 

9 
7.6 

5-7 

7-7 
132 
13.8 

8 
'4-3 

7-5 
16.2 
17.2 
16.3 
19.7 
28.4 
18.4 
33- 1 
34-1 
12.7 



119 

57 

15 
94 
27 
84 
89 
35 
58 
39 
'9 
19 
17 
180 
180 

9^ 
137 
40 
27 
28 
18 
28 
45 
55 
34 
38 
25 
56 
58 
56 
59 
72 
63 

lOI 

102 

47 



Railroad 



Wabash 

C. M. & St. P. 

C. & N. W. 

C. & N. W. 

Wabash 

C. &N. P. 

P. C.C.&St. L. 

C. & G. T. 

C. & N. W. 

C. M. &St.P. 

C. «&N. W. 

L. S. & M. S. 

C. 15. &Q. 

C. M.&St. P. 

C. M.&.St. P. 

C. & N. W. 

C. R. I & P. 

C. & E. i. 

C.M.i&St. P. 

C. M.&St. P. 

C. & N. W. 

C. & N. W. 

C. & N. P. 

C. R. I. & P. 

C. R. I. & P. 

C. & G. T. 

C. M. & St. P. 

C. 15. &Q. 

C. & G. T. 

C. & (i. T. 

C. & G. T. 

C. & N. W. 

C. 15. & Q. 

Ills. C. 

Wabash 

C. R. I. & P. 

Ills. C. 



Depot 


Round 
Trip 


Polk & Dearborn 


$2.14 


Canal & Adams 


.70 


Wells & Kinzie 


2.80 


" " 


.20 


Polk & Dearborn 


1. 51 


Harrison&5. ave. 


..30 


Canal & Adams 


1.35 


Polk& Dearborn 


1-35 


Wells «& Kinzie 


.55 


Canal & Adams 


I.I5 


Wells & Kinzie 


.60 


\^ l}ur.& Sherm. 


.20 


Canal &, Adams 


.24 


" " 


.20 


" " 


4.50 


Wells & Kinzie 


4.50 


V. liur.tfc Sherm. 


1. 00 


Polk & Dearborn 


3.00 


Canal & Adams 


• 50 


" " 


.40 


Wells & Kinzie 


.40 


" " 


.30 


Harrison&5.ave. 


..30 


V.P.ur.& Sherm. 


• 75 


" " 


• 75 


Polk & Dcarliorn 


• 25 


Canal &, .Vdams 


.70 


" " 


.34 


Polk & Dearborn 


.60 


" 


.60 


" 


.to 


Wells & Kinzie 


1. 00 


Canal & Adams 


1.70 


Foot of Lake 


.70 


Polk & Dearborn 


1.78 


V.Bur.& Sherm. 


1. 00 


Foot of Lake 


•45 



10 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 


Miles 


Min. 


Railroad 


Depot 


iound 
Trip 


Ninety-tifth street 


10.9 


40 


C. R. I. & P. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 


$ .60 


Ninety-ninth st. . 


II. I 


42 


C. R. I. & P. 


" " 


.60 


Normal Park .... 


7-3 


32 


C.R.I&P. 


)) 11 


35 


Normal Park .... 


7-3 


30 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.44 


North Aurora. . . . 


41.6 




C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


2.10 


North Evanston. . 


131 


40 


C.&N.W. 


" 


.65 


Norwood 


II. I 


37 


C.&N. W. 


" 


•55 


Noyesst 


13- 1 


41 


C. M. & St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


.65 


Oakdale 


10.2 


40 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.62 


Oak Glen 


28 


83 


C. & G. T. 


" 


1.25 


Oak Glen (Barr) . 


17 4 


47 


C. M. (feSt.P. 


Canal & Adams 


.90 


*Oakland(39lhst) 


4-4 


18 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.25 


Oaklawn 


14-5 


58 


Wabash 


Polk & Dearborn 


.68 


*Oakley Ave 


6.6 


31 


C. & G. T. 


" " 


• 15 


Oak Park 


8.6 


30 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


.45 


Oak Park 


10.6 


37 


C. &N. P. 


Harrison&5.ave. 


.45 


*Oak Woods .... 


8.9 


35 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.30 


One Hundredth si 


14.1 


45 


P. Ft. W.&C. 


Canal & Adams 


.50 


One Hundredth st 




41 


L. S. & M. S. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 


.50 


I04lh street 


12.9 


45 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake. 


.50 


Iiith street 


12.7 


48 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.76 


1 1 2th street 


15-3 


45 


C. &E. 


" " 


.70 


Ii6lh street 


14.4 


50 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.50 


123rd street 


15-3 


53 


• Ills. C, 


" " 


• 55 


Ontarioville 


28.5 


66 


C.M.&St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


1.45 


Orison 


10.7 

23.2 

6.1 


50 
79 
30 


C. M. &St. P. 

Wabash 
C. M.&St.P. 


Polk & Dearborn 
Canal & Adams 


• 55 


Orland 


1. 15 


Pacific Junction. . 


.25 


Palatine 


26.1 


74 


C. &N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1-35 


Palmer 


42.9 


117 


C. &E. 


Polk & Dearborn 


2.25 


Park Manor 


8.2 


26 


L. S. & M. S. 


V.Bur.&Sherm. 


.30 


Park Manor 


8.3 


28 


P. Ft.W. «&C. 


Canal & Adams 


.30 


Park Ridge 


13.1 


43 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


.65 


Park Side 


8.9 


34 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.30 


Pennock 


6.4 


21 


C.M.&St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


.3c 


*Prairie Ave(40tli 


4-3 


20 


L. S. & M. S. 


V.Bur.&Sherm 


.20 


Prospect Park . . 


22.5 


56 


C. &N.W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1^15 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



11 



Station 

I'ullmaii (II ith St 
riilliiiaii Jmictiiiii 
ruriugton. . . 

Racine 

Racine 

ivaiuiey. . . . 
Raveiiswood 

Ravinia 

Kayiiiond si. 
Kc.lesdalc. . . 
Riclimoiul . . 
Ri.li,H-rRia . . 
Ki.lgclaiul . . 
RingwoDil . . . 
KivLitlale . . . 
Riveiilale( 135th st 
River Forest . 
River Forest . 
River Park. . . 
Riverside .... 
Rogers Park. . 
Rogers Park. . 

Roiiiloul 

Rose Hill 

R..selle 

Russell 

Salt Creek . . . 
.Schererville . . 

Sedley 

71st St. (So. .Shore 
Seventy-second st 
75tli St. (Windsor P 
*Seventy fifth st 
.Se\enly-ninth st . 

Shefiieid 

Shernierville . . 
Shooting Park . 



Miles 


Min. 


«3.9 


47 


12-3 


40 


I4.S 


58 


O1.7 


•39 


69.2 


155 


51.6 


109 


5.« 


22 


21.3 


59 


14-3 


56 


39-^ 


109 


00 4 


149 


45-7 


118 


7-7 


28 


54 


137 


20.8 


62 


17 


60 


u.y 


43 


9.8 


36 


12.3 


55 


II. I 


33 


9 


29 


9.! 


30 


323 


72 


7.0 


20 


24-5 


60 


47 


100 


19.2 


66 


34.7 


95 


50 


135 


9.9 


37 




31 


10.5 


39 


8.3 


34 


1 1.2 


41 


16. 1 


50 


20.9 


53 


1S.3 


54 



Railroad 



Ills. C. 

C. & E, 

C. R. I. 8c P. 

C. & N. W. 
C. M. & St. P. 
C.M. &Si. P. 

C. & N. \V. 

C, & N. W. 

C. R. I. & P. 
C. & G. T. 

C. & N. W. 

C. & N. \V. 

C. & N. W. 

C. & N. W. 

P.C.C.t&St.L 

Ills. C. 

C. & N. P. 

C. & N. W, 
C. M.*&St. P. 

C. B. & Q. 
C. M.&St. P. 

C. &N. W. 
C. M.&St. P. 

C. & N. W. 
C.M. & St. P. 
C. M. & St. P. 
C. M. & St. P, 
P. C.C.&St. L. 

C, &(;. T. 

Ills. C. 

C. & E. I. 

Ills. C. 

C. R. I & v. 

Ills. C. 

P. Ft. W. & C. 

C. M. & St. P. 

P.C.C.&St. L. 



Depot 

Foot of Lake 
Polk & Dearborn 
V. Hur.& Sherm. 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 

Wells & Kinzie 

V. Bur. & Sherm 
Polk & 1 )earborn 
Wells & Kinzie 



Canal & Adams 

Foot of hake 
Harrison&5. ave. 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 



Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 
Wells & Kinzie 
Canal & Adams 



Polk & Dearborn 
Foot of Lake 

Polk & Dearborn 
Foot of Lake 

V. l>ur.& Sherm. 
Fool of Lake. 

Canal & Adams 



Round 
Trip 

$ .53 
.65 
80 

3-55 
3-55 
3.10 

.30 

1. 10 

.80 

1.60 

3.10 

2.50 

.40 

2.70 

.90 

.65 

•50 

•50 

.65 

.50 

•45 

.45 

1.65 

.40 
1.25 

2.35 

•95 

'•65 

1.80 

•30 
.46 
.35 
•45 
.35 
.60 
1.05 
.70 



13 



SUBURBAN RAtLWAY STATIONS. 



Station 


Miles 


Mill. 


Railroad 


Depot 


Round 
Trip 


*Sixtieth st 


7.3 


29 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


$ .25 


*Sixty first st 


6.8 


24 


P. Ft. W. & C. 


Canal & Adams 


.3^ 


*Sixty-thiid st. . . 


6.6 


30 


Wabash 


E'olk & Dearborn 


.40 


*63id (Woodlawn 


7-7 


30 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake. 


•25 


*Sixty-thinl st. . . 


6.6 


27 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.40 


*Sixty-fifth St. . . . 


6.9 


30 


C. R. I & P. 


V. Bur.&Sherm. 


•35 


*Sixty-seventh st. 


IO-5 


41 


C. &G. T. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.40 


*Sixty-seventli st. 


8. 2 


32 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.30 


Sollitt 


41. 1 


117 

39 


C. &E I. 
L. S. & M. S. 


Polk & Dearborn 
V. Bur.&Sherm. 


2.46 


South Chicago. . . 


.45 


South Chicago. . . 


12.7 


40 


P. Ft. W.&C. 


Canal & Adams 


.45 


South Chicago(9i. 


12.7 


47 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


•45 


SouthEnglewood . 


98 


38 


C. R. I. & P. 


V. Bur.&Sherm. 


• 55 


So. Englw. Junct. 


9.9 


39 


C. R. I. & P. 


" " 


.60 


South Evanston. . 


11.4 


35 


C. M. & St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


•55 


South Evanston. . 


10.8 


34 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


• 55 


South Holland . . . 


19-5 


64 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


1. 18 


South Lynne .... 


II. 2 


34 


P. C.C.&St. L. 


Canal & Adams 


• 55 


South Oak rark.. 


9-9 


40 


C. &N. P. 


IIarrison&5.ave. 


•45 


*South Park (57th 


6.9 


27 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


• 25 


South Ridgeland. 


8.9 


37 


C. &N. P. 


Harrison & 5. avc 


•40 


South Shore (71st) 


9.9 


37 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


•30 


Spaulding 


21.3 


68 


C. & G. T. 


Polk & 1 )earboni 


.90 


Spaulding 


32.8 


74 


CM. &St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


^65 


Spring Bhifif. . . . 


45 


107 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


2.45 


St. Charles, Ills.. 


38 


100 


C. &N.W. 


" " 


1.90 


St. Maria 


13 


47 


C. & G. T. 


Polk & Dearborn 


• 55 


*State St. (40th st) 


3.8 


18 


L. S. & M. S. 


V.Bur.& Sherm. 


.20 


Steele 


33-6 
6.6 


103 
24 


Wabash 
C.&N. W. 


Polk & Dearborn 
Wells & Kinzie 


1.82 


Summerdale 


.35 


Sycamore 


60. 




C. & N. W. 


" 


3 15 


Symerton 


47 


134 


Wabash 


Polk & Dearborn 


2.54 


Terra Cotta 


45-7 


121 


C. & N. W, 


Wells & Kinzie 


2.45 


Thatchers Park . . 


12.3 


45 


C. & N. P. 


Harrison&5.avc. 


.60 


*Thirty-fifthst.. . 




16 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


.25 


*Thirty-ninth st . 


3-6 


17 


C. R. I. & P. 


V. Bur. & Sherm. 


• 15 


*39th St. (Oakland 


4.4 


18 


Ills. C. 


Foot of lake 


• 25 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



13 



Station 


Miles 


Mill. 


Railroad 


Depot 


Round 
Trip 


*Thiity-ninthst. . 




15 


L. S. & M. S. 


V. Bur.& Sherm. 


$ .15 


Thornton 


21.8 


70 


C. & E. I. 


Polk & Dearborn 


1.30 


Thornton Juncl.. 


20.1 


65 


C. & E. I. 


" 


1.20 


Thornton Juncl. . 


25 


78 


C. &G. T. 


" " 


1.05 


Tt)lleslon 


26.2 


76 


P. Ft. W. & C. 


Canal & Adams 


1-45 


Tracy Ave 


'5-5 


54 


C. & G. T. 


Polk & Dearborn 


.60 


Tracy Ave 


12.8 


50 


C. R. I & P. 


V. Bur.& Sherm. 


.70 


Turner Park 


II. 5 


52 


C. M. & St. P. 


Canal & Adams 


.60 


Turner 


30 


76 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1-55 


*Union StockY'ds 


5-2 


18 


1'. Ft. W.&C. 


Canal & Adams 


• 25 


*Union StockY'ds 


5-2 


30 


L. S. & M. S. 


V. Bur.& Sherm. 


.25 


Valparaiso 


43-9 


no 


P. Ft. W&C. 


Canal & Adams 


2.35 


\'alparaiso 


55-5 


145 


C. & G. T. 


Polk & Dearborn 


2.35 


*Vincennes Av(40 


5 


22 


I.. S.&M.S. 


VJSur. & Sherm. 


•25 


Wadsworth 


42.9 


90 


C. .M.&St.P. 


Canal & Adams 


2.15 


W'alden 


12.3 
10.7 


47 
44 


C. R. I. & P. 

C. & N. P. 


V. Bur. & Sherm. 
Harrison&5. ave. 


.60 


W'aldhcim Comet. 


•50 


W'avrcnton 


36.8 


79 


C. .M.&Si. P. 


Canal & Adams 


1.85 


Washington Hyts 


12 


43 


C. R. I. & P. 


V. Bur. & Sherm. 


.60 


Washington Ilgts 


16.2 


49 


P. C. C. & St. L. 


Canal & Adams 


.60 


Waukcgan 


35-6 


78 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1.90 


Waukeslia 


104.5 


254 


C.&N. W. 


" 


5.00 


Wayne 


35-3 
15-3 


85 


C. & N. W. 


M it 


1.85 
.69 


Western Springs. 


43 


C. B. & Q. 


Canal & Adams 


*West 40lhst. . . . 


4.7 


16 


C. & N. \\. 


Wells & Kinzie 


•25 


West Hinsdale. . . 


17.8 


50 


C. 15. & Q. 


Canal & Adams 


.80 


West looth St. . . . 


14 


45 


P. Ft. W. & C. 


" 


•50 


W. U. Junction . . 


61.8 


130 


C. M. &St. P. 


" 


3-55 


Wheaton 


24.9 


67 


C. &N.W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


1.25 


Wheeler 


37.1 


98 


P. Ft. W.&C. 


Canal & Adams 


1.85 


Whitings 


16 


50 
56 


I.. S. & M. S. 
Ills. C. 


V. Bur. & Sherm. 
Foot of Lake 


.60 


WildV.'ood (128th 


.60 


Wiilard 


13-7 
76.4 


42 


P. Ft. W.&C. 


Canal & Adams 


•5° 


Williams Bay. . . . 


187 


C. & N. W. 


Wells & Kinzie 


4.00 


Wilmclte 


H 


42 


C. & N. W. 


" " 


.70 


Windsor Park (75. 


10.5 


39 


Ills. C. 


Foot of Lake 


•35 


Winf.eld 


40.4 


III 


C, & E. 


Polk & Dearborn 


a..5 



14 



SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 



Station 



Winfield 

Winnetka 

*Woodlavvn T'aik 
Woodstock .... 
Worth 



Miles 


Mill. 


27. 5 


68 


16.5 


48 


7-7 


30 


51-3 


131 


17-5 


70 



Railroad 



C. & N. W. 
C. & N. W. 

Ills. C. 
C. & N. W. 

Wabash 



Depot 



Wells & Kinzie 

P^oot of Lake 
Wells & Kinzie 
Polk & Dearborn 



Round 
Trip 



M.40 

.85 

.25 

2.85 

.85 



♦o«<^^^3:-t 



15 



POSTAGE RATES. 



THE CLASSES OF MAIL MATTER. 

Domeslic mail inaUcr is divided into four cla^sses, as follows: 

First Class — Letters, postal cards, and matter wholly or partly 
in writing, whether sealed or unsealed (except manuscript copy ac- 
companying proof sheets or correctetl proof-sheets of the same), and 
all matter sealed or otherwise closed against iiispccti<jn. 

Ra IK OF Pos TAGE — Two ccnts per ounce or fraction thereof. 
I'ostal cards, one cent each. On "drop" letters, two cents per ounce 
or fraction thereof, when mailed at letter-carrier's office ; and one cent 
per ounce or fraction thereof at other offices. 

Skconi) Class — Newspapers and publications issued at stated 
intervals as often as four times a year, hearing a date of issue and 
numbered consecutively, issued from a known office of jiublication, 
and formed of jirinted sheets, without l)oard, cloth, leather or other 
substantial binding. Such publications must be originatetl and j)ub- 
lished for the dissemination of information of a public character, or 
devoted to literature, the sciences, art, or some special industry. They 
must have a legitimate list of subscribers, and must not be designed 
])rimarily for advertising purposes, or for free circulation at nominal 
rales. 

KaI'K. OK TosTAiJE — (Jiie cent for each four ounces or fraction 
thereof. 

TuiKH Class — Books, periodicals anil matter wholly in print 
(not included in second class), proof-sheets, corrected proof-sheets and 
manuscript copy accompanying the same. 

Rape of Postage — One cent for each two ounces or fraction 
thereof. 

FoiRTH Class — Merchandise, namely, all matter not embraced 
in the (jther three classes, and which is not in its form or nature liable 
to destroy, deface or otherwise damage the contents of the mail bag, 
or harm the person of any one engaged in the postal service, and not 
above the weight provided by law. 

Rate of Postage — One cent per ounce or fraction thereof, but 
on seeds, cuttings, roots, scions and plants, one cent for each two 
ounces or fraction thereof. 

THE LIMIT OF WEIGHT. 

A |>arkage must not exceed four pounds in weight, unless it be a 
single book. 

PAYMENT OF POSTAGE. 

On first-class matter the postage should be fully prepaid, but if 
two cents in stamps be affixed, the matter will be forwarded and re- 
mainder due collected of addressee before delivery. 

On Se(^oni), Third and Fourth Class Matter— The postage 
must be fully prepaid. 



16 POSTAGE RATES. 

WHAT MAY BE WRITTEN OR PRINTED ON 
MAIL MATTER. 

Second Class — Name and address of persons to whom the 
matter is to be sent; index-figures of subscription book printed or 
written; ])rinted title of jDublication, printed or written name or ad- 
dress, witliout advertisement of publisher or sender; written or print- 
ed words or figures, oi both, indicating date on which subscription 
ends; correction of typographical errors, a mark except by written or 
printed words to designate a word or passage to which it is desired to 
call attention; the words "sample copy" ; publisher's or news agents' 
bills, receipts, and orders for subscription, but the same shall con- 
vey no other information than the name, place of publication, sub- 
scription price, and amount of subscription due. The number of 
copies enclosed may be indicated on wrapper or face of package. 

Third Class — Sender's name and address, with the word "from"; 
marks other than by written or printed words to call attention to word 
or passage; correction of typographical errors; on the blank leaves or 
cover of any book may be placed a simple manuscript dedication or 
inscription not like a personal correspondence; upon the address side 
of wrapper, envelope, tag or label must be left space sufficient for 
legible address and necessary stamps. 

Fourth Class — With matter of this kind may be enclosed any 
mailable third-class matter. On wrapper, cover, tag or label may be 
written name and address of sender with word "from"; marks, num- 
bers, names or letters for purposes of description, or same may be 
printed; any printed matter not in nature of a personal correspond- 
ence. On address side must be left space sufficient for legible address 
and necessary stamps. 

THE REGISTRY SYSTEM. 

All mail matter, including drop letters, may be registered; but 
not matter addressed to fictitious names, initials, or box numbers, or 
bearing vague and indefinite addresses. 

The registry fee is ten cents in addition to postage. It must be 
prepaid by stamps affixed. 

THE POSTAL MONEY ORDER SYSTEM. 

The following are the fees for domestic money-orders: 

For orders not exceeding $5 5c. 

For orders exceeding $5 and not exceeding $10 .... 8c, 

For orders exceeding $10 and not exceeding $15 loc. 

For orders exceeding$i5 and not exceeding $30 15c. 

For orders exceeding $30 and not exceeding $40 20c. 

For orders exceeding $40 and not exceeding $50 25c. 

For orders exceeding $50 and not exceeding $60 30c. 

For orders exceeding $60 and not exceeding $70 35c. 

For orders exceeding $70 and not exceeding $80 40c. 

For orders exceeding $80 and not exceeding f 100 45c. 

The fee for a postal note is 3 cents. 

A postal note may be drawn for any amount from one cent to 
four dollars and ninety-nine cents. 



FOREIGN POSTAGE. 



UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION RATES. 

Letters, per 15 grams or J.^ uunce prepayment optional, except to places 

marked * to which full payment is compulsory at rates given herewith 5 cts. 

Postal cards, each 2 " 

Newspapers and other printed matter, per 2 ounces 1 " 

,~ . , t First ten ounces or fraction thereof 5 " 

Commercial papers, j ^^.^^^ additional 2 ounces . •' 

Samples of Merchandise. \ l"^^ four ounces 2 '■ 

•^ j Every additional two ounces 1 

Registration fee on letters or other articles 10 " 

All correspondence other than letters must be prepaid, at least partially. 

International Money Orders. 

The rates will l)e as follcnvs (with the exception of r)ciimark, I^uxemburg, the 
Netherlands and Norway, when a small extra fee will be charged to pay the Ger- 
man Post, through which the orders are sent): 

For sums not exceeding Sio.oo ■ . 10 cts. 

( )ver Sio.oo and not exceeding 20.00 20 " 

" 20.00 " " 30.00 ■. 30 " 

" 30.00 " " 40.00 40 " 

" 40.00 ■' " 50.00 50 " 

Countries comprised in the Universal Postal Union. 



Argentine Republic. 

Austria- Hungary. 

Hahamas. 

Uarbadoes. 

Pelgium. 

Bermudas. 

Bolivia. 

Brazil. 

British Colonies on West 
Coast of .Africa. 

British Colonies in West 
Indies. 

British Guiana. 

British Honduras. 

British India. 

Bulgaria. 

Ceylon. 

Chili. 

Columbia, U. S. of. 

Costa Rica. 

Congo, State of. 

Denmark. 

Dominica. 

Ecuador. 

Egypt- 
France, including Algeria, 
Monaco, Tunis, Tangier, 

Cambodia, Tonquin. 

French Colonies — 

I. In Asia: French estab- 
lishments in India and 
Cochin China. 2. In 
Akkica: Senegal and de- 
pendencies. Reunion. 
Madagascar. 3. In .Amer- 
ica: French Guiana, Gu- 
adeloupe, M.irtinique.St. 
Bartholomew, St. Pierre. 



French Colonies — 
4. In Oceanica: New 
Caledonia, Tahiti, Mar- 
quesas Islands, Gambler. 

Germany. 

Great Britain and Ireland. 
Gibraltar and Cyprus. 

(ireece. 

Greenland. 

Guatemala. 

Hayti. 

Hawaii and Samoa. 

Honduras. 

Hong Kong. 

Italy. 

Iceland. 

[amaica. 

Japan and Jinsen (Corea). 

Liberia. 

Luxemburg. 

Montenegro. 

Netherlands. 

Netherland Colonies — 
I. In Asia. Borneo, Su- 
matm, J.iva. Celebes. 2 
In Oceanica: New-Gui 
nea. 3. In America 
Surinam, Curacoa, St 
Eustatiiis. 

Newfoundland. 

Nicaragua. 

N orway. 

Nubia, Soudan. 

Paraguay. 

Patagonia, Eastern part. 

Portuguese Colonies — 
I. In .'Vsl.^. 2. In .ArKicA 
CapeVerde, Mozambique 

17 



Persia. 

Peru. 

Portugal, including Madei- 
ra and the Azores. 

Roumania. 

Russia, including Finland. 

Salvador. 

San Marino. 

Servia. 

Siam. 

Spain, including the Ca- 
■ nary Islands, the Spanish 
possessions on the north 
coast of Africa, the Re- 
public of Andorra, and 
the postal establishments 
of Spain on the west 
coast of Morocco. 

Spanish Colonies — 

I. In Africa: Fernando 
Po. 2. In America: Cuba 
and Porto Rico. 3. In 
Oceanica: Ladrone and 
the Caroline Islands. 4. 
In Asia: the Philippine 
Archipelago. 

Straits Settlements (Singa- 

fiore, Penang, and Ma- 
acca. ) 
St. Thomas and St. Croix, 

W. I. 
Sweden. 
Switzerland. 
Trinidad, W. I. 
Turkey, European and 

Asiatic. 
Uruguay. 
Venezuela, 



COUNTRIES OR PLACES NOT EMBRACED IN THE 
UNIVERSA L POST AL UNION. 

Prepayment is compulsory, exceptto places marked* to which payment is optional. 
tThe limit of payment is at port of debarkation, for all other places, to destination, 
t Samples are not accepted for these destinations. 
§ Registration is allowed on letters and other articles. Fee, lo cents. 
II Registration is allowed only on letters. Fee, lo cents. 

International Money Orders are issued only to countries or places marked H 
Postal cards can not be sent from tha United States to any of the following 
places except Canada and Mexico. 



COUNTRIES 

— OR — 

PLACES OF DESTINATION. 



Africa (West Coast), except Egypt, Liberia, and 
British, French, Spanish and Portuguese Colonies, 
by British mail t 

Ascension, Island South Atlantic, British mail . . . 

Australia, except New South Wales, Queensland 
and Victoria- via San Francisco till 

Australia, all parts of, by British mail, via Brindisi || 

Basutoland, see Cape Colony. 

British Columbia. See Canada. 

Caffraria. See Cape Colony. 

Canada (Limit of letter weight: 30 grams or i oz. 
Postal cards and all printed matter at domestic 
rates §1 

Cape Colony, South Africa, British mail §1! 

Chatham Islands, Oceanica, via San Francisco. See 
New Zealand. 

China, British mail, via Brindisi *i 

Fiji Islands, via San Francisco and Sidney tt 

Griqualand. See Cape Colony. 

Madagascar, except St. Mary's and Tamatave, Brit- 
ish mail t 

Mexico, North America (United States domestic 
rates, at least one rate of postage (2 cts. ) must be 
prepaid) * 

Morocco, except Spanish possessions on West Coastt 

Natal South Africa, by British mail § 

Navassa, West Indies, direct mail tt 

Navigator' s Islands, Pacific tt 

New Brunswick. See Canada. 

New Sjouth Wales, direct mail H 

New Zealand, direct mail IIH 

New Zealand, British mail, via Brindisi HIT 

Norfolk Island, Pacific, viaS. Francisco. See N.Zeal 

Nova Scotia. See Canada. 

Orange Free State. See Cape Colony. 

Pekin (China), Russian mail, via Germany .... 

Pitcairn Island, Pacific, via San Francisco tt 

Prince Edward Island. See Canada. 

Queensland, direct mail H 

St. Helena, South Atlantic, British mail " 

Samoan Islands. See Navigator's Islands. 

Shangai, direct via San Francisco 

Tasmania 1[ 

Transvaal, South Africa, British mail 

Vancouver' sislands. See Canada. 

Van Dieman's Land. See Tasmania. 

Victoria. British mail via Brindisi H 



bo 3 
o 

IT) 



U.S. 

15 



U.S. 

15 
15 

5 

5 



News 
papers. 



'Si 



Oz. 



Cts. 



18 



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From all Telegraph Offices in Chicago, Illinois, to principal 
Foreign Countries. 

The rates given below are by the cheapest and best routes. 

Ten letters constitute a word. If a word contains more than 
ten letters it will be charged for as two words. 

The address, signature and date are all charged for. 

Messages will be repeated for customers at one-half the rates 
given below. 



Africa $2.21 to 

Algeria 

Arabia 

Argentine Republic. 

Australia 2.64 to 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 1,69 to 

Burmah— Upp^r . . . 
Cape Verde Islands. 

Ceylon 

Channel Islands. . . . 

Chili 

China 2.05 to 

Cochin China 

Costa Rica 

Denmark 

Ecuador 

Egypt 64 to 

England 

France , _ 

Germany 

Gibraltar 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Holland 

Honduras 

Hungary 

India 

Ireland 

Italy 

Japan 

Java 

Luxemburg 

Montenegro 

New Zealand 

Nicaragua 97 to 

Norway 

Persia .70 to 



jrd. 

49 

■39 
1.23 

2.33 
2.74 

.42 

•37 
2.60 

2-59 
1-43 
1.02 

1-43 

■31 

2.76 

2.45 

1.70 

1.02 

.41 

1.74 

■74 

•31 

-31 

-31 

-49 

.46 

•77 
•39 
•77 
.42 

'■37 

•31 

.40 
2.62 
1.98 

■37 

•43 
2.88 
1.02 

.41 
1.23 

30 



per word. 

Peru $1.72 to $2.66 



Portugal. 

Roumania 

Russia, in Europe. . 
in Caucasus. 

in Asia 74 to 

San Salvador 72 to 

Sardinia 

.Scotland 

Servia 

Siam 

Sicily 

Singapore 

Spain 45 to 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tripoli 59 to 

Turkey, in Europe . 
in Asia- Sea- 
ports 

Tunisia 

Uruguay 

V. S. of Columliia. . .97 to 

Venezuela 

Wales 

West Indies — 

Barbadoes 

Cuba-Havana.. . . 
" Cienfuegos . . 
" Sant. deCuba 

Dominica 

Gaudaloupe 

Grenada 

Jamaica-Kingston 

Martinique 

PortoRico-S. Juan 

St. Thomas 

St. Vincent 

Trinidad 2.73 to 



•45 
•43 
•49 
•56 
.96 

•77 
.40 

•31 

-43 
1.49 
.40 
1.88 
•47 
•45 
•37 
.62 

•45 

•55 

.39 

2.00 

1. 14 

2.15 
.31 

2.63 

.40 

.60 

.90 

1.90 

2.28 

2.83 

1. 14 

2.39 

1.87 

1.96 

2.52 

2.75 



CHICAGO SUBURBAN WAGON EXPRESS LINES. 



All places given below are served daily except Sundays by responsible 
ivagon express lines, whose Chicago receiving offices are stated herewith: 

Brink's Extkess: 88 Washington St.; Chicago and Oak Park Express: 13 
La Salle St.; Grand Crossing Kxi'ress; 88 Washington st.; Hargkave's Ex- 
press: 88 Washington St.; Hasting's R. R. Express: 54 Randolph St.; Irving 
Park Express: 159 Lake st. ; Jenning's Express: 246 Lake st. ; Johnson's 
South Side Express: 65 Washington st. and 146 Pacific ave.; Lucas Express: 
44 State St.; Merchants Parcel Delivery Co.: 140 Pacific ave.; Milbrath's 
Express: ioi South Water st.; Morgan Park express: 65 Washington St.; 
Page's Express: 65 Washington SL; Reliable Express: 128 South Water st.; 
Riverside Express: 88 Washington St.: Runo's Express: 40 Franklin street; 
Stakiord's Express: 88 Washington St.; Suburban Express: 65 Washington st; 
Townsend's Express: 185 South Water sL; Wall's ExPKESS; 88 Washington St 

Ai.TENHKiM — Oak Park, Wall's. 

Ari;vi.k P.\kk — Brink's, Suburban, Merchants, Lucas. 

Austin — Oak Park, Walls, Suburban. 

AuHUKN P.\RK — lirink's, Johnson's. 

AvoNDALE —Merchants, Pr.ge's. 

Bui(;iiTON Park Merchants. 

PROOKDALE — Milbrath's, 

pRooKi.iNE — Milbrath's, Stafford's. 

Cai.vvky' — Har^irave's, Merchants. Rubo's. 

Central Park —Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. 

(^HEi.TK.NHAM PEACii —Milbrath's, Hasting's, Staflord's. 

Ci-YDE — Riverside. 

CoLEiiouR — Milbrath's, Hasting's. 

Constance — Milbrath's. 

Conway Park — Wall's. 

Cum MINGS — Milbrath's, Hasting's. 

CuYi.ER — Brink's, Merchants, 

Deering — Brink's, Merchants. 

DoiTGi.AS Park — Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. 

Dunning — Suburban. 

EuGEWATER — P>rink's, Merchants, Suburban. 

Englewood — Ihink's, Wall's, Johnson's. 

EvanstoN — Rubo's, Jenning's, Hargrave's,Merchants,Suburban, 

KoREsr Home — Oak I'ark, \\ all's. 

Crani) Crossing— Stafford's, Suburban. 

(jRAVi.AND — Irving Park, Suburban. 

CiRossi Park — Brink's, Merchauls. 

Hari.em — Oak Park. 

Hawthorne — Riversule. 

High Ridge — Brink's, Rubo's, 

HiMHoi.iiT Park — Brink's, Merchants. 

HvuE Park — Brink's, Milbrath's, Johnson's. 

Irwin — Oak Park, Wall's. 

Irving Park — Irving Park, Suburl 



..^ . ...^ . ,..v,^ i. ■ ...J, ., 

Jefferson Park — Irving I'ark, Suburban. 
Kensington — Milbrath's, Hasting's. 
Kenwood — Brink's, Milbrath's. 
Lake View— Brink's, Merchants, Suburban, 



21 



22 CHICAGO SUBURBAN WAGON EXPRESS LINES. 

Lawndale — Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. 

LiNUKN Park — Wall's, Suburban. 

LoNGVVoou — Morgan Park. 

Madison Park — Brink's, Milbrath's. 

Maplewood — Page's. 

Maywood — Wall's. 

Millard Ave. — Brink's, Merchants. 

Montrose — Irving Park, Suburban. 

MoRELAND — Oak Park, Wall's, Suburban. 

Morgan Park — Morgan Park. 

MoRTdN Park — Riverside. 

N'oRM'AL Park — -Brink's. 

I^ORVVOOD — Suburban. 

Oakland — Brink's, Milbrath's. 

Oak Park— Oak Park, Wall's, Suburban. 

Oakwoods — Brink's, Mill)rath's. 

Park Manor — Milbrath's, Brink's, Stafford's, Suburban. 

Parkside — Brink's, Milbrath's. 

Pullman — Hasting's, Reliable, 

Ravenswood — Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. 

Ridgeland — Oak Park, Townsend's, Suburlmn. 

Riverside — Riverside. 

Rogers Park — Brink's, Jenning's, Suburban. 

RosEHiLL — Brink's, Merchants. 

ROSELAND — Hasting's, Reliable. 

South Chjcago — Hastings. 

South Englewood — Brink's. 

South Evanston — Rubo's, Hargrave, Jenning's, Merchants, 

South Park — Brink's, Milbraths. 

South Ridgeland — Wall's. 

South Shore — Milbrath's, Grand Crossing. 

Stock Yards — Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. 

Stony Island — Milbrath's. 

SuMMERDALE — Brink's, Rubo's, Jenning's. 

Tracy — Morgan Park. 

Washington Heights — Stafford's. 

Windsor Park — Milbrath's, Hasting's. 

WooDLAWN — Brink's, Milbrath's, Suburban. 

For railroads on which the above mentioned places are located 
see "Suburban Stations," 



LAKE PORTS. 



23 



Lahe Ports. 

And name of line or lines running to each of the 
following cities during the season of navigation with dis- 
tances and fares (including meals and berths) from and 
to Chicago, for the season of 1891: also a list of all regu- 
lar lines that are running. 



FARE FROM 
CHICAGO. 



C/3 



« " 



Buffalo, N. Y. 



Ahnapee, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line 

Arcadia, Mich. — Goodrich's Ludington & Manistee Line 
Ashland, Wis. — Lake Mich, it Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . . 

Bayfield Wis. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co 

Benton Harbor, Mich. — Graham & Morton Transp. Co. . 
Brockville, Canada — Merchants Line 

' Western Transit Co. (Freight only) 

.Anchor Line. (Freight only) 

Union Steamboat Co. (Freight only) . . . 

^ Merchants Line. — Via Port Colborn 

Carlton, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line 

/.. , • »«• u ( Northern Michigan Line 

Charlevoix, Mich. •(<. _>i- 

I Seymour s Line 

Cheboygan, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line 

,., I J ,,•• j Union Steamboat Co. (Freight only.). 
Cleveland, Ohio .J ». u . i ■ 

I Merchants Line 

Cross Village, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line 

Cornwall, Canada. — Merchants Line 

De Tour, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . 
Detroit Mlrh J Western Transit Co. (Freight only.). . 
uetroit. Mich, -j y^^j^^ Steamboat Co. (Freight only.). . 

Douglas, Mich. — Peter O'Connor's Liner 

Duluth, Minn. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . 

Duncan City, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line 

Eagle Harbor, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Tr. Co. 

Egg Harbor, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line 

Elk Rapids, Mich. \ Northern Michigan Line 

•^ I Seymours Line 

Ellison Bay, Wis. — Goodrich Line 

Erie, Pennsylvania. — Anchor Line. (Freightouly.) 

Ephraim, Wis. — Goodrich Menominee Line 

Elscanaba, Mich. — Goodrich Line 

Fayette, Mich. — Goodrich Line 

Fish Creek, Wis. — Goodrich Line 

i Goodrich Line. (Via Milwaukee.) .. 
Northern Michigan Line 
Seymour's Line 
oodrich Line 

Gladstone, Mich. — Goodrich Line 

Glen Haven, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line 

Grand Haven, Mich. — Goodrich Line 

Green Bay, Wis. — Goodrich Line 

Hancock, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co.. 

Harbor Springs, Mich. .! Northern Michigan Line 

•^ " • ) Seymour s Line 

Holland, Mich. — Peter O'Connor's Line 

Houghton, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. 

Kewaunee, Wis. — Goodrich Line 

Kingston, Canada. — Merchants Line 

Lachine, Canada. — Merchants Line 

Lake Linden, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Tr. Co. . 
L'Anse, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . 
Leland, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line 

( A- .,.„ xf u S Seymour's Line 

Ludington, Mich, -i r^ -^ j ■ l .. • . t • 

" j Goodrich Manistee Line 

Mackinac or ) w : u ) Northern Michigan Line 

Mackinaw, ) ' ' | Lake Mich. &Lake Sup. Tr. Co.. 



240 

939 

959 

63 



5.00 

5.00 

23.00 

23.00 

1. 00 

18.00 



10.00 
42.00 
42.00 
2.00 
34.00 



200 
370 
346 
374 
850 



390 
700 



13.00 
5.00 
7.00 
7.00 
8.00 

11.00 
7.00 

21.50 
9.00 



25.00 
10.00 
13.00 
13.00 
15.00 

20.00 
13.00 
36.00 
17.00 



90 
1039 
376 
794 
365 
375 
316 
337 
920 

351 
302 
444 
358 

239 
211 

427 
392 
240 



354 
365 
107 
680 



'57 
184 
374 
350 



1,50 
24.00 
8.00 
19.00 
6.00 
6.50 
6.50 
6.00 

6.00 
7.00 
8.00 
6.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
8.00 
7.50 

5-50 
3.00 
6.00 
17.00 
7.00 
7.00 
2.00 
17.00 
5.00 
17.00 
22.00 
17.00 
17.00 
6.00 
4.00 
4-5° 
8.00 
8.00 



2.50 
43.00 
15.00 



12.00 
12.00 
12.00 

12. 00 
13.00 
14.00 
12.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
14.00 
13.00 
10.00 
5.00 
12.00 
30.00 
13.00 
13.00 
4.00 
30 00 
10.00 
32.00 
38.00 
30.00 
30.00 
11.00 
7.50 
8.50 
15.00 
15.00 



4.00 

S.oo 

8.00 
.50 

9.00 



6.50 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 

5-50 

4.00 

10.75 

4- 50 



4.00 
4.00 
3- 50 
4.00 

4.00 
5.00 

5-50 
4.00 
4.00 
2.7s 
3.00 
5-50 
5-50 
3.00 
2.50 
4.00 
7.00 
4.00 
4.00 
1. 00 
7.00 
4.00 
8.50 
n.oo 
7.00 
7.00 
3.00 
2.25 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 



24 



LAKE PORTS. 



Lake Ports. 

And name of line or lines running to each of the 
following cities during the season of navigation with dis- 
tances and fares (including meals and berths) from and 
to Chicago, for the season of 1891: also a list of all regu- 
lar lines that are running. 



-,. , ( Goodrich Line. (Via Milwaukee.). . . 

Manistee, Mich. J g^y^^^.-^Lin^. 

Manistique, Mich. — Goodrich Line 

,. . ,,,. I Goodrich West Shore Line. 

Manitowoc, Wis. j Northern Michigan Line 

Marinette, Wis. — Goodrich Menominee Line 

Marquette, Mich.— Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. 

Menekaune, Wis. — Goodrich Line 

Menominee, Mich. — Goodrich Line 

f Goodrich's West Shore Line 

Western Transit Co. (Freight only.) . . . 

Milwaukee, ) Anchor Line. (Freight only.) 

Wis. ] Union Steamboat Co. (Freight only.) 

Northern Michigan Line •• . . . 

(^ Lake Mich & Lake Sup. Transp. Co 

Montague, Mich. — Peter O'Connor's Line 

Montreal, Canada. — Merchant's Line 

Muskegon, Mich. — Goodrich's Line 

Nahma, Mich. — Goodrich's Line 

•vT .1, ^ AT- u ( Northern Michigan Line 

Northport, Mich, j Seymour's Line 

Norwood, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line 

Old Mission, Mich.— Northern Michigan Line 

Ogdensburg, N. Y.— Central Vermont Line 

„^ , »»• u ( Northern Michigan Line 

Petosky. Mich. \ Seymour's Line 

Pierport, Mich.— Goodrich's, Ludington &ManisteeLine 

Port Colborne, Ont. — Merchants Line 

Port Huron. Mich.— Western Trans. Co. (Freight only.) 

Prescott, Canada. — Merchants Line 

Racine, Wis. — Goodrich's West Shore Line 

Sarnia, Canada. — Merchants Line 

Saugatuck, Mich.— Peter O'Connor's Line 

Sault Ste Marie, Mich.— Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Tr. Co 

Sheboygan, Wis.— Goodrich's West Shore Line 

Sister Bay, Wis. — Goodrich's Line 

St. Catharines, Canada.— Merchants Line 

St. Helena, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line 



FARE FROM 
CHICA(;0. 



„, , ,,. , (Northern Michigan Line 

St. Ignace, Mich, -j Lake Mich & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. 

St. Jam'es, Mich.— Northern Michigan Line 

St. Joseph, Mich.— Graham & Morton Transp. Co 

o n »»• u I Northern Michigan Line 

Buttons Bay, Mich, .j Seymour's Grand Traverse Line. 

South Haven Mich.— Peter O'Connor's Line 

Sturgeon Bay, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line 

Thompson, Mich. — Goodrich's Line 

Torch Lake, Mich.— Northein Michigan Line 

Toronto, Canada. Merchants Line 

rr, /-^-^ 1M- V ( Northern Michigan Line 

Traverse City, Mich, j Seymour's Line 

Two Creeks, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line 

Washburn, Wis.— Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . 
Washington Harbor, Wis.— Goodrich'sMenominee Line 

Whitehall, Mich.— Peter O'Connor's Line 

White Fish Point.Mich.- Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Tr. Co 
Windsor, Canada.— Merchants Line 



325 

252 

90 



127 
434 
325 



335 
370 



332 
362 
220 



650 

1313 
60 
650 
90 
450 
140 
345 
700 
461 
47' 

320 
60 



75 
227 

5°4 
338 



350 
291 
187 
944 
385 
140 



OCEAN STEAMSHIP TICKET RATES. 



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TOTAL POPULATION OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 

From its Incorporation in 1837, to May, 1890. 



MAYOR. 



William B. Ogden 

Alexander Lloyd 

Augustus Garrett 

Augustus Garrett 

John P. Chapin 

James Curtiss 

James H. Woodworth . . . . 
James H. Woodworth . . . . 

James Curtiss 

Charles M. Gray 

Levi D. Boone 

Thomas Dwyer 

John Wentworth 

Francis C. Sherman 

Francis C. Sherman 

John B. Rice 

John B. Rice. 

John B. Rice 

Roswell B. Mason 

Joseph MediU 

Harvey D. Colvin 

Monroe Heath 

Monroe Heath 

Carter H. Harrison 

Carter H. Harrison 

Carter H. Harrison 

Carter H. Harrison 

John A Roche 

DeWitt C. Cregier 











Total 


Year 


Census 
Taken bv 


Population 


under 21 
years of 










age 


July, 


18^7. 


City. 


4,170 




July. 


1840. 


United States. 


4.479 




luly. 


184^ 


City. 


7.580 




lulv. 


184s. 


State. 


1 2, 088 




Sept., 


1846. 


City. 


14, 169 




Oct., 


1847. 


City. 


16,859 




Sept., 


1848. 


City. 


20,023 




Aug., 


184Q. 


City. 


23,047 




Aug., 


1850. 


United States. 


29,963 




Dec, 


l8s:i. 


City. 


59.130 




June, 


i8ss. 


State. 


80,000 




Aug., 


1856. 


City. 


84,113 




Aug., 


i860. 


Unued States. 


109,206 




Oct., 


1862. 


City. 


138,186 




Oct., 


1864. 


City. 


169.353 




Oct., 


1865. 


State. 


178,492 




Oct., 


1866. 


City. 


200,418 




Oct., 


1868. 


City. 


252.054 




Aug., 


1870. 


United States. 


306, 605 




Oct., 


1872. 


City. 


367.396 


153.334 


Oct., 


1874. 


City. 


395.408 


174.549 


Oct., 


1876. 


City. 


407,661 


184,490 


Oct., 


1878. 


City. 


436,731 


201,709 


June, 


1880. 


City. 


491,516 


219,622 


June, 


1882. 


City. 


560,693 


241,693 


May, 


1884. 


City. 


629,985 


263,111 


May, 


1886. 


City. 


703,817 


288,202 


May, 


1888. 


City. 


802,651 


322,454 


May. 


1890. 


City. 


1,208,669 


473.234 



POPULATION OF THE CITY BY DIVISIONS. 

From December, 1853, to May, 1890. 



YEAR. 



December, 1853 
August, 1856 . . . 
October, 1862 . 
October, 1864 . . 
October, 1866 ., 
October, 1868 . 
August, 1870 . . 
October, 1872 . . 
October, 1874 .. 
October, 1876.. 
October, 1878 , 

June, 1880 

June, 1882 

May, 1884 

May, 1886 

May, 1888 

May, 1890 



South 


West 


North 


Total 


Division 


Division 


Division 


Population 


26, 592 


14,679 


17.859 


59. 130 


30,339 


28,250 


25.524 


84.113 


45.470 


57.193 


35.523 


138,186 


56.95s 


73.475 


38.923 


169,353 


58.755 


90.739 


50.924 


200,418 


71.073 


1.8,435 


62, 546 


252,054 


86,471 


149,780 


70,354 


306,605 


88,496 


214.344 


64.556 


367.396 


96,771 


220,874 


77.763 


395,408 


104,768 


222,545 


80,348 


407,661 


111,116 


237,606 


88,009 


436.731 


122,032 


269,971 


9?. 513 


491,516 


135,648 


312,687 


112.358 


560,693 


149,564 


351.931 


128,490 


629,985 


172,379 


392.905 


138,533 


703,817 


194,164 


454.267 


154,220 


802,651 


413,922 


555-983 


238,764 


1,208,669 



28 



POPULATION. 

EXTRACTS FROM 

TABLE OF TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS, 1890. 



29 



KKTAII., PkOKESSIONS. 



Trade or Occupation. 



Firms. 



Males. 



Females 



Bakeries 

Barber shops and batlis 

Blacksmiths 

Boarding houses 

Booksellers and stationers 

Boots and Shoes 

China, crockery and glassware 
Cigars, makers and retailers... 
Clothing, makers and retailers. 

Coal and wood 

Confectionery and fruit 

Dentists 

Dressmakers 

Druggists.. 

Dry goods and notions 

Florists and nurseries 

Flour and feed 

Furniture 

Gents' furnishing goods 

Grocers 

Hardware, stoves and tinware. 

Harness 

Horseshoers 

Jewelers and watchmakers 

Laundries 

Meat markets 

Milk depots and di':ilcrs 

Millinery 

Musical instruments 

Photographers and artists 

Restaurants 

Saloons 

Teaming 



Architects 

Lawyers 

Physicians 

Midwives and nurses 

Music teachers 

Peddlers 

Teachers in private schools 

In churches and benevolent institutions 

Municipal and government officers and employes. 



623 
,105 
208 
goo 
123 
,140 
116 
,310 
-750 
740 
793 
390 
,650 

565 
873 
102 
271 
296 
201 

;,i8o 
400 
165 
255 
3. so 
750 

'.550 
955 
300 

70 
380 
570 
650 



1.595 
2,850 

775 
1,250 

365 
2.550 

310 
2,650 
4.550 
2,330 

895 

425 

1,695 

6,500 

150 

950 

1.950 

510 

9.550 

1-225 

495 

765 

725 

1,050 

3.510 

1,250 

95 

275 

500 

2.950 

17,050 

6,000 



925 
2,200 
1,650 

350 
3,800 

650 
1,500 
6,500 



790 

250 

1,850 

155 
450 

125 

525 

1.975 

1,250 

50 

1.975 

8,500 
195 
75 
275 
no 
2.550 
J 95 
15 

50 

2,150 

550 

350 

695 

25 

200 

1,810 

3.900 



40 
450 
ISO 
650 
250 

1,250 

500 

3.500 



WHOl.KSALE AND MANUFACTORIES. 



Bakeries, manufacturing.and wholesale. 

Billiard tables 

Banks 

Boilermakers and supplies .. 

Bolts 



Bookbinders 

Booksellers and stationers. 



'39 


1,422 


6 


725 


85 


1 , 229 


51 


97" 


11 


895 


24 


5>9 


1 1<) 


764 



421 

22 
'4 



442 
'85 



30 POPULATION. 

WHOLESALE AND U ANVFACTVRINO— Continue J. 



Tkade or Occupation. 



Boots and shoes, manufacturing and wholesale 

Boxes (paper) 

Boxes (wood) 

Brass founders and finishers 

Breweries and branch depots 

Brick, lime, cement and drain pipes 

Bridge and car builders 

Builders and contractors 

Carriages and wagons. 

Cigars, manufacturing and wholesale 

Cloaks and ladies' wear, manufacturing 

Clothing, manufacturing and wholesale 

Coal and wood 

Commission merchants . 

Confectioners, manufacturing and wholesale 

Coopers 

Cornices 

Distillers and rectifiers 

Drugs and dye stuffs, manufacturing and wholesale. 

Dry goods and notions 

Engravers 

Express companies 

Feather dusters and feathers 

Fish and oysters, wholesale 

Foundries 

Freighting (marine) 

Furniture, manufacturing and wholesale 

Gas works 

Gents' furnishing goods, manufacturing 

Glucose 

Glue and fertilizers 

Groceries 

Hardware and cutlery, wholesale 

Hats, caps and furs, wholesale 

Hides, tallow and wool 

Hosiery 

Hotels and grand restaurants 

Ice dealers 

Insurance 

Iron works 

Jewelers and watchmakers, manufacturing and wholesale 

Lithographers 

Livery stables . 

Lumber 

Machinists and machinery 

Marble and stone 

Millinery and straw goods 

Music and musical instruments 

Packing and slatightering houses 

Painters 

Paints, oils and glass 

Picture frames and mouldings 

Paving 

Planing mills 

Plumbers and gasfitters 

Printers and publishers 

Railroads, steam .... 

Railroads, street 

Sash, doors and blinds 



9 

21 
36 
85 
12 
1,460 

30 

475 
155 
785 

12 

32 

35 
17 
71 
^30 
82 
6 

30 
60 

65 
251 
225 
5 
105 



66 

67 

26 

302 

250 

215 

99 

25 

17 

52 

650 

97 

lOI 

7 

55 

325 

900 

100 

3 

34 



1.975 
1.777 
2,500 

5.817 
22,500 
1.598 
1.597 
700 
3.850 
1.250 
3,800 

635 

721 

405 

475 

775 

4.500 

650 

1.325 

450 

450 

6,300 

4.500 

7.500 

950 

1,250 

900 

996 

2,500 

1.572 

470 

425 

125 

2,208 

775 

1.250 

9,883 

1.063 

507 

1.^50 

5.575 

7.735 

1,296 

650 

1,113 

24,004 

2,117 

1,131 

1.250 

689 

2,850 

1.950 

10,004 

31.500 

6,500 

1.874 



POPULATION. 
WHOLESALE AND MANUFACTURING— C'(JM//«m^</. 



31 



Traiik or Orri'PATION. 



Sewing machines and attachments. . . . 

Soap 

Stoves, manufacturing and wholesale. 

Tanners and curriers 

Teaming, cabs and omnibus lines. ^... 
Telegraph and telephone companies. 

Terra cotta 

Theatres, panoramas, museums 

Tobacco, smoking, chewing and leaf. . 

Trunks 

Type and type foundries 

Vinegar 

Wall paper and window shades 

Willow and woodenware 

Wines and li<iiiors, wholesale 

Wire goods 



Firms. 



Males. Females 



y6 


655 
784 


•54 
93 


3' 

20 


902 
1,069 


15 


300 


1,500 




7 
5 


2,250 
676 


750 


35 
40 
20 


500 
365 
380 


250 

261 

4 


9 


525 


•75 


22 


249 


14 


74 
20 


474 

673 


27 
116 


43 
15 


329 
496 


26 



SAMPLES OF THE LARGE ESTABLISHMENTS. 



Females 



Pullman Car Works. ... 
Pry Goods, wholesale. 

Foundries 

Machinery 



Railroad Companies. 



Rolling Mills 



Western Union Tel. Co. . . 
Packers of Beef and Pork. 



South Side Street Railway Co 
West Side Street Railway (."o. 
North Side Street Railway Co 
Dry goods & gen'l supplies, retail 



Marikall Field & Co 

Wabinsia av. 

2-i6 FuUerton av 

McCormick Harvesting Co. . . . 
Chicago and Northwestern . . . . 

Chic, Milw. and St. Paul 

Illinois Central 

Chicago, R. I. and Pacific. . . . 
Lake Shore and Mich. So.... 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 

Pennsylvania Co 

South Chicago 

Wabansia av 

Ashland a v. and 31st st 

La Salle and Washington sts. . 

Armour & Co 

Swift & Co 

N. Morris & Co 

Fowler Bros 

Libby, McNeil and Libby 

International Packing Co.... 



E. J. Lehman & Co 

M. Field & Co 

Boston Store 

Mandel Bros 

Chas. Gossage & Co 

Siegel, Cooper & Co 

Schlesinger& Meyer 

J. H. Walker ifc Co 

The Leader 

Frank Bros 

Bauland, Morgenthau & Co. 

Fish, Joseph & Co 

E. Lloyd 



1,400 
2,600 




1,400 




5.004 


76 


3,000 




2,820 


30 


2,400 




1,105 




1,140 


25 


1,740 


25 


5.025 




1,400 




2.500 




1,040 


•55 


6,500 


275 


3,400 


20 


3,000 


100 


1,400 


'5 


1,200 


210 


2,300 




2,500 




1,200 




600 


900 


1,200 


800 


350 


1,000 


300 


500 


350 


350 


300 


400 


250 


310 


200 


225 


180 


250 


no 


210 


60 


200 


'35 


ISO 


25 


125 



THE GROWTH OF CHICAGO IN THE LAST DECADE. 

(Population in 1829: 7 inhabitants.) 



In 1880. Ill 1890. 

Population (school census) 491,516 1,208,669 

Buildings erected '. i )342 '0)947 

Frontage of same in feet 42,603 255,205 

Frontage of same in miles S}4 4^/4 

Cost of buildings erected $8,206,550 $47,407, 149 

Public schools 73 207 

Public schools, teachers 869 2,800 

Public schools, pupils 59)562 127,634 

Academies and Seminaries 142 341 

Academies and Seminaries, teachers.. 654 1)854 

Academies and Seminaries, pupils. . . . 28,635 65,016 

Banks 37 79 

Railroads entering city 15 26 

Daily suburban trains 1 28 670 

Daily passenger trains (including sub.) 260 940 

Churches 187 317 

Street railroad, miles of track 140 387 

Street railroad, number of horses em- 
ployed 2,450 9)05i 

Street railroad, number of cars used. . 650 2,907 

Street railroad, miles of cable .... 65 

Theatres lo 24 

Hotels 140 267 

Names in City Directory 148,230 362,750 

Pages in City Directory 1,098 2,253 

Fire Dept., steam fir^ engines 34 69 

Fire Dept., other fire appliances 46 132 

Fire Dept., men employed 369 917 

Fire Dept., horses employed. 163 387 

Fire Dept., fire alarm boxes 486 793 

Fire Dept., miles of fire hose 714 23^ 

Police Dept., men employed 473 1)870 

Police Dept., precincts 14 34 

Total buildings erected since the fire 55)579 

Frontage of same in feet 1,345,680 

CPSt of same $255,383,928 

32 



STREET RAILWAYS. 



I) SOUTH SIDE SYSTEM. 



a) CENTEAL LINES. 



^I^^ RfNNiNG Time given is always reckoned from Starting 
Point to last point mentioned. 

y^- NIGHT CARS: The lime given is usually slightly alter- 
ed on Saturday and Sunday nights, and in all instances subject to 
frequent changes. 



1. State and Thirty-Ninth Sts. Cable Line. 

Car every i lo 2I2 minutes. 

Ffom State and Madison Sts. to Thirty-Ninth and State Sts. 
Car: Light-Red; dark red dash. LiGHT: Ruby. 

White lantern on grip car. 

To State and 12th sts. 8 minutes; State and 22nd sts. 16 minutes; 

State and 31st sts. 23 minutes; State and 39th sts. 30 minutes. 

Return by same route to Madison St.; thence east on Madison st. to '^'abash 
Ave.; north on Wabash Ave. to Lake St.; west on Lake to State st; south ^ ''tate 
to Madison st. Last day car leaves Madison st. at 12:26 a. m. Last day car 
leaves Thirty-ninth St. at 11:53 p. m. NIGHT CARS leave 39th street going 
NORTH, 11:53, 12:08, 12:26, 12:44, 1.02, i;2o, 1:38, 1:56, 2:14, 2:32, 2:50, 3:08, 3:26, 
3:44, 4:02, 4:20, 4:38. 

Leave Madison street going south, 12:30, 12:48, 1:06, 1:24, 1:42,2:00,2:18, 
2:36. 2:54, 3:12, 3:30, 3:48, 4:06, 4:24, 4:42, 5:00, 5;i8. 

2. State and Sixty-Third Street. (Englewood Cable Line.) 

Car every i to 2' 2 minutes. 

From State and Lake sts. to Sixtj'-Third and State sts. 

Car: Light-Red; dark red dash. LlGlIT: Ruhij. 

f/reeit lantern on grip car. SiGN: ''To 03rd." 

To State and 39lh sts. same as line i; State and 51st st. 38 minutes; 

State and 63rd sts. 46 minutes. 

Return by same route to Lake street, as line i. NIGHT CARS leave 

63rd St. GOING NORTH, 12:30, 1:30, 2:30, 3:30, 4:30. Additional Sunday 5:30. 

Leave 39th st. going sovth, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00. Additional Sund.iy6:oo. 

3. Wabash Ave. and Cottage Grove Ave. Cable Line. 

tar fvfry i to 2'. niiuutos. 

From Wabash A\'e. and Madison St. to 39th and Cottage 

Grove Ave. 

Car: Blue; dark blue dash. Light: Blue. 

To Wabash ave. and I2th st. 8 minutes; Cottage Grove avenue and 

22nd St. i8 mill.; Cottage Grove ave. and 31st st. 26 min.;*^ 

Cottage Grove ave. and 39th st. 33 min. 

33 



34 STREET RAILWAYS. 

Return by same route to Madison st. ; thence north on Wabash ave. to Lake 
St.; west on Lake to State St.; south on State to Madison st. ; east on Madison to 
Wabash ave. Last day car leaves Madison st. at 12:20 a. m. NIGHT CARS 
leave 39th street going north, 11:50, 12:24, 12:58, 1:32, 2:06, 2:40, 3:14, 3:48. 4:22. 
Additional Sunday 4:56, 5:40. 

Leave Madison street going south, 12:40, 1:14, 1:48, 2:22, 2:56, 3:30, 4:04, 
4:38, 5:12. Additional Sunday 5.46, 6.30. 

4. Oakwoods Cable Line. 

Car every i to 2^^ minutes. 

From State and Lake sts. to 71st st. (Oakwood Ceraeteiy.) 

Sign: ''To 71st'\ Light: Red lantern in grip car. 

To State and 39th st. same as line 3; Cottage Grove ave. and 51st st. 

41 min.; Cottage Grove ave. and 71st st. 55 min. 

Return same as route 3. NIGHT CARS leave 39th street going ■south, 
12.10, 1.30, 2.50, 4.10. 

Leave 71st street GOING NORTH, 12.50, 2.10, 3.30, 4.50. 

5. Hyde Park Cable Line. 

Car every i to 2j4 minutes. 

From Slate and Lake sts. to 55tli and Lake Avenue. 

(Jackson Park.) 

Car: Dark hhiedash. Light: Blue ; wTiitelantem in grip car . 

To Cottage Grove ave. and 39th st. same as line 3; Cottage Grove ave. 

and 55th St. 45 min. ; Cottage Grove and Lake aves. 53 min. 

NIGHT CARS leave 39th street going south at 12.50, 2.10, 3.30. 

\eave Lake avenue and 56th street going north, 1.35, 2.55, 4. 15. 

6. Indiana Avenue Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 3-5 minutes. 

From Wabash ave. and Madison st. to 39tli and Indiana ave. 

Car: Green; darh green dash. Light: Green. 

To Wabash avenue and i8th street by cable same as line 3; from 

here by horse power to Indiana ave. and 22nd st. 19 min.; Indiana 

ave. and 31st st. 29 min; Indiana ave. and 39th st. 39 min. 

Return by same route to Madison St., thence same as line 3. Last car leaves 

Madison street going south, 12.10 p. m. Sunday 12.00 p. m. 

Last car leaves 39th st. going north, 11.36 p. m. Sunday 11.20 p. m. 

7. Archer Avenue Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 3 minutes to Pitney Ave. 
Car every 9-12 minutes to Kedzie Ave, 

From State and Madison sts. to Archer ave. and Kedzie ave. 

Car: Yellow; dark yelloiv dash. LiGHT: White. 

To State and 19th by cable 14 minutes; from here by horse power 

to Archer ave. and Halsted st. 26 min. ; Archer ave. and Ashland 

ave. 38 min.; Archer ave. and Western ave. 50 minutes; to 

Archer and Kedzie avenues 62 minutes. 
Return by same route to Madison St.; thence same as line 3. Last day car 
leaves Madison and State sts. at 12:06 a. m. NIGHT CARS leave the river 
going east connecting with State St. cars at 19th St. at 12.22, 1.18, 2.12, 3.06, 
4.00, 4.54. 

Leave Stale and 19th sts. going WEST at 12.48, 1.42, 2.36, 3.30, 4.24, 5.44. 



SOUTH SIDE 35 

8. Clark and Van Buren Street Horse Line. 

Car every 6 minutes. 

From Clark and Washington sts. to Van Buren st. and 

Wabash avenue. 

Car: Drah; dark d rah da.sfi. Light: Orange. 

To Clark and Van Buren sts. 6 min.; Wabash avenue and 

Van Buren st. lo minutes. 

Return by same route. Last day car leaves Clark and Washington sts. at 
I' 1:24 p. ni. Sunday 8:24 ]>. ni. 

9. "Wallace, Hanover and Butler Sts. Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 10 minutes 

From State and Madison sts. to Wallace and 39th sts. 

Car: Green hodi/ and dash. Light: Green. 

To State and Archer ave. by cable 14 min. ; then by horse power 

to Archer ave. and Hanover 20 min.; south on Hanover st. to 

30th St. 27 min. ; west on 30th to Butler st. 28 min. ; south 

on Butler to 39th street 40 minutes. 
Return by same route to Madison St.; thence same as line 3. Last day car 
leaves State and Madison sts. at 11:43 P- "i- 

lO! Wentworth Ave. and Thirty-Ninth Street Horse Line. 

Car every 6 minutes. 

From Washinglou and Clark to Wentworth ave. and 39th st. 

Car: Amher body and dash. Light: Orange. 

To Clark and 12th sts. 12 min.; Clark st. and Archer avenue 

21 min.; Archer avenue and Wenthworth avenue 23 min.; 

Wentworth avenue and 39th street 44 minutes. 
Return by same route to Clark and Washington sts. Last day car leaves 
Clark and Washington at 11:44 P- "i- Sunday 11:50 p. m. 

11. Wentworth Avenue and Seventy-Ninth Street 
Cable and Horse Line. (Auburn Park.) 

Car eery 8-12 minutes. 

From State and Madison sts. to Seventy-Ninth and Halsted sts. 

Car: Wine colored body. Light: Orange. 
From State and Madison sts. to State and 63rd sts. same as line 2: 
46 minutes; to 63rd st. and Wentworth ave. 49 min.; to Went- 
worth ave. and 69th st. 57 minutes; to Vincennes Road and 
73rd St. 62 minutes; to 79th and Halsted sts. 75 minutes. 
Last car from Madison st. South 12:06 a. ni. 

b) CROSS-TOWN AND SUBUREAN LINES. 



12. Twenty-Second Street Horse Line. 

Car every 24 minutes. 

From Cottage Grove aye. and 22nd st. to the river 12 minutes. 

Last car from the river lOast 7:12 p. m. 

13. Halsted Street Horse Line. 

Car every 3 to 6 minutes. 

From Halsted and O'Neil sts. to Halsted and 39th sts. 

Car: YeUoio bod)/; dark yr/loir dash. LiGHT: Ruby. 

From Halsted and O'Neil sts. south on Halsted st. to Archer ave. 2 

min; to Halsted and 31st 10 min; to Halsted and 39th 23 min. 

Last car leaves Archer ave. and Halsted St. at 12.30 a, m. NIGHT CARS 

every 60 minutes beginning at 1.00 a. m. 



36 STREET RAILWAYS. 

14. Twenty-Sixth St. Horse Line. 

Car every 8-14 minutes. 

From Cottage G-rove ave. and 26th st. to Halsted and 26th. 
streets 18 minutes. 

Last car West from Cottage Grove ave. at 11:24 P- f". 

15. Thirty-First st. and Brighton Park Horse Line. 

Car every g-12 minutes. 

From 31st st. and the lake to 31st st. and the river. 
Car: Redhody; dark red dash. LiGHT: Green. 
From 31st St. and the lake to 31st and State sts. 12 min.; to 31st and 
Halsted st. 27 min.; to 31st st. and the river 38 min. 
Last car leaves 31st st. and the lake at 11.36 p. m. 

16. Ashland Avenue Horse Line. 

Car every 12-15 minutes. 

From Archer and Ashland aves. to 69th. and Ashland ave. 

Car: Red body and dash. Light: Rahy. 

From Archer and Ashland aves. to 39th and Ashland ave, 12 min.; to 

Ashland ave. and 47th st. 26 min.; to Ashland ave. and Garfield 

Boul. 38 minutes; to Ashland avenue and 63rd st. 50 minutes; 

to Ashland avenue and 69th street 62 minutes. 

Last day car leaves Archer and Ashland aves. at 11.45 p. m. 

17. Thirty-Fifth and Ullman St. Horse Line: 

Car every 12 minutes. 

From State and 35th streets via 35th to Ullman street 19 
minutes; North on Ullman to 31st st. 25 minutes. 

Last car from State st. West ii:i6 p. m. 

18. Thirty-Fifth Street and Stanton Avenue Horse Line. 

Car every 9 minutes. 

From Cottage Grove ave. and 35th street to Stanton ave. 

and Thirty-Ninth street. 

Car- Green body and dash. Light: Green. 

From Cottage Grove avenue and 35th street west to Stanton avenue 

3 minutes; Stanton avenue south to 39th street 6 minutes. 

Last day car leaves Cottage Grove avenue and 35th street at 7.48 p. m. 

19. South Park Horse Line. 

Car every 17 minutes. 

From Indiana avenue and 39th street to Washington Park. 

Car: Green hody; dark green dash. LiGHT: Green. 

From Indianaave. and39th st. to 47th st..i3 minutes; to Indiana ave. 

and 51st St. 18 minutes; to Washington Park 21 minutes. 

Last day car leaves Indiana ave. and 39th st. at 9:04 p, m. 

20. Thirty-Ninth Street and Stock Yards Horse Line. 

Car every 6-8 minutes. 

From Cottage Grove ave. and 39th street to Stock Yards. 

Car: Blue body; dark blue dash. LiGHT: Blue. 
From Cottage Grove ave. and 39th to State st. 13 minutes; to Went- 
worth ave. and Root st. 20 minutes; to .Stock Yards 30 minutes. 
Last day car leaves Cottage Grove avenue and 39th street at 12:00 p. m. 



SOUTHSIDE 37 

21. Halsted St. Town of Lake Horse Line. 

L :u every 7-10 minuli--^. 

Q,XVi:Yilli)if Ixxlji, (larii ycUoio dasli. hMyiT:Ruhy. 
From Halsted and 40th sts, to Halsted and 69th sts. 40 min. 

Last car South from 40th st. 12:02 a. m. Sunday 11:48 p. m. 



22. Forty-Third Street Horse Line. 

Car every 5 - lu inliuUes. 

From the Illinois Central tracks to Stock Yards. 

Car: Blue hodi/. 

From Illinois Central tracks to Cottage Grove avenue 8 minutes; to 

(irand Boulevard and 43rd 14 min.; to State and 43rd 21 min; to 

Root St. and Wenthworth ave. 27 min; to Stock Yards 39 min. 

Last car West 11:40 p. m. 

23. Forty-Seventh Street Horse Line. 

Car e\ery 10 minutes. 

From State and Fort.v-Seventh street to Ashland avenue. 
Car: Rrd Ixidfi <tiid dash. Light: Rtd. 

From State and 47th sts. to Halsted st. I4min; to Ashland ave. 27 mi». 
Last car leaves State street at 11:46 p. m. Sundays 11:30 p. m. 

24. Fifty-First St. Horse Line. 

Car e\ery 17 minutes. 

From State and Fifty-First sts. to Washington Park in 8 min. 
25. Sixty-First and Sixty-Third Sts. (East) Horse Line. 

Car every 12 minutes. 

From State and Gist sts. to 03rd st. and Illinois Central tracks. 
Car: Y(dh>w body. Light: Green. 

Krom State and 6ist sts. to Cottage (irove ave. and 6ist st. 12 min.; 
to 63rd St. 15 min.; to Illinois Central tracks 22 min. 
Last car I'ast from State st. ii:oo p. m. 



26. Wentworth Ave. and Sixty-Third Street Line. 

Car every 12 minutes, 

From State and 39tli street to Wentworth ave. andG3rd street. 

Car: Wine colored body. LiGHT: Oranf/e. 

From State and 39th sts. to Wentworth ave. and 39th st. 3 min.; 

then to Wentworth avenue and 63rd street 36 minutes. 

Last car South from 39th st. 11:24 P- "•• 

27. Sixty-Ninth St. Horse Line 

Car every 9-18 minutes. 

From State and 64th sts to 69th and Cooper sts. 

From State and 64th sts. to State and 69th sts 7 min.; to Halsted st. 

20 min.; to Ashland ave. 30 min. ; to C*ooper and 69th 

streets 37 minutes. 

Last . ar from State and 64th sts. .South 11:21 p. m. 



38 STREETRAILWAYS. 

WEST SIDE. 
1. Lake Street Horse Line. 

Car every 4-8 minutes. 

From State and Randolph sts. to W.Lake and W. 40th street. 

Yellow car. — Yellow light. 

From State and Lake sts. to Lake st. bridge j niin.; to Halsted st. 12 

mill.; to Ann st. 17 min.; to Ashland ave 22 min.; to Robey st. 27 

min. ; to Western ave. 32 min.; to Albany ave. 40 min.; to 

W. 40th St. 50 minutes. Return by same route. 
Last car leaves W. 40th st. 11:18 p. m. — State and Lake sts. 12:10 a. m, 

2. Randolph Street Horse Line. 

Car every 3-6 minutes. 

From State and Randolph to Western avenue and Lake street. 

Yellow car.— Red light. 

From State and Randolph sts. west to bridge 7 min.; to Halsted st. 

12 min.; to Ann st, 17 min.; to Bryan Place (Union Park) 20 

min. ; northwest on IJryan Place to Lake st., west on Lake st. 

to Ashland ave. 22 min.: to Robey st. 27 min.; to 

Western avenue 32 minutes. 

Last car leaves Western ave. 11:24 p. m. — State and Randolph 11:57 P- '"■ 

3. Madison Street Cable Line. 

Car every 1^2-3 minutes. 

From La Salle and Madison sts. to W, Madison and 40th sts, 

Yellow car. — Red light. 

From La Salle and Madison sts. to La Salle and Randolph st., west 

to 5th ave. and south on 5th ave. to Washington st. 4 minutes; 

west on Washington st. through tunnel to Jefferson st. 7 min.; 

south on Jefterson st. to Madison, to W. Madison and 

Halsted sts. 10 min.; to Ashland ave. 17 min. ; to 

Rockwell St. 26 min.; to W. 40th st. 35 min. 

Last car leaves W. 40th st. 12:00 a. m. — Madison and La Salle 12:35 a. m. 

4. Madison Street Horse Line. (Night Cars.) 

Car every 20 minutes. 

From State and Washington sts. to Madison and 40th sts. 

Yellow car. — Red light. 

From State and Washington sts. south on State st. to Madison st., 

west on Madison st. to Canal st, g min.; to Halsted st. 13 min.; 

to Centre ave. 16 min. ; to Ashland ave. 22 min. ; to Robey 

St. 27 min. ; to Western ave. 33 min. to 40th st. 55 min. 

Cars leave State and Washington sts. from 12:30 a. m. every 20 minutes. 

6. Harrison and Washington Street Horse Line. 

Car every 4-8 minutes. 

From Michigan avenue and Washington street to Harrison 

street and Western avenue. 

Green Sign.— Green liglit. 



STREET RAILWAYS. 30 

From Stale and Washington streets South to Madison street and 5th 

avc. 7 riiin. ; West to Franklin, South to Adams, West to 1 )cs- 

plaines and Adams 16 min.; West to Centre ave., South on 

Centre ave. to Harrison si, 25 min. ; West on Harrison st. lo 

Ashland ave. 30 min.; to Western ave. 40 minutes. 

Last car leaves \\'t'stcrii ave. 11 nop. ni. — Stale and Washington sts. 11:52 p. m. 

6. Ogden Avenue Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 2-4 minutes. 

From La Salle and Madison sts. to 0.£;den and Millard aves. 

Grcoi car. — Yellow light. 

From La Salle and Madison sts., same as Madison st. line lo Ogilen 

ave. 17 min.; southwest lo Ogden ave. and Harrison si. 24 min.; 

to Ugden ave. and W. 12th st. 32 min.; to Millard and 

Ogden avenues 52 minutes. 

Last car leaves Western ave. 11:36 p. m. — La Salle anil Madison sts. 12:38 a.m. 

7. Harrison and Adams Street Line. 

Car every 4-8 minutes. 

From Michigan ave. and Washington street to Harrison street 

and Western avenue. 

Red sign. — Red light. 

From Michigan ave. and Washington st., south to Adams si., west on 

Adams st. to Halstctl sts. 12 min.; to Adams st. and Centre ave. 

18 min.; lo Harrison st. and Centre ave. 23 min.; lo Harrison 

street and Western avenue 40 minutes. 

Last car leaves Western avenue 11.18 p. m. ^Michigan ave. and Washington 

street 12.00 a,, m. 

8. Centre Avenue and Adams Street Line. 

Car every 8 minutes. 

From Michigan avenue and Adams street to 21st street and 

AVestern avenue. 

White sign.— White light. 

From Michigan ave. and .Vdams St., east on Adams st. to Franklin si, 

7 min. ; to Union Depot 10 min.; to Desplaines st. 13 min.; to 

Centre ave. 19 min. ; south on Centre ave. lo Harrison st. 22 

min.; lo I2lh st. 27 min.; to 15th st. 30 min.; to 2isl st. 

35 min. ; west on 21st st. to .Vshland ave. 40 min. ; 

to Rohey st. 45 min.; lo Western ave. 50 min. 

Last car leaves Western ave. and 21st St. 11:08 p. m. — Michigan avenue and 

.Vdams street 12.00 a. m. 

9. Van Buren Street Horse Line. (No. 1.) 

Car c\ery z] z - 3 minutes. 

From State and ilandolph sts. to Western ave. and A'^.Buren st. 

Yellow car. — Pink light. 
From Slate and Ranilolph sts., west to 5lh ave., south lo Van Buren 
St., west lo Van Buren st. bridge 13 min.; lo Halsted st. 18 min.; 
to Centre ave. 23 min.; lo Ashland ave. 29 min.; lo Robey 
street 34 minutes; to Western avenue 39 minutes. 
Last car leaves Western ave. 11:02 p. m. State and Randolph sts. 11:50 p. m. 
NIGHT C.AR.S leave Western avenue 11:29 p. m.. 12:49 a. m., 2:09 a. m., 3:29 
a. m., 4:49 a. m. — State and Randolph 12:10 a. m., 1:30 a. m., 2:50 a. in., 4:10a. m.. 
5:30 a. m. 



40 WEST SIDE 



10. Van Buren Street Horse Line. (No. 2.) 

Car every 2'2-5 minutes. 

From State and V. Buren sts. to Kedzie ave. and V. Buren st. 

YeJJow car. — Pinlc lic/hf. 

From State and Van Buren sts. to bridge 6 min.; to Ilalsted st. ii 

min.; to Centre ave. 16 min.; to Ashland ave. 22 min. ; to Robey 

St. 27 min. ; to Western ave. 32 min.; to Kedzie ave. 41 min. 

Last car leaves Kedzie ave. 11. 10 p. m. State and Van Buren sts. 11.51 71. m 

11. Blue Island Avenue Horse Line. 

C.ir every 2}^ -5 minutes. 

From State & Washington sts. to Blue Island & Western aves. 

Bine dash. — Green light. 
From State and Washington sts., south on State to Madison st., west to 
Madison st. bridge 8 min., west toClinton st., south on Clinton st. 
to Adams st., west to Ilalsted st. 15 min., south on Halsted 
St. to Blue Island ave. and Harrison st. 18 min., south- 
west on Blue Island ave. to 12th st. 24 min., to 15th 
St. 28 min., to 22nd st. 37 min., to Robey st. 43 
minutes, to Western avenue 49 minutes. 
East car leaves Blue Island and Western aves. 11. 15 p. m. State and Washing- 
ton sts. 12.06 a. m. 

NIGHT CARS leave Western ave. 11.40 p. m., 12.30a.m., 1.20 a.m., 2.10 
a. m., 3.00 a. m., 3.50 a. m., 4.40 a. m. State and Washington sts. 12.30 a. m., 1.20 
a.m., 2.10 a.m., 3.00 a. ni., 3.50 a.m., 4.-40 a. m., 5.30 a. m. 

12. South Halsted Street Horse Line. 

(For points on Halsted street South of O'Neil street see South Side System.) 
Car every 3-6 minutes. 

From State and Randolph sts. to Halsted and O'Neil sts. 

Red dash, yellow body. — Red light loitli white star in centre. 

I'rom Stale and Randolph sts., west to bridge 9 min., to Randolph 

and Halsted sts. 14 min.. south on Halsted st. to Madison st. 16 

min., to Harrison 21 min., to 12th st. 27 min., to 18th st. 34 

minutes, to O'Neil street 41 minutes. 
Last car leaves O'Neil st. 11:14 P- '"• State and Randolph sts. 11:57 P- "i- 
NIGHT CARS leave O'Neil st. 11:30 p. m., 1215 a. m., 1:00 a. m., 1:45 a. m. 
2:30 a. m., 3:15 a. m., 4:00 a. m., 4:45 a. m. State and Randolph 12:15 3. m., i:oo 
a. m., 1:45 a. m. 2:30 a. m., 3:45 a. m., 4:30 a. m., 5:15 a. m. 

13. Clinton and Jefferson Sts. Horse Line. 

Car every 70 minutes. 

From State and Randolph sts. to Jeiferson and Meagher sts. 

Broirn car. Orange light. 

From State and Randolph st., west on Randolph st. to Clinton St., 

south on Clinton st. to W. I2th St., west on 12th st. to Jefferson 

St., south on Jefferson street to Meagher street 33 minutes. 

Last car leaves State and Randolph sts. 6.09 p. m. 

14. Taylor Street Line. 

Car every 8 minutes. 

From Michigan avenue and Washington street to Taylor 

street and Western avenue. 

Yellow car; Line ana red j)l at/or ni. — Bine and red light. 



ST RE ET RAIL W AYS. 41 

From Micliigan avc. and Wasliingion st., south to Adams St., west on 

Adams st. to stli ave. 6 min., south on 5th ave. to Harrison st., 

west on Harrison St. to Canal st. 13 min., south on Canal st. to 

Taylor st., west on Taylor st. to Halsted st. 20 min., to 

Centre ave. 25 min., to Ashland ave. 30 minutes, to 

Robey st, 35 min., to Western avenue 40 min. 

Last car leaves Western ave. 11.08 p.m. Michigan avenue and Washington 

street 11.52 p. m. 

15. Twelfth Street Horse Line. (No. 1.) 

Car every I) niiniilos. Fr«iu State and Randolph sts. to Lawndale. 

Rnl (l<(s/i, yellow hod}/. Green light. 
From Randolph and State sts., south to Madison st., west on Madison 
St. to 5th ave. 5 min., south on 5th ave. to I2lh st, 16 min., west 
on I2lh St. to Halsted st. 25 min., to Ashland ave. 35 min., 
to Ogdcn ave. 45 min., transfer to Lawndale 56 minutes. 
Last tar leaves Oi;den ave. T1.16 p.m. State and Randolph sts. 12.05 a.m. 
NIGH r C.-\RS leave Western ave. 12.40a. ni., 1.25 a.m., 2.10 a.m., 2.55 a.m., 
3.40 a.m., 4.25 a.m. State and Randolph sts. 1.303. m., 2.15 a.m., 3.00 a.m., 
3.45 a. ni.. 4.30 a. m., 5.15 a. m. 

16. Twelfth Street Horse Line. (No.2.) 

Car every C minutes. 

From State and A'aii Buren sts. to 12th street and Kedzie ave. 

Car: red ditsh; yellow body. — Light: green. 

From State and Van liuren sts. west to 5th ave. 3 min., to Jefferson 

St. 8 mill., south on Jeflerson st. to I2th st. 14 min., west on I2th 

St. to Halsted st. 18 min., toCentreave. 23 min., to Ashland 

ave. 28 min., to Robey 33 min., to Western avenue 38 

minutes, to Kedzie avenue 50 minutes. 

Last car leaves Kedzie ave. ii.ii p. m. — State and Van Bnren sts. 12.01 a. m. 

17. Eighteenth Street Horse Line. 

C.ir i;\ery 7K minutes. 

From State and Raiidolpli sts. toLeavittst. and Blue Island ave. 
Car: red and white d(t.sh, divided vertically. — Light: green 

and white, divided vertically. 

From State and Randolph sts. west to bridge 9 min., to Halsted st. 

14 min., south on Halsted st. to Madison st. 16 min., to Harrison 

St. 21 min., to 12th st. 27 min., to iSlh st. 34 min., west on 

iSth St. to Centre avc. 39 min., to Ashland ave. 44 min., 

to Leavitt street 51 min., south on Leavitt street 

to Blue Island avenue 58 minutes. 

Last car leaves Blue Island ave. 11.04 I' '"■ — Slate and Randolph 12.02 a. m. 

18. Canalport Avenue Horse Line. 

Car every 6 minutes 

From State and Randolph sts. to Halsted and O'Neil sts. 

Car: ijreen dash; yellow hody. — Light: white. 

From State and Randolph sts. west to bridge 7 minutes, to Clinton 

St. 9 min., south on Clinton st. toVanBuren 14 min., to Harrison 

St., east to Canal, south to I2th St. 22 min., to Canalport ave. 

30 min., soullnvcst on Canalport ave. 36 minutes, south 

on Halsted street to O'Neil street 40 minutes. 

Last car leaves O'Neil St. it. 16 p. m. — State and Randolph sts. 12.00 a. m. 



42 NORTHSIDE 



19. Ashland Avenue and Sangamon Street Horse Line. 

Car every 7-8 minutes. 

From Michigan ave. and Adams street to Clybourn Place. 

Car: greeti with blue & inhite platform. — Lifjht: blue & white. 

From Michigan ave. and Adams st. west to Sangamon St. 13 minutes, 

to Sangamon and Austin ave. 20 min., to Annst. and Austin ave. 

25 min., to Ann st. and Erie st. 29 min., to Ashland ave. and 

Erie street 35 minutes, to Ashland avenue and 

Clybourn Place 55 minutes. 

Last car leaves Clybourn Place 11.05 p.m. -Michigan ave. and.4dams st. 12.00 a.m. 



NORTH SIDE. 



1. City Limits Cable Line via Clark Street. 

Car every 3 minutes. — Running time 31 minutes. 

From Monroe and La Salle sis. to N. Clark st. and Diversey ave. 

Greeu light.— Sign, ''Clarh Street." 

From Monroe and La Salle sts. East on Monroe st. to Dearborn St.. 

North on Dearborn st. to Randolph St., West on Randolph st., 

North (through tunnel) on La Salle st., East on Illinois st. to 

Clark St. 8 min.; North on Clark st. to Chicago ave. 12 

min. ; to Division st. 16 min. : to North ave. 20 min. ; 

to Clark and Centre sts. 24 minutes; to FuUerton 

ave. 28 min.; to Diversey street 31 minutes. 

Last car leaves Diversey ave. 11:46 p. m. — Monroe and La Salle St. 12:22 a. m. 

NIGHT CARS (drawn by horses) from old city limits, down.— 12:18, 1:47, 3:03, 

4:19, 5:35, 6:56. From Clark & Washington St. up. — 12:59, 2:25, 3:41. 4:57, 6:13, 7:34. 

2. City Limits Cable Line via Wells Street. 

Car every 6 minutes. — Running time 32 minutes. 

From Monroe and La Salle sts. to N. Clark st. and Diversey ave. 

Red light.— Sign " Wells Street." 
From Monroe and La Salle sts. East on Monroe St., North on Dear- 
born St., Weston Randolph St.. North (through tunnel) on La Salle 
St., West on Illinois st. to Wells st. g min. ; North on Wells st. 
to Chicago ave. 13 min.; to Division st. 17 min.; to North 
ave. 21 min. ; to Clark and Centre sts. 25 min. ; to Ful- 
lerton avenue 29 min. ; to Diversey ave. 32 minutes. 
Last car leaves Diversey ave. 11:38 p. m. — Monroe and L a Salle 12:10 a. m. 

3. Lincoln Avenue Cable Line via Clark Street. 

Car every 2'^ minutes. — Running time 32 minutes. 

FromMonroe and La Salle sts. to Lincoln and Wrightwood aves. 

Purple light.— Sign "Clark Street." 
From Monroe and La Salle sts. East on Monroe st., North on Dear- 
born St., West on Randolph st., North (through tunnel) on La Salle 
St., East on Illinois st. to Clark st. 8 min.; North on Clark st. 
to Chicago ave. 12 min.; to Division st. 16 min.; to North 
ave. 20 min.; to Centre st. 24min.; to Lincoln and 
Garfield aves. 26 minutes; to Fullerton avenue 30 
minutes; to Wrightwood avenue 32 minutes. 
Last car leaves Wrightwood ave. 11:52 p. m. — Monroe and LaSalle 12:24 ^' ^■ 
NIGHT CARS from Clark and Washington sts. : Wrightwood avenue down. — 
12:00, 1:28, 2.44, 4:00, 5:15, 6:31. Washingtonst. up. — 12:40, 2:06, 3:22, 4:38, 5:53, 7:09. 



STREETRAILWAYS. 43 

4. Lincoln Avenue Cable Line via Wells Street. 

Car every ij iniiiules. — Kiiiiniii!; time 33 minutes. 

FroiuMouroe and La Salle sts. to Lincoln and Wrij^htwood aves. 

Red lif/hf—Siqu " Wells Street:' 

From Monroe and La Salle sts. East on Monroe, North on Dearborn, 

West on Randolph, North (through tunnel) on La Salle street, 

West on Illinois st. to Wells st. 9 min.; North on Wells st. 

to Chicago ave. 13 min.; to Division st. 17 min.; to North 

ave. 21 min.; to Clark and Centre sts. 25 min.; to 

Lincoln and Garfield aves. 27 min.; to Fullerton 

ave. 31 min.; to Wrightwood ave. 33 minutes. 

Last car leaves Wrightwood ave. 11:40 p. ni. — Monroe and La Salle 12:12 a. m. 

5. State and Division Street Horse Line. 

Car every 3 minutes.^Kunniiig time 14 minutes. 

From State and Lake sts. to Division and N. Clark streets. 
Red light. 
From State and Lake sts. North on State st, to Chicago ave. 8 
min., to Division St., West to Clark st. 14 min. Return route through 
\\'cbster ave., to Lincoln ave., than same as route northward. 

Last car leaves N.Clark and Division sts. 11:50 p. m. — State and Lake 12:10 a.m. 

6. Clark St., Fullerton and Webster Avenues 
Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 6 minutes. 

From Monroe and La' Salle sts. to Racine and Webster aves. 
Green and red light. 
From Monroe and La Salle sts. to Lincoln and Fullerton aves. 
via Lincoln ave. cable 30 min., west to Fullerton and Racine avenues 
35 min., south to Racine and Webster aves. 37 min. If car is run via 
Wells St. cable, one minute longer. 

l>ast car leaves Racine and Webster ave. 11.35 P- m- — Monroe and La Salle sts. 
12.12 a. m. 

7. Garfield Avenue and Centre Street Cable 
and Horse Line. 

Car every 4 minutes. 

From Monroe and La Salle sts. to Racine and (rarfield aves. 
Or<(nge light, red star in centre. 
From Monroe and La Salle sts. to Lincoln and Garfield aves. 
(via Lincoln ave. cable) 27 min., west on Gai field ave. to Halsted st. 
31 min., to Racine ave. 37 min. Above time is via Clark st. cable. 
If car is run via Wells st. cable, it takes one minute longer. 

Last car leaves Racine aud Garfield aves. 11.35 P- m. — LaSalle and Monroe 
sts. 12.12 a. m. 

8. Clybourn Ave. Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 6 minutes. 

From Monroe and La Salle sts. to Cl.ybourn and Fullerton aves. 
Red light. 
From Monroe and La Salle sts. by Wells st. cable, to Wells and 
Division sts. 17 min., west on Division st. to Clybourn ave., north- 



44 NORTH SIDE. 

west on Clybourn ave. to Larrabee st. 25 min,, to North ave. 31 min., 
to Centre st. 37 min. to FuUerton ave. 45 min. 

Last car leaves FuUerton ave. 11.24 P- ™- — Monroe and La Salle sts. 12.09a.m. 

NIGHT CARS, from Clark and Washington sts., up. — 12.30, 1.50, 3.07, 4.30, 
6.00,7.20. FuUerton and Clybourn aves., down. — 11.50, 1.09, 2.26,3.52,5.21,6.37. 

9. Sedgwick St. Horse Line. 

Car every 7 minutes. 

From Clark and Washington sts. to Sedgwick and Centre sts. 
Red light, tchite diamond in centre. 
From Clark and Washington sts., north on Clark st. to Kinzie St., 
west to Market st., north to Cliicago ave. lo min., west on Chicago 
ave. to Sedgwick st., north on Sedgwick st. to Division st. 18 min., 
to North ave. 24 minutes, to Centre st. 30 min. 

Last car leaves Sedgwick and Centre sts. 11.24 p. m. — Clark and Washington 
streets 11.54 P- "!• 

10. Larrabee St. Horse Line. 

Car every 7 minutes. 

From Clark and Washington sts, to Lincoln and Webster aves. 

Thence by transfer to Racine and Belden aves. 

White light. 

From Clark and Washington sts., north on Clark st. to Kinzie St., 

west to Market St., north to Chicago ave. 10 min., west to Larrabee 

St., north to Division st. 16 min., to North ave 22 min., to Centre st. 

28 min., to Lincoln and Webster aves. 34 minutes. 

Last car leaves Lincoln and Webster aves. 11.22 p. m. — Clark and Washington 
streets 11.56 p. m. 

NIGHT CARS. From Clark and Washington sts., up. — 12. 11, 1.28, 2.44, 4.00, 
5.21, 6.37. Racine and Belden aves. — 11. 31, 12.50, 2.06, 3.22, 4.43, 5.59. 

11. Halsted and Market St. Horse Line. 

Car every 9 minutes. 

From 5th avenue and Randolph street to Halsted street and 

Evanston avenue. 

Purple light. 

From 5th ave. and Randolph St., north over Wells st. bridge, to 

Illinois St. 6 minutes, west on Illinois St., north on Market street to 

Chicago ave. 10 min., to Division St., west to Clybourn ave. 16 min.; 

northwest on Clybourn ave. to Halsted st. 24 min., north on Halsted 

St. to Centre st. 30 min., to FuUerton ave. 36 min., to Clark st. 40 min., 

to Evanston ave. 48 min. 

Last car leaves Evanston ave. 11.06 p. m. — 5th ave. and Randolph st. 11. 54 p.m. 

12. Division and Market St. Horse Line. 

Car every 12 minutes. 

From Clark and Washington streets to Division street and 

Milwaukee avenue. 

Green and toliite light. 

From Clark and Washington sts., north on Clark |st., west on 

Chicago ave. to Market st. 10 min., north to Division st. 16 minutes, 

west to Halsted st. 22 minutes, to Division st. bridge 28 minutes, to 

Milv/aukee ave. 36 minutes. 

Last car leaves Milwaukee ave. ii.i4p. m. -Clark and Washington sts 11.50 p.m. 



STREET RAILWAYS. 45 



13. Northwestern Depot Horse Line. 

Car f\ery o mimites. 

From Wells and Kiiizie sts. to Madison and State sts. 

Li<jht: White. 
From Wells and Kinzie sts., south on Wells st., over bridge to 
5th ave., to Lake St., east to State St., south tt) Madison and State sts. 
12 min., west to 5th ave., north, over bridge to Wells and Kinzie sts. 
24 minutes. 

Last car leaves Madison and State sts. 11.40 p. m. 

' 14^ Dearborn St. Horse Line. 

Car every 10 minuies. 

From Northwestern Depot to Polk street Depot. 
Licjht: White Diamond. 
From Wells and Kinzie sts., east to Dearborn St., south to Ran- 
dolph St. 6 min., to Aihuns st. 12 min., to Polk st. depot 20 minuies. 

l.ast car leax '■- \ -W I li-in ■! u. ;2 p. m. — Polk St. Depot 9. 52 p. m. 

SUBURBAN AND CROSS TOWN LINES. 
15. Clark St. and Lawrence Ave. Horse Line. 

C.^r every 15 minutes. 

From Clark st. and Diversey ave, north to Lawrence avenue. 
Lirjht: Green. 
From Clark st. and Diversey ave, to Belmont ave, 7 minutes, to 
Graceland ave. 18 minutes, to Lawrence ave. 28 minutes. 

Last car leaves Diversey ave. 11. 15 p. m. —Lawrence ave. 11.45. P- >"■ 

16. High Ridge Horse Line. 

Car every 15 minutes. 

From Clark street and Lawrence avenue to High Ridge. 
Light: Green. 
From Clark st. and Lawrence ave. to Rose Hill 14 min., to High 
Ridge 28 minutes. 

Last car leaves Cl.irk St. and Lawrence ave. to. 00 p. m. — High Ridge 10.30 p.m. 

17. Graceland Avenue Line. 

Car every 10 minutes. 

Frqm N. Clark street and Diversey avenue to Graceland and 
Alexandra avenues. 

(During High School term a car runs from Alexandra avenue to Ashland avenue.) 

Light: Red. 
From N. Clark st. and Diversey ave., north on Evanston ave. to 
Belmont ave. 6 min., to Graceland ave. 14 min., west on Graceland 
ave. to Alexandra ave. 20 minutes. During High School term, to 
Ashland ave. 30 min. 

Last car leaves Clark st. and Diversey ave. 11.45 P- ™- — Graceland and 
.Alexandra aves. 11.24 p. "i- 

18. Gross Park Horse Line. 

Car every 4 minutes. 

From Lincoln and Wrightwood avenues to Belmont avenue. 
Light: Purple. 
From Lincoln and Wrightwood aves., north on Lincoln ave. to 
Belmont ave. 10 minutes. 

Last car leaves Lincoln and Wrightwood aves. 11.45 P- "i- — Lincoln and Bel- 
mont aves. 12.00 a. m. 



46 NORTHSIDE. 



19. Roscoe Boulevard Horse Line. 

Car every 20 minutes. 

From Lincoln and Belmont aves. to Roscoe Boulevard and 
Western avenue. (Sharpshooters' Park.) 
Light: Purple. 
From Lincoln and Belmont ave., west on Belmont ave. to Robey 
St., north to Roscoe Boulevard, west to Western ave. 22 min. 

Last car leaves Lincoln and Belmont aves. 11.50 p. m. — Roscoe Boulevard 
and Western ave. 9.45 p. m. 

20. Ashland Avenue Horse Line. 

Run north on Ashland avenue every 20 minutes. 

From Belmont ave. and Glross Park to Graceland High School. 
Light: Red. 

Last car leaves Belmont ave. 10.30 p. m. — Graceland High School 8.00 p. m. 

21. Sheffield Avenue Horse Line. 

Car every 10 minutes. 

From Wrightwood and Lincoln aves., north on Sheffield ave. 
to Belmont avenue 10 minutes. 
Light: Red. 
Connecting with Lincoln ave. going South. 
Last car leaves Lincoln ave. 11.32 p. m. — Belmont ave. 11.42 p. m. 

22. Clybourn Avenue to Belmont Avenue Horse Line. 

Car every 15 minutes. 

From Fullerton and Clybourn ave. north to Belmont avenue. 
Light: red. 
From Fullerton ave. to Diversey ave. 10 min., to Belmont ave- 
20 minutes. 

Last car from Fullerton ave. 10.40 p. m. — From Belmont ave. 10.25 P- ■"• 

23. North Avenue Horse Line. 

Car every 10 minutes. 

From Lincoln Park to Humboldt Park. 

Light: White. 

From North ave. and Clark st., west on North ave. to Larrabee 

St. 6 min., to the river 12 min., to Ashland ave. 18 min., to Milwaukee 

ave. and Robey st. 24 min., to North ave. and Western ave. 30 min,, 

to California ave. 36 min. 

Last car leaves Clark st. 10.30 p. m. — California ave. 11.06 p. m. 

24. Halsted Street Crosstown Horse Line. 

Car every 8 minutes. 

From 22nd street to Fullerton avenue. 
Light: Red. 
From 22nd st. to i6th st. st. 5 min., to 12th st. 10 min., to Har- 
rison St. 15 min., to Madison st. 20 min., to Kinzie st. 25 min., to 
Chicago ave. 30 min., to Division st. 36 min., to North ave, 42 min., 
to Centre st, 48 min., to Fullerton ave. 54 min. 

Last car leaves Fullerton ave. 10.50 p. m. — 22nd st. 11.54 P- "i- 



S T REE T RAIL W A Y S. 47 

NORTH-WEST SIDE. 
1) Milwaukee Ave. Cable Line. 

Car e\ery 3 miiuites. 

From La Salle and Madison streets to Milwaukee and 
Armitage avenues. 
Car: Blue ihish, ydlow body. — Light: green. 
From La Salle and Madison sts., north to Randolpli st., west to 
5th ave., south to Washington St., west (through tunnel) to Des Plaines 
St, 7 min., north on Des Plaines to Kinzie st. 12 min., northwest on 
Milwaukee ave. to West Indiana st. 16 min., to W. Chicigo ave. 20 
min., to W. Division st. 26 min., to W. North ave. t^t, min., to Armi- 
tage ave. 40 min. 

Last car leaves Armitage ave. 12.00 midn. — La Salle and Madisoi^sts. 12.35 ^•'H- 



2) Milwaukee and North Aves. Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 3 minutes. 

From La Salle and Madison sts. to North and California aves. 
Car: blue (l<(sJi, yellow body. — Light: green. 
From La Salle and ^^adison sts., same route as Milwaukee ave. 
line, to W. North ave. j} min., west to W^estern ave. 38 min., to 
California ave. 43 min. 

Last car leaves California ave. 11. i8 p.m. -La Salle and Madison sts. 12.00 midn. 

3) Milwaukee Ave. (Night) Line. 

C.»r every jo minutes. 

From State and liandoli)h sts. to Armitage ave. 
Car: blue dash, yelloto body. — Light: green. 
From State and Randolph sts., north on Stale to Lake St., west 
on Lake st. to Lake st. briiige, to Milwaukee ave., northwest on Mil- 
waukee ave. to Halsted St., to Centre ave., to Chicago ave,, to Di- 
vision St., to North ave., to Armitage ave. 45 min. 

Cars leave State and Randolph sts. from 12.45 ^-f"- o" every other 30 minutes. 

4) Noble St. Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 14 minutes. 

Car: brown: — Light: red. 
From La Salle and Madison sts. to Clybourn PI. and Wood st. 
From La Salle and Madison sts., same route as Milwaukee ave, 
line to Noble st. 24 min., north on Noble to Blackhawk st. 28 min., 
west on Blackhawk to Holt St., north on Holt st. to North ave., west 
on North ave. to Ashland ave. 33 min.. North on Ashland ave. to 
Clybourn I'l., west on Clybourn PI. to Wood st. 40 minutes. 

Last car leaves Wood st. 10.18 p. m.— La Salle and Madison sts. 11.00 p.m. 



48 N O R T II -W EST SI I) E. 

5) Division St. Cable and Horse Line. 

Car every 6-7 minutes. 

From La Salle and Madison streets to West Division street and 

California avenue. 

Car: Yellow.— Light: Red and (jreeu, divided vertically. 

From La Salle and Madison sts., same route as Milwaukee ave. 

line, to W. Division st. and Ashland ave. 26 min., west on Division to 

Robey st. 31 min., to Western ave. 36 min. to California ave. 42 min. 

Last car leaves California ave. 11.20 p.m. -La Salle and Madison sts. 12.00 midn. 

6) Chicago Ave. Horse Line. 

Car every 4-8 minutes. 

From State and Randolph streets to W. Chicago avenue and 

Leavitt street. 
Car: Red letter board and dash, yellow body. — Light: yellotv. 
From State and Randolph St., west to Clinton st. g min., north 
on Clinton st. to Milwaukee ave., northwest on Milwaukee ave. to 
Halsted st. 16 min., to West Chicago ave. 22 min., west on Chicago 
ave. to Ashland ave. 30 min., to Leavitt st. 36 min. 

Last car leaves Leavitt st. 10.16 p. m. — State and Randolph sts. 10.56 p. m. 

7) Chicago Ave. and Humboldt Park Horse Line. 

Car every 8 minutes. 

From State and Randolph streets to California avenue and 

Division street. 
Car: Red letter board and dash, yelloio body. — Light: yellow. 
From State and Randolph sts. to Chicago ave. and Leavitt st. as 
Chicago ave. line, above, 36 min., west to California ave. 44 min., 
north on California ave. to Division st. 50 min. 

Last car leaves California ave. 11.15 ?• ""• — State and Randolph sts. 12.08 a.m. 

8) Indiana St. Horse Line. 

Car every 3-6 minutes. 

From State and Washington sts. to West Indiana street and 

Western avenue. 

Car: green. — Light: violet. 

From State and Washington sts., west to 5th ave., north on 5th 

ave. to Randolph st., west to bridge 7 min., to Randolph and Halsted 

sts. 12 min., north to Lidiana st. 18 min., west on Lidiana street to 

Centre ave. 23 min., to Ashland ave. 28 min., to Robey st. 33 min., 

to Western ave. 38 min. 

Last day car leaves Western ave. at 11. 21 p. m. — State and Washington streets 
12.01 a. m. 

NIGHT LINE leaves Western ave. at 12.00 midn., 1.20, 2.40, 4.00, 4.57 a.m. — 
and Washington sts. at 12.40, 2.00, 3.20, 4.40 a. m. 



ABOHITEOT6 AND ENGINEEBS FOB BBEWEBS AND MALTSTEB8. 

A. MARITZENT 

ARCHITECT AND ENGINEER FOR 

Brewers • and • Malsters, 

Rooms 41 . 42. 44. 46 and 43. 177 LaSallc St.. cor. Monroe. 

FELEPHONE 1633. CHICAGO, ILL. 

Si'F-:fiALTY : Dfsign and coiisfriic/ion of B7-civeries, Malting 
flants, Distilleries, Grain I-'.li-i'ato)-^, Factories, etc. 

^< REFERENCES. >^ 

Xmerican Rrewing Co., Chicago, 111. 

P. Schofiihofcn Brewing Co.. Chicago, 111. 

Ijeo. A. Weiss Malting and Brewing Co., Chicago, 111. 

E. Fecker Brewing Co., Chicago. 111. 

[Chicago Brewing Co., Chicago, 111. 

jcrli. Lang, Park Brewery, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Milwaukee Brewing Co., Denver, Colo. 

Ph. Zang Brewing Co., Denver, Colo. 

[davenport Malt iS: Grain Co., Davenport, Iowa. 

Mobile Brewery, Mobile, Ala. 

^Valkcrville Brewing Co., Walkerville, Ontario, Canada. 

Marcus Marietta, Brewery, Connellsville. I'a. 

ABT CfALLEBIES. 

O'Brien's; 

rhc + Leading + Art + Emporium + of + the + West, 

ESTABLISHED 1855. 



Etchings and Mezzotints, 

:r Water Colors r 

Artistic Framing Our Chief Study. 

208 Wabash Avenue, 

Soulc's Unmounted Photos. 1S,000 Subjects. 

SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 



ABTIFIOIAL LIMBS. 



ESTABLISHED 1844. 



SHARP & SMITH, 

CHICAGO, ILLS., 

Manufacturers of 

Artificial Limbs, 

DEFORMITY APPARATUS. 

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. 




73 Randolph Street 



SEIVD FOR C ATAL,0«l RS. 



r^ 



BAKEB8 AND OONFEOTIONEBS. 



'^ 






Fine Bai^iy Goods. 




^^'^=5u=L» 



Bakery Lunches 

164 MADISON STREET,:^ 
GHISAGO. 



^ jrs.(^y^''>^FB^^^°^- 




CO 



CO 






PQ 

pea 



CO 

CO 



INTERIOR OF LUNCH ROOM. » 

164 Madison St. - 



^. 



^ 



Palmer House 

= = pATHlS. = = 

Baths now under the management o.f Palmer House 

Company, have been entirely remodeled 

at greaf expense. 

Are now the Finest in the West. 

Containing Every Convenience and Luxury. 

Pl2(JNGE - BATH 

ALSO . SPLENDID . NEEDLE . SHOWER. 

Plain Bath Department supplied with Porcelain Tubs. 



Entrance to Men's Baths through Barber Shop. Entrance to 
Ladies' Baths through Millinery Store on Monroe Street. 



]V[oelci^q[c Places, 

,4s follows: 



Tickets, (good for 6 Turkish, fjussian or Shampoo Baths) $5.00 

Turkish Baths 7,00 

Shampoo Baths (except Saturday and Sunday) 50 

Shampoo Baths (Saturday and Sunday ) 75 

Roman Bath 7.50 

f^ussian Bath 7.00 

Plain Bath 25 

Sulphur Bath 75 

Swimming Bath 50 

Electro Thermal Bath 2.00 

Massage and Swedish Movement 2.00 

Alcohol fjub 25 

Bay Rum F(ub 50 

Dry Electricity 7,00 

Electric Rub 7.00 



«X*^*^*^ 



Turkish and Russian Baths 

50 TO 54 CLARK STREET. 



8 


BATHS, 
BATHS, 

rt V P T\f 


- 


- 


S5.00. 




A1.L 


koiJRi 


g . — ♦ 




\9 mr mZ JH 

• 

GEO. W. 






LYNCH 


, Proprietor 






ELEGANT BATH 


ROOMS, 


MARBLE TUBS, ETC. 



3t?erma9 JHIouse Barber^lpop 

137 RANDOLPH STREET, 

WM. A. HETTICH, Proprietor. Cl^ICAGO* 



EXOUBBIONS. 



DRAKE & WALLACE, 
Blue Line Boat Livery, 

AND BOAT BUILDERS, 

ROWING AND SAIL BOATS, FISHING TACKLE, ETC. 

Picnics and Private Parties ordering by mail or otlierwise will receive prompt attention 

Fruits. Confections and Ice Cream Parlor, 

DOCKS, ST. JOSEPH, MICH. 



ATHLETIC GOODS. 



10U Madisun Street. CniCAGO 241 Broadway. NEW YORK. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

Base-Ball Supplies. Fishing Tackle, Guns, Bicycles, 
Lawn Tennis, Outing Clothing, and 

GENERAL SPORTING GOODS OF STRICTLY A HIGH GRADE. 

SEND FOR CATALOGUES. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

1 022 Market Street. P HILADELP HIA. 38 Holborn Viaduct. LONDON. EN G. 

BIIiLIABD AND POOL TABLES. 



tHe 

BRUNSWICK-BALKE-COLLENDER CO. 

Most Extensive Manufacturers in the World of 

Billiard! and i Pool! Tables, 

DESKJXERS AM) MANUFACTURERS OF 

Artistic Saloon Furniture, Office, Drug Store Fix- 
tures and Indoor Hardwood Decorations 
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 

Office and Salesrooms. 263 & 265 WABASH AVE, 
Factory. MARKET AND HURON STREETS, 



BILLIABD CLOTHS AND SUPPLIES. 




GEO. KU LH L, 

IMPORTER OF 

Ivory BallSr 

rK.PE«A,ac (tnd SUPJPLiIES, 

PLAYING CARDS, CHECKS, ETC. 

--^ TELEPHONE NO. 1626. 



BIBD PANOIEES. 




OABBIAQES. 



STUDEBAKER BROS. MFG. CO., 

. . BUILDERS OF . . 

Fine Carriages 
and Harness, 

203 & 207 Michigan Ave. 

CHICAGO. 



HOTELS, BE8TAUKANTS, BEEB HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. IX 



31 




Hotel Henrici. 

(EUROPEAN PLAN.) 

(DEUTSCHES HAUS.) 

(^ AFE AND • © 

I^ESTMRANI 



M- W 



t)or3ugItd)c Knd)e 



_§)©_ 



CENTRALPUNKT FUR ALLE STRASSENBAHNEN OER STADT. 



"ixs" 



70 & 72 Randolph Street, 



NEAR STATE STREET. 



ClIICAGO. 



E. LOEWENTHAL, 
L. BUXBAUM, 



Proprietors. 



X HOTEIiS, BE8TAUBANTS, BEEB HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. 

Gqfe^H^Fqr]cy Bc|l^et<y, 

175 ]V[qdisoi\ Sti'eet, 

GlTIGaQO. 

Phil Winter's 

Gafe and Gake Bakery 

279 State St. Cor. Van Buren, 

C»llCAGO. 

I^e$ta<jra9t . apd . Beer . [lall, 

CHARLES KERN, proprietor. 



108-110 La Salle Street, 

CHICAGO. 



Best Imported and Domestic BEERS in Superior Condition 

Closes Sunday and at 8 p. m. For business people. First-class in every way. 
For gentlemen only. 



HOTELS, BESTAUBANT8, BEEE HALLS, COFFEE HOD8E8, ETC. 



C. C. WILLIAM MEYER'S 

|3eer Hal)A!I^I^eslaUrai)i 

vFcTiiKily L. P. Hansi-n's Katlis Keller. i 
N. W. COR. MADISON AND DEAR30RN STS , 

INTER-OCEAN BUILDING. CI^ H[ I d^ A. ^3^ CD - 




This palatial place, sumptuously furnished at an expense of $35,000, in Marble 

and Rosewood, lighted by Electricity, is beyond doubt the Finest 

FAMILY RESORT in the City. 

THE MOST POPULAR THE BEST 

IMPORTED BEERS, DOMESTIC BEERS, 

Ooiitrit.aiit lij i>ti Uraufjlit, 
WINES OF MY OWN IMPORTATION. 

GERMAN: from the renowned firms R. DURLACHER & CO., Bingen, on 
the Rhine; ANTON BUSCH, Mainz, on the Rhine; EDWARD SAARBACH 
& CO., Mainz, on the Rhine. FRENCH: from EMIL HAAS & CO., Bordeaux. 

— 5^tiIe restaUraiVt^ 

Is entrusted to experienced CHEFS and supplied at all times with the CHOICEST 
MEATS and the DELICACIES OF THE SEASON. 

FlXli: l.l'\l'IIK!!^ i><»I<:KVKI> I>AV A3fD IVIGHT. 

This pl;ue has for the past eigliteen years been successfully managed by the 
umlersi^MKil, wlui will ciulea\or to cunduct it as one of the best In the country. 

C. C. WILLIAM MEYER, Prop. WILLIAM C. MEYER, JR., Manager. 



Xll HOTELS, EESTAtJBANTS, BEEB HALLS, COPFEB HOUSES, ETC. 

LANSING & McGARIGLE, 

Chicago.'s Leading Caterers. 



Gafe anb ResTabrant 

Magnificently furnished, Superior Cooking, Cleanliness, 
Good Service, Fine Linen, 



COMPRISING GENERAL AND PRIVATE DINING ROOMS, CAFE 



Q^* Headquarters for the Pabst Brewing Company of Milwaukee. ^ 



122, 124, 126 Clark Street, 



TELEPHONE 459. 




VICTOR LASSAGNE, 

RESTAURANT:^ 
<cFRANCAIS 

77 & 79 S. Clark St., Chicago. II 

Special Rooms for Ladies and Gentten 
ROOMS FOR PRIVATE PARTIES. 

A Good Table D'Hote every eve 
ing from 5:30 to 8 P. M. 

Open after the Theatres. 

Opposite Court House 

TELEPHONE 2227. 



Chambres meublees pour 
voyageurs. 



hoteijB, bbbtaubants, beeb halls, coffee houses, etc. Xlll 

C. F. W. LEUTZ'S 

Beer Hall and Restaurant, 

19, 21 & 23 N. CLARK STREET, 

{J"st ?iorth of the Viaduct,') 

Is the largest and most elegant establishment of its kind 
on the North Side. 

mWAYS ON \ C different kinds of BEER of 
DRAUGHT. ' which three are Imported. 

; A large assortment of German, French, Hungarian and 
Native Wines by the Glass, Bottle, Case and Cask. 

RHINE WINES--MY OWN IMPORTATION. 

Good Meals at Moderate Prices. 
Restaurant Open from 7 a. m. to 1 1 :45 p. m. 

' EUGENE PRAGER'S 

BEER ® AND * WINE * VAULTS, 

131 South Clark Street, and 
117 East iViadison Street, 

CHICAGO. 

^'^^^^-Special Attention Paid to Dinners. 
Imported Beers on Draught. 



IIV HOTELS, KE8TAUEANT8, BEEK HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. 

I^es^aUrai)^ * ai)d * |}eer * listU, 

115 AND 117 E. RANDOLPH ST., Main Floor. 

A resort for ladies and gentlemen without any objectionable featurer 

Meals Served at all Hours. 

Business Lunch fvoni 11:30 a. tn. to 2:30 2>. *"• 

For Quality of Material and Style of Cooking we invite compari 
son with any place of its character in the city. 

The justly celebrated Pabst Brewing Co.'s Beers 
on draught. Pure, Wholesome, and at just the righ 
temperature at all seasons of the year. 

Our stock of Wines, California and Imported, old Whiskies and Liquors of the bes 
grades, Imported and Domestic Cigars, is choice and carefully selected. 

We have a FULL HOUSE, alter the Theatres. 

THj^ EBEB CflTEBING CD. 



31 WASHINGTON ST. 



Restaurant for Ladies and Gentlemei 



Gentlemen's Cafe ^ ^ ^^ 



Ltinch. Room. ^ffi m^ 

Private Dining Roonnis ^ 

Wedding's, Dinners, Luncheons and Receptionj 
a Specialty 

WM. WER-NER, Manager. 



HOTELS, BE8TAUKANT8, BEER HALLB, COFFEE HOnSES, ETC. XV 



Wagner & HauscWld, 

IMPORTERS OF 

U/ipes, ljc]ijor5iQi(^ars. 

HEADQUARTERS FOR 

xlos. ScKliiz Prem/^iiig Co.'s 

Milwaukee Lager Peer. 

GRICASO. 

''The pirry." 



XVI HOTELS, EESTAUKANTS, BEEB HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. 

A Monument of Chicago'' s Great JRire, October g^.iS'ji. 




The walls of this building are composed of thousands of curious and oddly shaped frag- 
ments collected from, the ruins of Chicago in 1871, consisting of intermolten 
glass, iron, crockery, tools, etc. 

Relic* House 

900 North Clark Street, 
Chicago. 

One-Half Block North of Main Entrance to ^^ 

Lincoln Park. 'V/|\n 

^ ^ ^ Family Resort. 



WM. LINDEMANN, 
Proprietor. 



^ 



Choice Refreshments. 



Imported and Domestic 
Wines, Liquors and Cigars. 



IIOTKI.S, UESTAURANTS, HEKK HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. XVU 



GERMANIA CLUB BUILDING. 

CAI^L STEllNl'S 

647 TO 649 NORTH CLARK STREET, 

CHICAGO. 



^1 Popular Park Resort a feiv doors south from North Avenue, and 
the South Entrance of Lincoln Park. 

IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC BEERS, WINES, Etc. 

WIllIaM i^eMy, 

Cafe and Fancy Bakery, 

90 NORTH CLARK STREET, 

CHICAGO. 

M I i> i: it I <> it to V V K K. 

# F. • H. • KRETSCHMAR, # 

Sunnsr Qard<^9 ai^d pauilioQ, 

(Formerly Fisher's and John A. DeBerg's Place.) 

625-631 NORTH CLARK ST., 

Telephone 30 1 1 . 
-^RESTAaRANt.f:^ CHICAGO. 

'^M" Con7'enient to Lincoln Park. 



WINE BOOMS. 



JOHN M. FAULHABER, 



IMPORTER OF 



Rhine and Pfalzer Wines, 

— AND— 

Fine Liquors, Wholesale and Retail. 

76, 78 and 80 FIFTH AVE., CHICAGO. 

2tltbeutfd?e5 IDetnf^aus, 



FAMILY RESORT. 



o 

CD 

< 

o 

z 

LU 
111 

cc 

V- 

</> 

^^ 

cc 



cc 

o 



CO 
CM 




o 

o 



o 

o 



3D 



THE FINEST WINE RESORT IN THE UNITED STATES. 



WINE BOOMS. 



CHICAOO I^ATHS KELLEIg. 

HENRY JANSEN, 

DIRECT IMPORTER AND DEALER IN 

RHINE WINES, 

Nos. 163 & 165 Washington Street, 

CHICAGO, ILL. 

J. SCHLOGU 



IMPORTER OF 



F(l7lffE*U/lf(^S, 

Vi/ ]E I fv] -=>~r LJ 13:^, 
No. 109 Fifth Avenue, 

Near Washington St., 

GHIOAGO, - - ILaLaIKOIS. 

IW SUPERIOR KITCHEN. -^ 
FINE CHOPS, STEAKS, ETC., A SPECIALTY. 



WINE BOOMS. 



AUG. WILKEN& CO. 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 

[j allfQrnia Wine s and Brandies 

TdNNEL WEINSTdBE. 



K'a.m.ily Trade F*romptly Supplied. 



4.7 & 49 LA SALLE STREET, 
BETWEEN RANDOLPH AND LAKE, 
CHICAGO. 



Price List of Wines. 



Hocks 

Riesling 

Johannisberger Riesling 

Cabinet Riesling 

Cabinet Traminer 

White Zinfandel 

Gutedel 

Dry Muscatel 

Claret, Table 

Red Zinfandel 

Burgundy 

SWEET WINES. 

Mount Vineyard 

Angelica 

Muscatel 

Malaga 

Port 

Sherry 

Madeira 

Tokay 

Mountain 



Per Dozen 
$3.00 
3.50 
5.25 
6.50 
6.50 
4.00 
4.50 
5.25 
3.00 
4.00 
5.25 



5.25 
5.25 



5.25 

4.00 

4.00 

5.25 

4.00 to 7.75 

4.00 5.25 

5.25 

5 25 

5.25 



Per Oallon. 
$1.00 
1.25 
2.00 
2.50 
2.50 
1.50 
1.50 
2.00 
1.00 
1.50 
2.00 



A. Werner & Co.'s Champagne— Case, 24 Pints, $7.50; Case, 12 Quarts, $6.50. 

Brandy— $3.00, $3.50, $4.00, t5.00 per gallon. 

For empty bottles returned 50 cents per dozen will be allowed. 

Reasonable Discount Allowed on Larger Quantities. 



2.00 

1.50 

1.50 

2.00 

1.50 to 

1.50 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 



2.00 
2.00 



3.00 
2.00 



BBEWEBS. 




MAIN OFFICE: t 

Cor. Union and Erie Streets. 'i 

Telephone No. 4357. ^^ 



BOTTLING DEP'T.: 
29 West Ohio Street. 
Telephone No. 4382. 



g^ KtlNRY LEEB. Manager. i^^-O CHICAGO. 



F. d. DevES 

Brewery C^^pany 



NORTH HOYNE AVENUE 
AND RICE STREET 

BREWERS AND B0TT12ERS 

OF THE CELEBRATED 
PURE MALT 



naENGHENER 



B 



EER 



EXCELLENT 
EXPORT andTABLE 
BEERS 

Telephone 7150 

The "Muenchener" is declared by Drs. Wahl and Henius, Directors of the 
Scientific Station for Brewing in Chicago to he "above the average 
quality (of beer) as brewed in America, closely resembling in its composi- 
tion the best of foreign beers imported to this country." 
Their analysis shows that no substitutes were used for malt and hops 
in its production. 



Pabst Brewing Company's 

SUPERIOR BOTTLED GOODS. 

WE take pleasure in calling the attention of Housekeepers and 
the public generally to our Bottled Beers, and the fact that 
they will be Delivered Free of Charge to any part of the city, in most 
convenient shape for table use. 

TJic Reputation of these Beers is World Wide. 

OF BEAUTIFUL COLOR, 

AGREEABLE FLAVOR, 

HIGHLY NOURISHING 

AND INVIGORATING, 

THEY ARE A MOST EXCELLENT BEVERAGE FOR THE TABLE. 

Especial attention is called to the Export Beer and also the Standard 
brand, which latter is put up in patent rubber stopper bottles, as 
these are the most popular for family use. 

The other brands: 

BOHEMIAN, SELECT, BAVARIAN, HOFBR/EU, 

are each marked by its own peculiar characteristic of color, strength, 
etc., the Select being of especial merit. 

The •• BEST " Tonic is widely known as the best and purest prepara- 
tion of malt and hops manufactured, and it is prescribed by physicians 
as a most valuable Tonic, and is fast becoming popular as a table 
beverage. 

PKIt'E L.I!!tT OF BOTTL.KO C>iOODi!» (DElilVKREI).) 

Standard, Patent Stopper, per doz. pints 60 cents 

liohemian. ^..5 condition, of cases and bottles: 

P,=»',r»;:^"' ^-"^ - Dozen pint bottles 36c 

Hpfbraju, 4.00 .. '„^^. .. ,^^ 



Select, ' " 4.50 



quart 48c 

Each case 24c 



The "Best" Tonic, per dozen bottles 2.50 J g^V^a'-^ronic bottles;: l! i! i! T.iS 

A large stock of Bottled Goods constantly kept on hand. We so- 
licit a trial of our Beers, guaranteeing their Purity, Age and Strength. 

PABST BREWING COMPANY. 
Chicago Office : Desplaines and Indiana Sts. 

TELEPHONE 4383. HERMAN PABST, MANAGER. 



Henry Uihlein, President. Alfred uihlein, Sup't. 

Aug. Uihlein, Secretary. 

Jos. - Schlitz ■ Brewing - Co. 

rvi I i_vy^.A.LJ p-^ ib: e: . 

ANNUAL CAPACITY, 600,000 BARRELS. 



CHICAGO DEPOT AND OFFICE: i 

COR. OHIO AND UNION STS 

EDWARD G. UIHLEIN, Mgr. TELEPHONE 4356. 




AGElVCY FOR 

SCHLITZ Celebrated EXPORT and Patent Stopper Beer 

IN QUARTS AND PINTS. 



WM. L. GOGGIN, 



Telephone 1082. 



228 & 230 S. Clark Street. 




Coi)rad Seipp » - 



LAKE SHORE FOOT OF 27th ST., 

• GHlGASe. # 



Telephone 8350, 



Bre\vers and Bottlers of the Celebrated 
CrCDI_L-riS^I3I.A., 
















• • • X llw • • • 

Wacker & Birk 
Brewing Co. 

BOTTLERS OF CELEBRATED 

WIENER mULMER BEERS 

BOTTLED ESPECIALLY FOR FAMILY USE. 




CHAS. H. WACKER, Pres. and Treas. 
^ JACOB BIRK, Vice-President. 

WM. A. BIRK, Secretary. 



V 



171 N. DESPLAINES STREET, 

Chicago, Illinois. 

Telephone Number 4231. 



N>^ " "^. 



.">:? 



\^ 



§^W^nd Taste ea^; 

4IL5est Imported ^e^ 

/roi^W-e Guarantee ^fp;, 

W S/fl£ BREWtW 



^Pure Malt Beer bre^™- 
^ best Malt and Hope- 
>^ in our Oell^l'^**^^^ 
^«^over a Year:^^ 



\fi[ 



BBEWEBB AND BEEB IMFOBTEBS. 



[H. Plautz, President. Philip Maas, Secretary. 

111. Ilahne, X'ice-President. John Buehler, Treasurer. 

j Louis Frisch, Superintendent and Brewmaster. 

I 

lorthwestern - Brewing - Co., 

1 781-831 CLYBOURN AVE., CHICAGO, ILL.. 

Brewers and Bottlers 

OF THE 

;elebrated STANDARD 

and the genuine THICK MASH 

BAVARIAN ZACHERL BEERS. 

Telephone '^6i4. 



ESTABLISHED 1863. 



FRED. HOLLENDER & CO., 

l.MroKTERS AND BOTTLKKS t)K 

AGER BEER, PORTER AND ALE, 

Telephone No. 36 19. 

179 & 181 Illinois Street, CHICAGO. 

IMPORTED BEER. Per doz. Per doz. 

Qts. Pts. 

aiscr, Bremen, light S340 $1.75 

Iscncr, Bohemian " 3.40 1.75 

ebotschaner " " 3.40 1.75 

uerzburger.Bavarian" 3.40 1.75 

ilmbacher, " dark 3.40 1.75 

langer. " " 3.40 1.75 

uerzburger, " " 3.40 1.75 

.piiziner, " " 3.40 1.75 

Ugustinerbraeau (Muenchen) Bavarian, medium 3.40 1.75 

jchorrbracu " " " 3.40 1.75 

^ergerhraeu " " " 3.40 1.75 

Uenchen, Bavarian medium 3.40 1.75 



CHINA DEOOEAXOESe 



^WESTERN * DECORATING * WORKS^ 

CHICAGO, IliLlXOIS. 

Firing and Artistic Gilding for Amateurs made a specialty. 
Superior Gold of our own manufacture, exquisite new shapes for 
decorating, and every requisite for China Painting, always in 
stock. China carefully packed free of charge. 

. . . SEND FOR CATALOGUE ■ • • 

GRUNEWALD & BUSHER, 

3!il Wahash Avenue. 
jt^^We are also Publishers of the EVANS' DESIGNS for China Painting. 

OHUEOH FUENITUEB. 





WM. H. FOULKE, 

<shurch purniture 

335 WABASH AVE., 
ChicagOs 



OONFEOTIONEES. 



NO SXI^A^NGEI^ 

Should leave Chicago without a bo.x of 

GlJl\(TliEI^»S m CANpY 

FOR THE LOVED ONES AT HOME. 

Price, 25 Cents, 4o Cents and 60 Cents Per Pound. 

Put up in Pretty Boxes. Expressed to all parts. 

212 State Street. 



0IOAB8 AND TOBACCO. 



ESTABLISHED 1857. 

JEJ. HOFFMAN, 

♦^^i^* IM PORTER *^i*^- 

.... And Wholesale and Retail Dealer in ... . 




HAVANA |l SMOKERS^ 
CIGARS I ARTICLES 

■ Our Specialties are the finest imported articles of Meerschaum Pipes, Cigar 
and Cigarette Holders, Cigar and Cigarette Cases, Complete Metreohaum Smo- 
kers' Sets, Real Amber Cigar and Cigarette Holders, Smokers' Tables, and the latest in 
Moistening Cigar Safes; also the latest Xovelties in Smokers' Articles- 

THORWART & ROEHLING, 

Importers of Bavana (^igars. 



SOUE nOEflTS POH 



"Mi Rosa" and "Sin Falta" Key West Cigars. 

Full Line -^ * Smoking. 

°' DOMESTie 11 ^^"S' 

mH^ Fine Cut, 
eiGARS f^ snuff. 

188-190 Randolph St., Cor, Fifth Ave. 
CHICAGO, 



DBY GOODS, OAEPETS, OIL CLOTHS, ETC 




MarshailField&O) 

State and Washington Streets, Chicago. 

Probably of more importance to ladies than any point of interest 
in Chicago, is the retail house of Marshall Field <Sr Co. Rated 
as it is among- the largest in the world, it is by far the most complete 
and most handsomely equipped in Chicago, and a shopping head- 
quarters for the larger portion of its residents. To strangers a 
most cordial welcome is extended. Waiting Rooms, Check Rooms, 
Retiring Rooms, and all possible conveniences are offered to those 
who care to enjoy them. To patrons it has to recommend it 

Large Stocks, 

Low (the lowest) Prices, 

and 
Absolute Trustworthiness. 



DKAPEE8 AND TAILOBS. 



R. J. WALSHE, 
DRAPER AND TAILOR, 

No, I 1 9 Dearborn Street, 
CHICAGO. 

C. E. BRUNER, 

M erchai)i: Tailor, 

114 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO. 



DBUGGI8TS. 



M. \V. Dale. Walter M. Sempill. 

THE OITY PRESCKIF'TIOK litiUO STOKE. 

CSTABDSHCO 1860. 

DALE &, SEMPILL, 

Successors to Wm. M Dale 

MANUFACTURING i AND i DISPENSING i CHEMISTS, 

Cor. Clark and Madison Streets, 

GHIGAGe. 



TiiE coi^Nei^ PI^Ug stoi^e 

Deutsche Apolheke. 
l^S LAKE STBKET. CORNER CLARK. 

SPECIALTIES! 

PHOSPHORATED BEEF, WINE AND IRON, 

Hoffenburpr's Iron Tonic. Dr. Bird's Cough Tablets, 

Special Pills, Dr. Massey's Worm Powders 
" Troches, " " Teething Powders 

PROF. COLBERT'S CATARRH CURE. 

German, Fiench and Eiiijlish Spoken. 



DBUQOIST8. 



BeDEMANN Zl GeNRAD. 

CITY DRUG STORE, 239 State St., Cor. Jackson. 

LAKE AVENUE PHARMACY, S. W. Cor. Lake Ave. and 43d St. 
MADISON PARK PHARMACY, Cor. Lake Ave. and 50th St. 

-H- OlJR + KElVWOOP + SOAP -H- 

Is the Best for the Toilet and the Complexion. 

IVe are Agents for — 
Parke, Davis & Co.'s Pharmaceutical Preparations, 
Palmer's Perfumes, 

Gehrig's Electro-motoric Teething Neck Laces 



ESTABLISHED 1852. 



E. H.SARGENT & CO. 

DRUGS AND DRUGGISTS' SUNDRIES 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

Cfiem ica f^ppa ra {us, ^ssayers ' SuppCies, 

O. p. CHEMICALS AND SURGICAL, INSTRUMENTS 

125 STATE STREET, CHK/IQ2. 



ENOBAVEE8, STEEIJ, OOFPEB, ETC. 



Incorporated State of Illinois, A. D. 1864. 

Western - Bank - Note - Company. 

NEW FIRE PROOF BUILDING. 

MADISON STREET AND MICHIGAN AVE., 
CHICAGO. 

STEEL PLATE AND LITHOGRAPHIC 

Ei|graVii|g ai|d Prii|i:iT|gt< 

BONDS 

Certificates of Stock, Drafts, Checks, Letter arnf Bill Headings, etc., for 

Railways, Banks, Merchants and Corporations. 



FOR RAILWAYS, 

TOWNS AND CITIES. 
REAL ESTATE BONDS 



FOR STREET RAILWAYS, 
WATER-WORKS, 

GAS COMPANIES. 



C. C. CHENEY. Prest. 



C. A. CHAPMAN. Treas. 



C. HEINEMAN.Sec'y. 



Bonds and other Securities Engraved by this Company accepted on the New York 
Stock Exchange. 



FOLDING BEDS. 



A. H. Andrews & Co., 

215 & 217 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO. 
Mfrs. of 

Andrews Patent 
"Gem" 





Ne%"GEM"tio°;;ig'^tBed 



No 



Dust, 
Bugs 

Easily Cleaned 
Moved and ad- 
Justed. Made, 

ONLY BY «.forDu5tmg 
ADVANTAGES OVER ANY AND ALL OTHERS. 




.\ny lady or child can easily open it, 
as represented, for cleaning. 
Or they can take it apart, as illus- 
trated, for moving. 
While its length when open is greater 
than any other bed, when closed its 
height is 8 inches less. 



4— It is the best ventilated of all fold- 
ing beds. 
5— It has in its base a very large bo.\ 

extremely useful night or day. 
6— It is fitted with our adjustable cable 
spring, iineiiualed for comfort, sim- 
plicity and durability. 



EXOUBSIONS. 



Lake E}CcUrsioi)s 

~rcD 

St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, Micli 

On the elegant new steel side wheel steame 
"CITY OF CHICAGO," and the fast steame 
"PURITAN." These trips are the most dc 
lightful out of the city as well as the eheapes 



Following- is this season's schedule, to tak 
effect May 20, 1891: 

Leave Chicago 9.30 A. M. daily, except Sunday, 
which leaves at 1 0.00 A. M. ; also 1 1 .30 P. M. 
dally. Business Men's Excursion every Saturday 
afternoon, leaving 2.00 P. M. The Grand Sun- 
day Excursion returns to Chicago at 10.00 P.M. 
and 2.00 A. M. 



Parties contemplating visiting the stimnit 
resorts of Northern Michigan, Mackina 
Petoskey, Traverse City, Holland, Muskego 
and other f>laces, can save money and time t 
taking rail routes from St. Joe and Bentc 
Harbor. 

The Fare, round trip, returning same day, $1.00. 
Single Fare, $1.00. Sunday Excursion, $1.50, 
round trip. + + + Meals and Berths Extra. 

GRAHAM & MORTON TRANS. C( 

For further information apply to Foot of Wabash Avenue. 

G. S. WHITSLAR, Gen'l Pass. Agt. 



FUBBIEBS. 




CHARLES GLANZ, 



IMPORTER OF 



110 & 112 Madison St., 
CHICAGO. 



Seal Garments to Ordej 
our Specialty. 



<*=^^^^ 




e®pviai]©KrirK®. 

Qelebrated H^"^^ 

Correct Styles. Extra (,>uality. 

The Dunlap Silk Umbrella. 

CHICAGO,— Palmer House. 
NEW YORK and PHILADELPHIA. 

alh At*, ano -IM 8t. 711 (ho.tniit 8t, 

Agencies in all Principal Cities. 



HOUSE DEOOBATOBS. 





H. d MlLLISAN, 



DEALER IN 



pine U/all papers 



AND 



|^ouse Decoration! 



LINCRUSTA WALTON, ETC. 



WALL PAPER DEPARTMENT, 

212 WABASH AVE. 
N. FAXON, MANAGER. 

Telephone 2768. 



MAIN HOUSE, 

178 RANDOLPH STREET, 

Painting, decorating 
SIGN Writing, etc. 

Telephone 1434. 



fe 



L-.|>— I 



.J^±-l,^^ 



oc t>o ^ 



m 



HOMCEOPATHIO DBUOOISTS. 



ESTABLISHED 1855. 



The Chicago Homoeopathic Pharmacy, 

HALSEY BROS. 

DEALERS IN EVERYTHING THAT PHYSICIANS NEED. 
No. 27 Washington Street. 



LITHOOBAFHEBS. 




^hober & ^ arqueville 
[ ithographing Co. 



-k^J 



="'"JacSo„ sts.. Chicago. 




JEWELEBS. 



G. D. PEAGOGK 

96 and 98 STATE STREET. 

Fine Diamonds, Watclies, 

..^^SILiVBRWAREi AND NOVELTIES. » — 



xl 



JEWEIiEBS. 



Established 1 86C 



S~?- £?- *-?^AS?ER 






yylv^'T^^^ 



^ 












.^4 



.m 






-^/A^^ 



State and. Randolph Sts. 



IMPORTERS AND 
DEALERS OF 



DIAMONDS 



RUBIES 
EMERALDS 

SAPPHIRES Loose and Set 




AGENTS OF WALTHAM 

ELGIN 
AND HOWARD 



• . • 



:• WATCHES 



IN SOLID GOLD 
GOLD FILLED 
AND SILVER CASES 



STERLING 5ILVER A SPECIALTY 



Open 
Evenings 



OPERA 
GLASSES 



JAPANESE GOODS. 



zli 



■pf-a^es ^ ^racy • Importers 

220 VY)abasb f^ve., Gbicago, 

O^l^olesalG ar\d I^efail Japanese Qoods 




Porcelain and 

China Ware. 
Embroideries, 
Screens, Toys, 
Curiosities, 
Lacquer Ware, 
Bamboo Easels, 
^*S^ Baskets, etc. 

Beautiful Goods 
in both Antique and 
Modern Styles. 



OPTICIANS. 



PRICE OUR 

Opera, Field and Marine 



OK THE 



BEST MAKE 



+►- 




LOWEST PRICES. MJ^. !^ 



PATRONS FIHED UP IN AN HONEST AND CONSCIENTIOUS MANNER. 
AdftuHng spectacles ami I-'yi-Glasscs a Specialty. Eyes Examined free of Charge, 

BORSCH, Optician, 

103 E. ADAMS STREET. Ovvosite Postomcc. 



xlii 



NEWSFAFEBS. 




1854 



1891 



z/i Weekly TolUical U\[ewspaper :. .'. 
In the Swedish Language. 



Hemlandet is now 

3*7 years ol^, 

and one of the oldest Republican papers in the country. 
It is read by all the leading Swedish American citizens, 
by the old settlers, and by the farmers. 

As an advertising medium it is unsurpassed among 
Swedish American papers. 

Hemlandet Publishing Co., 
17^ Chicago Avenue, 

CHICAGO, ILL. 



c^TTJ 



_J:i^ ^ O'^ ^ 



PIANOS, OKOAN6, ETC. 



xliii 



ADELINA PATTI 



AND 



Tl|e + l^iii]bc|ll + Piqi]os 




Chicago, December i6, i88g. 
W. W. KIMBALL CO., 

Chicago, III.: 

Gentlemen : 

It gives me great pleasure to testify to the merits of the 
New Kimball Piano. It has a wonderfully sweet and sympathetic 
tone and supports the voice in a most satisfactory manner. 

Sincerely yours, 
[Signed,] Adelina Patti Nicolini 



xliv 



PIANOS, OEOANS, »T0. 



4 

WEBER 

LINDEMAN 

WHEELOCK 

STUYVESANT 

PIANOS 

SEND FOR CATALOGUES, PRICES andTERMS 
FOR CASH OR EASY INSTALLMENTS 

TOTHE Chicago Branch House ofthe 



BIG FOUR 



The Manufacturers Piano Co. 

CHICAGO. 



PIANOS, OBOANS, ETC. xlv 



The Leading Piano House of the West. 
LYON, POTTER & CO. 

174 & 176 WABASH AVE., 
Sole Representatives of 

.. CTEINWAY & SON'S PIANOS 
.• . 1 ♦ 






The Standard IHanos of the World. 



A. B.CHASE CO. and LESTER Pianos, 

KURTZMANN Pianos, 

GEO. W. LYON and WEBSTER Pianos, 

A-lso 

THE VOCALION ORGAN 

The Moat Wonderful Musical Invention of the Century. 

Wilcox & White Cabinet and Self-Playing Organs, 
Chase Organs. 

ESTABLISHED 1837. 

JiJlIiJs paiJei^ & co-. 

Piano Manufacturers. 

Intending purchasers are liere utfered an opportunity of buying a 

A Strictly First-Class Piano directly from the Manufacturers. 

Visitors always welcome. Correspondence solicited. 
factory: warerooms: 

89, 91 and 93 East Indiana Street. 1 56 and 1 58 Wabash Avenue, 

Ci:i-^IC=rA.^CD, IL-I — 



HEADQUART ER S FOR THE PICTURE TRADE. 

KURZ Sl ALLISON, 

Publishers of National Pictures 

;<> .t rv UABAHH AVKNl E, 

CZY-LICHJKC^CD, . - - II_1_II^CZ>I^_ 

ALL PICTURES MADE BY OUR OWN ARTISTS. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 



Xlvi MUSICAL GOODS. 



THE . LARGEST . MUSIC . HOUSE . IN . THE . WORLD. 

Manufacturers and Retailers of all Kinds of Musical Goods. 

THR WTASHBURN GUITAR 
THR RRIE) RIRR ORGAN 
THR "La and H" harp 

Agents for the KNABE, 



and other Pianos, 

All Visitors to Chicago cordially, invited to call at our 
WareFOOms and Factory. 

STATE AND MONROE ^^Lt/^H^^^^^k RANDOLPH ST. AND 
STREETS, (/^^^^^ O^^^EN AYE. 

ghigagq. > 

STATUAKY, YASE8, POTTEBY, ETC. 

C. HENNECKE CO. 

G. A. FLEISCHER, Manager. 

No 207 Wabash Avenue. Nos. 162-164 W. Water St., 

CHICAGO, ILLS. MILWAUKEE, WIS. 

MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF 

Statuary, /^rtistie Brie-a-Brae, 

VASES, POTTERY, PLASTER CASTS. 



Finest Collection of Antique, Mediaeval and Modern Statuary 

In Marble, Bronze, Danish Terra Cotta, Bisque, 

Alabaster, Ivorite, Florentine, Etc. 



BUBBEB STAMPS, STENCILS, ETC. xlvii 

gMiKu C. H. Hanson, 

■5 '-■"•J^W 4* Clark Street - CHICAGO. 



®l^**":l&S£l^^^'^3l Engraving, 

The HANDY POCKET SEAL weighs ~ ' 

"'^'^ToMp'i.tTfsl.oo"'- Checks and Badges. 

TBUNKS, VALISES, ETC. 

HASKELL BReS. 

'*' 52 MADISON STREET, 

Three Doors East of State. 

r.p:^^« Sample Trunks and Cases 

I I KU 11 lV| 9IAI>E TO OltUKK. 

««ic^I Fine Sole Leather and Traveling Trnnks 

A SPECIA1.TY. 

8HIBT8, gentlemen's FUBNISHING GOODS, ETC. 



Slfll^TS 



CoBB's + Form + Fitting + Shirts 

Are the Highest Standard of Perfection in Shirt Making. 

rvi. FR. c=:cz)i3i3, 

95 Madison Street and 133 Dearborn Street. 



^Iviii SOHOOIiS AND ACADEMIES. 



- /T^iperv/a l95titute, ^ 

A Day and Boarding School 

' FOR GIRLS ' 

N. E. CORNER PAULINA STREET AND BERTEAU AVENUE, 

RAVEiVsWoop, III. 



The delightful situation of this school, in one of the most beafutiful 
suburbs now belonging to Chicago, accessible by Clark Street and 
Lawrence Avenue horse-cars and Chicago & Northwestern R. R., 
makes it a very desirable place for young ladies, offering the quiet of 
country life for the pursuit of their studies, and yet enabling them 
to enjoy all the advantages of education that a large city affords, 
in lectures, concerts, theatres, etc. 

The Regular Course of study is comprehensive, enabling pupils, if 
desirable, to prepare for college, but including also those branches 
which are mostly considered mere accomplishments, such as Draw- 
ing, Painting, Needlework, Elocution and Music. 



I r>j ^ T- F=? x_j d; nr CD r=? ^- 

Mrs. AMELIA ENDE, Principal. 
Mrs. MARY GUNNING. Teacher of Sciences. 

Miss ELIZA ZIPF, " English Branches and Mathematics. 

Mrs. JOSEPHINE TURCK BAKER. Delsarte and Elocution. 
Miss CATHERINE JENNET, " German, French and Needlework. 
Mr. BERNHARD ZIEHN, " Vocal and Instrumental Music. 

Special students are admitted, and particular attention is directed 
to the Department of Music, presided over by Mr. Bernhard Ziehn, 
well known in Chicago as one of the most successful teachers, and 
enjoying a high reputation as a scholar, both in this country and 
Europe. 

For Catalogues and Terms apply to 

Mrs AMELIA ENDE, Principal. 

p. O. Box 383, Ravenswood, 111. 



SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. Xlix 

m. THE CHICAGO ATHEN^UM ML 

"THE PEOPLE'S COLLEGE," 

Has removed from 50 Dearborn Street to its own ELEGANT 7-STORY BUILDING, 
18 TO 26 VAN BUREN STREET, 

Next to Art Institute. 

The Athenjcum Directors have here provided one of the -finest educational 
structures in the land. All of the class-rooms have been newly furnished, and ample 
accommodations secured for 1,000 students. The new building, centrally located, is 
accessible by steam-cars and street railways from all parts of the city. Two electric 
elevators convey all our pupils to fifth and sixth floors. 

EVENING CUSSES FIVE TIMES A WEEK UNTIL MAY 31st. 

The Gymnasium, greatly enlarged and unsurpassed in its appointments, occu- 
pies the entire first story and basement. 



. . . THE Athen>cum Comprises . . . 

A Choice Library and Reading Room, 

A Thorough Business and Shorthand iMunson) School, 

Grammar Schools, School of Architectural and Mechanical Drawing, 
School of Elocution and Oratory, Languages and Literature, 
Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Rhetoric, Music, 

A Ladies' Wednesday P. M. Class in Shakespeare. 

ADDRESS SUPERINTEND^T FOR CATALOGUE. 

The i Hlinois i College i of i Pharmacy 

DEPARTMENT OF NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, 

40 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO. 



Pharmacists visiting the city are cordially invited to 
, call. 

r'T/ie College is 7'igJit in tJie heart of iJie 
center of the city. 



This College opened the Winter Course of '90-'9 1 
with the largest attendance of any college in the 
West. 



SOHOOIiS AND ACADEMIES. 




# balatha # 

Q cademy of nAusical Qr 

(INCORPORATED,) 

KIMBALL HALL BLDG., 

243-253 WABASH AVENUE, 

HANS BALATKA, Director 

CH. F. BALATKA, Assistant Director. 



V 



Thorough instruction in all branch^ 

of music given by the most competei 

(^ teachers. 



Send for Catalogue. 



SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. 



L. SCHUTT, 
German = English School, 

261 and .263 N. WELLS ST., 

CHICAGO, ILL. 



SHOW OASES. 




CHAS. BODACH. 160 AND 162 FIFTH AVENUE. 

STAINED GLASS, MAEBLE MOSAICS, ETC. 

M^^CULLY & MILEST 

Interior Decorations and Marble Mosaics. 

14 MONROE STREET, 

Cr:MICZ:A.<S^CD, . - . IL_l_If-ICDI^. 



POCKET BOOKS. 



E\}<i f\\er\[er poel^i^t Bool^ (^o., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

POCKET BOOKS 



F^A.r-ic=^^^ i_ e: .A. T t^ e: i=e ^cdozd' 

200 & 202 MADISON STREET. 

13F" Single Pieces Made to Order. 



lii 8TATIONEE9, BOOIETT, AND ENQKAVEES. 




DUNWELL & FORD, 

SOCIETY STATIONERS, 

WEDDING AND PARTY INVITATIONS, . . . 

. . . CALLING CARDS, PROGRAMS, ETC. 

Everything in Fine Correspondence Stationery Sold by 

the POUND. 

SAMF*L.ES ON Ar^PLIOATIOlSl. 

155 WABASH AVENUE, - - - CHICAGO. 

ZITHER TEA0HEB8. 

I^UDOJLPH SCHLICK, 

FROM VIENNA, AUSTRIA, 

TEACHER OF ZITHER ^'^^ SOLOIST, 

Leader of " R. Schlick's Vienna Zither Club," 

555 N. CLARK STREET, COR. SCHILLER, CHICAGO. 

Concerts and PHvate Musicals, 



8TEAM8IfIP AGENCIES. 



liii 



INMAN LINE 

UNITED STATES AM) ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS. 

CSTABLISHEO 1850. 



CITY 

OF NEW YORK. 

10.500 tons. 



CITY OF CHICAGO 
5,600 tons. 

CITY OF BERLIN, 
5,491 tons. 




CITY OF PARIS, 
10,500 tons. 



CITY OF CHESTER 
4.770 tons. 

CITY 

OF RICHMOND, 

4,780 tons. 



Between NEW YORK AND LIVERPOOL, 

CALLING AT QUEENSTOWN. 

THE LARGEST. FASTEST AND MOST MAGNIFICENT STEAMERS IN THE WORLD 

Tickets to and from all the principal Englisli. Scotch, Irish, German and 
Scandinavian Ports. 
Local Agents in all the principal towns in the United States. 

Drafts on Great Britain and Ireland for sale. 

FRANCIS C. BROWN. Gen'l Western Agt.. 32 S. Clark St.. Chicago. ML 



White Star Line, 

United States and Royal Mail Steamers. 




MAJESTIC, 

10,000 Tons. 582 Feet Long. 

BRITANNIC, 



TEUTONIC, 

582 Feet Long. 10,000 Tons. 

GERMANIC. 



SAIMNC, l-.VKKV WKDNESDA Y I'ROM 

NEW YORK AND LIVERPOOL, 

calling at Oueenstown to Land and Embark Passengers and Mails. 
For inspection of plans and rates of passage, or any further information apply to 

J. BRUCE ISMAY, Genl Agt, 41 Broadwa-. New York. 
N. ANDERSON, G l W n Agt, 54- S. CLARK STREET, CHICAGO. 



liv STEAMSHIP AGENCIES. 



Anton Boenert, 

J^cd^tsconfulent, J^oto^unb (general -- 21 ggnt^ 

92 La Salle Strasse, 

CHICAGO, - - ILLINOIS. 




♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ fur ♦ ♦ ♦ . 

iixc Rtc lampf f(^i|f5 -- JJcrOiiibung 

.... 3h)ii'd)en .... 

HAMBURG, BREMEN, STETTIN, ROTTERDAM, AMSTERDAM, AI^TWERPEN, 

HAVRE, PARIS, LIVERPOOL, LONDON, SCHWEDEN, NORWEGEN, 

DANEMARK ETC. Tia NEW YORK, BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA, ETC. 



^affagiere nrtdj ©uropa befovbeve id}, mit (3"iepdd fret, an i^orb be§ 
Tiampfers. aSer ^reunbe o&cv 93cf ta>atti>tc \>9Xi ©uro^m fommen 
laffeii iDitl, faun e§ luir in feinem 3"tf^"ff|e finben, bei mir 5S"reifarten 
ju lofen. ^Infttttft ^cr ^^offadiere in ^()ic(tgo ftet§ reditjcitig 
gemelbet. 

®(fll> iiub ^^atfctfenbuttdcn nad^ @uro^a fvei ing J^auS ber 
Gntpfauger. Sl'edifel unb europdt|cI)e '.Diun'^eu ge= iiiib uerfauft. 



2S e r c t n t g t e © t a a t e n 9i e i f e p d ff e . 



©rfift^oftgs unb JBoHmot^tgfoi^cn eine ©pccialitdt. 6onfulartfd)e 
23eglaubignngen tvcvbcn befovgt. 



Erste Classe Hypotheken auf Grundeigenthum. 



BAFKTT VAULTS. 



Iv 



CENTRAL SAFETY DEPOSIT VAULTS 



CONDUCTED BY THE 



Illii|ois Trlis^ ai|«^ Savings llaiik, 

*• THE ROOKERY." 

S.-I^. Cor. La Salle and Adams Streets. 



SAFES FOR RENT AT POPULAR PRICES AND STORAGE FOR VALUABLES 
IN THE LARGEST AND BEST WATCHED VAULTS IN THE WORLD. 



Access to Safety Deposit Vaults through the Bank or 
by Elevator at La Salle Street Entrance- 



ROBERT BOYD, MANAGER, 

SAFETY DEPOSIT VAULTS. 



CillCAGO. 



Qommereial5afetyDepo5itQo. 

SAM'L POWELL, Manager, 

88 Monroe Street, = = = CHICAGO, ILL. 



KEEP YOUR OWN 



AND COUNSEL 



SAFES TO RENT, ts per year and upwards. 

STORAGE FOR VALUABLES. 



Ivi 



SAFBTX VAULTS. 



VAN H. IIIGGINS, President. F. C. BRONSON, Manager. 

— -^^"^^^--^ I Jrl Jt; =5=s=S5^ 

pdelity §afe [)eposit ^ ompany, 



143 RANDOLPH STREET, 
ClilCAGO. 

pptvATF SAFES TO RENT. $5.00 TO $50.00 PER ANNUM 

STEAM PIPE AND BOILER COVBBING. 




Sectional and Plastic Coveringr. 



ALFRED C. KEMPER, 208-210 Lake St. 

CHICAGO. 

General VA/^estern Agency. 



MAGNESIA 



ZITHEB AND ZITHEB MUSIC. 



ROBERT MAURER, 

IMPORTER OF 

Musical ^ Mercha])d]seii 

^ i=> e: cz; I A. i_~r I e: ^ = 
ZITHERS, STRINGS AND ZITHER MUSIC, 

384 E. DIVISION. COR. FRANKLIN ST. CHICAGO, ILI^. 



SUMMEB BEBOBTS. Ivii 



finTst lake resort 



IN THE 

UNITED 
STATES. 

T t-i e; 

Manhattan Beach 

OF CHICA GO! 

What to the New Yorker the Manhattan Beach, is to the Chicagoan 

F. THIELMANN'S FAMILY RESORT, 

On Diversey Street and the Lake Shore, 

C^^JUST AT THE NORTH END OF LINCOLN PARK. 



Fanned by the cooling Lake breezes, the visitor enjoys the de- 
lightful music of a 

MIlItai^y |3A]>lpS 

CONSIDERED ONE OF THE BEST IN THE UNITED STATES, 

Composed of 40 Leading Musicians. 

A. KOSEXKKt'KKK, Director. 



The Concerts will take place 

Every Evening Except Sunday. 

A LARGE PAVILION, with seating capacity of over 2,000, offers 
shelter, should the weather be inclement. 

The programmes will include almost every style of composition, 
from the classical to the most popular, changing every day, a feature 
never before offered in similar places of amusement. 



remember: 

Concerts Every Evening, Rain or Shine, 

FRANZ THIELMANN, Proprietor. 

|^~Take City liimits Cable €ar,.^S 



Iviii 



^STORAGE.** 

GENEI^^L AND BONDED. 

Hiram Sibley Fire-Proof Warehouses. 

2 TO 18 N. CLARK STREET. 



Largest and Safest Warehouses 
in the United States. 



We Receive, Store and Ship Merchandise 
in Packages of every description. Spe- 
cial Locked Rooms for Furniture, 
Trunks, Valuable Packag"es; also 
Locked Departments for 
Mineral Waters, Wines, 
Champagnes, etc. 



Goods held in Bonded Warehouse. Duties 
Paid, Shipping, Delivering and Transferring 
Done. Rates given at Warehouse Office. 

HIRAM SIBLEY & CO, 

PROPRIETORS. 

Ht^'See illustration and description page 221 of this guide. 



TABLE liUXDBIES, WINES, ETC. 



lix 




110-112 

MADISON ST. 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 



PURVEYORS OF TABLE LUXURIES, 

WIiVes A]>tp cIgars. 



Special attention is called to our unrivaled assortment of WINES, im- 
ported direct from places of growtti in Europe. HIGH CLASS GOODS OUR 
SPECIALTY, but recognizing the demand for a GOOD SOUND TABLE 
CLARET we have placed on the market the MOST ECONOMICAL WINE 
IN THE WORLD. 




TliE INIaPOLEOINI CLAIJET 

In Cases of .>(> Qmtrt Hottlcs lO (ia/s. ff iiic at a cost 
of lit Cents per Oiiart. net. 

PRICE PER CASE, $11.00, CASES AND BOTTLES RETURNABLE FOR $1.50 



SeXI* FOR <OMI»LETF PRICK tl RREMT. 



Ix WINBB AND LIQUOBS (fINB BOTTLED GOODs). HATANA OIOABS, IMPOBTED. 

Adams-Smith • Company, 

Jos. Fleischmann, Prks. a. L. Smith. Secy. 

W. D. Adams, V.-Prcs. O. Lehmann, Treas. 



1 08 * 6r - 11 - R/INDOLFH * STREET. 

Betcueen Clark and Dearborn Streets 
IMPORTERS OF 

j FINE^WINE^ 

LIQUORS, CIGARS 

JLnd every article used at a 

Plrst-class Bar, Restaux-ant, Club, 

Motel or for Family Use. 



Family Orders will find 

PROMPT ■■■■ AND ■■■■ GflREFUL ■•■■ ATTENTION. 



'We Guarantee 

Absolute PUrity of All Goods 

SOLD BY US. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




016 095 370 6 • 



